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{{Short description|American army officer and statesman (1880–1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{redirect-multi|2|George Marshall|General Marshall}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = George C. Marshall
| image               = Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall official Portrait.jpg
| alt                 = Portrait of a man in military uniform.marshal
| caption             = Official military portrait, 1940
| office1             = 3rd [[United States Secretary of Defense]]
| president1          = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| term_start1         = 21 September 1950
| term_end1           = 12 September 1951
| deputy1             = [[Stephen Early]]<br />[[Robert A. Lovett]]
| predecessor1        = [[Louis A. Johnson]]
| successor1          = [[Robert A. Lovett]]
| office2             = 10th President of the [[American Red Cross]]
| president2          = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| term_start2         = 1 October 1949
| term_end2           = 1 December 1950
| predecessor2        = [[Basil O'Connor]]
| successor2          = [[E. Roland Harriman]]
| office3             = 2nd Chairman of the [[American Battle Monuments Commission]]
| term_start3         = January 1949
| term_end3           = 16 October 1959
| predecessor3        = [[John J. Pershing]]
| successor3          = [[Jacob L. Devers]]
| office4             = 50th [[United States Secretary of State]]
| president4          = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| term_start4         = 21 January 1947
| term_end4           = 20 January 1949
| deputy4             = [[Dean Acheson]]<br />[[Robert A. Lovett]]
| predecessor4        = [[James F. Byrnes]]
| successor4          = [[Dean Acheson]]
| office5             = [[Ambassadors of the United States|United States Special Envoy]] to [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]
| president5          = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| term_start5         = 20 December 1945
| term_end5           = 6 January 1947
| predecessor5        = Position established
| successor5          = Position abolished
| office6             = 15th [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]
| president6          = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<br />[[Harry S. Truman]]
| term_start6         = 1 September 1939
| term_end6           = 18 November 1945
| deputy6             = [[Lorenzo D. Gasser]]<br />[[William Bryden]]
| predecessor6        = [[Malin Craig]]
| successor6          = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| birth_name          = George Catlett Marshall Jr.
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1880|12|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1959|10|16|1880|12|31|df=yes}}
| death_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| party               = None{{sfn| Bland|Stevens|Wunderlin Jr.|1981}}{{efn-ua|Letter to Charles J. Graham, September 23, 1941 [Washington, D.C.]: "...as to my political faith—I have never voted, my father was a democrat, my mother a republican, and I am an Episcopalian."}}
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lily Carter Coles|11 February 1902|15 September 1927|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Katherine Tupper Marshall|Katherine Boyce Tupper Brown]]|15 October 1930}}}}
| education           = [[Virginia Military Institute]]
| awards              = [[Nobel Peace Prize]]<br />[[Congressional Gold Medal]]<br />[[Charlemagne Prize]]<br />[[#Civilian honors|''Complete list'']]
| signature           = George C Marshall Signature.svg
| allegiance          = <!-- United States; too obvious to list -->
| branch              = [[United States Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1902–1959{{efn-ua|U.S. officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life.}}{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p= 1685}}
| rank                = [[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|26px]] [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]]
| commands            = [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]<br />[[Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]<br />5th Brigade, [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]]<br />[[Fort Moultrie]] and District I, [[Civilian Conservation Corps]]<br />[[Fort Screven]] and District F, [[Civilian Conservation Corps]]<br />[[8th Infantry Regiment (United States)|8th Infantry Regiment]]
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[Philippine&ndash;American War]]
** [[Philippine–American War#Post-1902 conflicts|Post-war insurgency]]
* [[World War I]]
** [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
** [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Chinese Civil War]]
** [[Operation Beleaguer]]
* [[Korean War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| mawards             = [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)<br />[[Silver Star]]<br />[[Croix de Guerre]]<br />[[#Awards and decorations|''Complete list'']]
| module              = {{Infobox college football player
| embed = yes
| school = VMI Keydets
| position = [[Tackle (gridiron football position)|Left Tackle]]
| pastschools = [[VMI Keydets football|VMI]] (1900)
| highlights = [[College Football All-Southern Team|All-Southern]] ([[1900 College Football All-Southern Team|1900]])
}}
| module2             = {{Listen
| embed = yes
| filename = Marshall Plan Speech.wav
| title = Marshall's voice
| type = speech
| description = George C. Marshall's speech at [[Harvard University]] introducing the [[Marshall Plan]], 5 June 1947
}}
| relations           = [[Richard J. Marshall]] (Distant Cousin)<br/>[[John Marshall]] (Distant Cousin)
}}

'''George Catlett Marshall Jr.''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCB}} (31 December 1880 – 16 October 1959) was an American army officer and statesman. He rose through the [[United States Army]] to become [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army]] under Presidents [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry S. Truman]], then served as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] and [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] under Truman.{{sfn|Historical Office}} [[Winston Churchill]] lauded Marshall as the "organizer of victory" for his leadership of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory in [[World War II]]. During the subsequent year, he attempted to but failed to avoid the impending [[Chinese Civil War]]. As Secretary of State, Marshall advocated for a U.S. economic and political commitment to post-war European recovery, including the [[Marshall Plan]] that bore his name. In recognition of this work, he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1953, the only Army general ever to receive the honor.{{sfn|CNN: George C. Marshall}}

Born in Uniontown, [[Pennsylvania]], Marshall graduated from the [[Virginia Military Institute]] (VMI) in 1901. He received his commission as a [[Second lieutenant (United States)|second lieutenant]] of Infantry in February 1902 and immediately went to the Philippines. He served in the United States and overseas in positions of increasing rank, including platoon leader and company commander in the Philippines during the [[Philippine–American War]]. He was the top-ranked of the five Honor Graduates of his [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|Infantry-Cavalry School Course]] in 1907 and graduated first in his 1908 [[United States Army War College|Army Staff College]] class.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} In 1916 Marshall was assigned as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[J. Franklin Bell]], the commander of the [[Department of the West|Western Department]]. After the nation entered [[World War I]] in 1917, Marshall served with Bell, who commanded the [[Department of the East]]. He was assigned to the staff of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]]; he assisted with the organization's mobilization and training in the United States, as well as planning of its combat operations in [[France]].{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} Subsequently assigned to the staff of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] headquarters, he was a key planner of American operations, including the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]].

After the war, Marshall became an aide-de-camp to [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]] [[John J. Pershing]]. Marshall later served on the Army staff, was the executive officer of the [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry Regiment]] in China and was an instructor at the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]]. In 1927, he became assistant commandant of the Army's [[United States Army Infantry School|Infantry School]], where he modernized command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Truman |editor-last=Hessen |editor-first=Robert |date=1984 |title=Berlin Alert: The Memoirs and Reports of Truman Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fw6ZlJtxz2QC&pg=PA21 |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |pages=21–22 |isbn=978-0-8179-7891-4 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In 1932 and 1933, he commanded the [[8th Infantry Regiment (United States)|8th Infantry Regiment]] and [[Tybee Island, Georgia|Fort Screven]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Marshall commanded 5th Brigade, [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]] and [[Vancouver Barracks]] from 1936 to 1938; he received promotion to [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]]. During this command, Marshall was also responsible for 35 [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) camps in Oregon and Southern Washington. In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division on the War Department staff; he later became the Army's [[Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Deputy Chief of Staff]]. When Chief of Staff [[Malin Craig]] retired in 1939, Marshall assumed the role of Chief of Staff in an acting capacity before his appointment to the position, which he held until the war's end in 1945.<ref>{{cite book |last=Underwood |first=Jeffery S. |date=1991 |title=The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BOe6NR-9BsC&pg=PA192 |location=College Station, TX |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |pages=191–192 |isbn=978-0-8909-6388-3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

As Chief of Staff, Marshall, working closely with Secretary of War [[Henry L. Stimson]], organized the largest military expansion in U.S. history, and was promoted to [[five-star rank]] as [[General of the Army (United States)#World War II era|General of the Army]]. Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific until the end of the war. In addition to accolades from [[Winston Churchill]] and other Allied leaders, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Marshall its [[Time Magazine Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] for 1943 and 1947.{{sfn|Person of Year Photo|2006}} Marshall retired from active service in 1945, but remained on active duty, as required for holders of five-star rank.{{sfn|Wedemeyer}} From 15 December 1945 to January 1947, Marshall served as a special envoy to China in an unsuccessful effort to negotiate a coalition government between the [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]] of [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] of [[Mao Zedong]].

As [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated rebuilding Europe, a program that became known as the [[Marshall Plan]], and which led to his being awarded the 1953 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].{{sfn|Del Testa|Lemoine|Strickland|2001|p=120}} After resigning as Secretary of State, Marshall served as chairman of the [[American Battle Monuments Commission]]{{sfn|Marshall Is Named Head|1949|p=6}} and president of the [[American National Red Cross]]. As [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] at the start of the [[Korean War]], Marshall worked to restore the military's confidence and morale after the end of its post-World War II demobilization and then its initial buildup for combat in Korea and operations during the [[Cold War]]. Resigning as Defense Secretary, Marshall retired to his home in [[Virginia]]. He died in 1959 and was buried with honors at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cathy |date=2022-10-11 |title="Nation Mourns Top Soldier" - The George C. Marshall Foundation |url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/articles-and-features/nation-mourns-top-soldier/,%20https://www.marshallfoundation.org/articles-and-features/nation-mourns-top-soldier/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=www.marshallfoundation.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
George Catlett Marshall Jr. was born in [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]], the youngest of three children born to George Catlett Marshall and Laura Emily (née Bradford) Marshall.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}{{sfn|Zajac|2003}} Both sides of his family were long from [[Kentucky]], but cherished their [[Virginia]] roots.{{sfn|Unger|Unger|Hirshson|2014 |p= 2}}{{efn-ua|In an interview late in his life, when asked whether he regarded himself a Virginian, he answered: 'My family are Kentucky. I myself was the only member of the family born up north... I married two Virginians, very ardent Virginians, and I went to school in a very ardent, historical Virginia section school. I might say also that I pay taxes in Virginia" {{harv|Unger|Unger|Hirshson|2014 |p= 5''n''}}}} He was also a first cousin, three times removed, of former [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Marshall]].{{sfn|Higginbotham|1985|p=106}} He was also a distant cousin of [[Richard Marshall (United States Army officer)|Richard J. Marshall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marshall Genealogy |url=https://homepages.rootsweb.com/~marshall/esmd1.htm#id7808 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=homepages.rootsweb.com}}</ref> Marshall's father was active in the coal and [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] business.{{sfn|Zajac|2003}} Later, when asked about his political allegiances, Marshall often joked that his father had been a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] and his mother a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], whereas he was an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]].{{sfn|Stoler|2015}}

Marshall was educated at Miss Alcinda Thompson's private school in Uniontown and spent a year at Uniontown's Central School.{{sfn|Zajac|2003}} Having decided early in life that he desired a career in the military, but unlikely to obtain an appointment to the [[United States Military Academy]] because of his average grades, he looked to the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) for a formal education.{{sfn|Cray|1990|pp=23–24}} Marshall's brother Stuart, a VMI alumnus, believed George would not succeed and argued that their mother should not let George attend out of concern that he would "disgrace the family name."{{sfn|Early Career}} Determined to "wipe his brother's face," Marshall enrolled at the age of sixteen in December 1897.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}{{sfn|National Portrait Gallery: Marshall children}} To pay for his tuition and expenses, Marshall's mother sold parcels of land she owned in Uniontown and [[Augusta, Kentucky]].{{sfn|Cray|1990|pp=23–24}}

[[File:1900 VMI Keydets football team marshall encircled.jpg|thumb|left|[[1900 VMI Keydets football team]]. Marshall circled]]
At the start of his college career, Marshall was subjected to a [[hazing]] incident in which upperclassmen positioned an unsheathed bayonet with the point up and directed him to squat over it.{{sfn|Behrman|2007|p=10}} After twenty minutes, Marshall fainted and fell.{{sfn|Behrman|2007|page=10}} When he awoke, he had a deep laceration to one of his buttocks.{{sfn|Behrman|2007|page=10}} While being treated for his injury, Marshall refused to inform on his classmates.{{sfn|Behrman|2007|page=10}} Impressed with his bravery, the hazers never bothered him again.{{sfn|Behrman|2007|page=10}}

During his years at VMI, Marshall always ranked first in military discipline and about midway academically.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} He attained the rank of first captain, the highest a cadet could achieve, and graduated 15th of 34 in the Class of 1901.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}{{sfn|Taylor|2020|p=2}}{{sfn|Skutt|1997|p=86}} Marshall received a diploma, not a degree.{{sfn|Skutt|1997|p=86}} At the time of his graduation, the top five or six VMI graduates received bachelor's degrees.{{sfn|Skutt|1997|p=86}} The rest received diplomas attesting to their status as graduates.{{sfn|Skutt|1997|p=86}} He played [[Tackle (gridiron football position)|offensive tackle]] on the [[Gridiron football|football]] team and [[1900 College Football All-Southern Team|in 1900]] he was selected for [[College Football All-Southern Team|All-Southern]] honors.{{sfn|Stevens|Williams|2009|p=123}}

==Early infantry career and the Philippines==
Following his graduation from VMI, Marshall served as Commandant of Students at the [[Danville Community College|Danville Military Institute]] in [[Danville, Virginia]].{{sfn|Pops|2009|p=307}} He took a competitive examination for a commission in the United States Army, which had greatly expanded to deal with the [[Spanish–American War]] and [[Philippine–American War]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=23}} Marshall passed and used endorsements his father obtained from both of Pennsylvania's [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] to bolster his application.{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=23}} VMI Superintendent [[Scott Shipp]] also supported Marshall's application, and in a letter to President [[William McKinley]] compared him favorably to other VMI graduates serving in the Army, saying Marshall was "Fully the equal of the best."{{sfn|GCM Foundation|1996|p=18}} He was commissioned a [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] of [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry]] in February 1902.{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=23}} In a matter of days he married, resigned the Danville job, and shipped out to serve with the [[30th Infantry Regiment (United States)|30th Infantry Regiment]] in the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=23}}{{sfn|Stoler|1989|pp= 13–14}}{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=114}}

Prior to [[World War I]], Marshall received various postings in the United States and the Philippines, including serving as an infantry platoon leader and company commander during the [[Philippine–American War]] and other guerrilla uprisings.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} He was schooled in modern warfare, including tours from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.{{sfn|Stoler |1989|pages=21-25}} He was ranked first of five Honor Graduates of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course (now the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]]) in 1907 and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College (now the [[United States Army War College]]) class.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} After graduating in 1908, Marshall was assigned as an instructor at the Infantry-Cavalry School.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 29, 1910 |title=V. M. I. Social News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-times-dispatch-social/127062720/ |work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]] |location=Richmond, VA |page=D-1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=115}}

After another tour of duty in the Philippines beginning in 1913, Marshall returned in 1916 to serve as [[aide-de-camp]] to Major General [[J. Franklin Bell]], the commander of the Western Department and former [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]], at the [[Presidio of San Francisco]].{{sfn|Jolemore|1986|p=6}} In the summer and fall of 1916, Marshall was responsible for organizing several Western Department [[Citizens' Military Training Camp]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roll |first=David L. |author-link= |date=2019 |title=George Marshall: Defender of the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpLqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |location=New York |publisher=Dutton Caliber |page=15 |isbn=978-1-1019-9098-8 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 26, 1916 |title=Major Hagood Will Command In Camp: Captain George C. Marshall Is Appointed To Serve As Adjutant  |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113607210/camp/ |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |location=Salt Lake City, UT |page=16 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> After the [[American entry into World War I]] in April 1917, Marshall relocated with Bell to [[Governors Island]], New York, when Bell was reassigned as commander of the [[Department of the East]].{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=115}} Shortly afterwards, Marshall was assigned to help oversee the mobilization of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]] for service in France.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}

==World War I==
[[File:111-SC-6377 - Staff, First Division - NARA - 55173660 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Major General [[Robert Lee Bullard]] (center, facing towards the right), the newly appointed commander of the 1st Division, and members of his divisional staff at [[Gondrecourt-le-Château|Gondrecourt]], France, 17 January 1918. To Bullard's right is Lieutenant Colonel George C. Marshall, the 1st Division's assistant chief of staff for operations.]]

Shortly after the [[American entry into World War I]] in April 1917, Marshall had roles as a planner of both training and operations.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} In the summer, he was assigned as assistant chief of staff for operations on the staff of the newly created [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]], commanded by Major General [[William L. Sibert]], a fifty-six-year-old engineer officer.{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=115}} After overseeing the division's mobilization and organization in Texas, he departed for France with the division staff in mid-1917.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} On the long ocean voyage, his roommate was the division's assistant chief of staff for training, Major [[Lesley J. McNair]];{{sfn|Calhoun|2012|p=43}} the two formed a personal and professional bond that they maintained for the rest of their careers.{{sfn|Calhoun|2012|p=43}} Marshall was the first passenger from the first boat transporting [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) soldiers to set foot in Europe, and one of the first to enter the [[Trench warfare|trenches]] of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/masterscommander0000robe_g9v1 |title=Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses Who Led the West to Victory in World War II |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-141-02926-9 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=xxxiii-xxxv |language=en |via=Archive Foundation}}</ref>

After arriving in France, Marshall served with the 1st Division on the Saint-Mihiel, Picardy, and Cantigny fronts.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} Although the division was designated as a Regular Army formation, most of the officers and men serving within its ranks were almost completely lacking in combat experience. They were also deficient "in training, staff work, and logistical problems. More than half of its soldiers were new recruits. Only a few of its [[non-commissioned officer]]s had been in the Army for two years or more, and nearly all of the lieutenants had been commissioned less than six months".{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=116}}

In late 1917, General [[John J. Pershing]], the [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] (C-in-C) of the AEF, inspected the 1st Division.{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=29}} Unimpressed by what he observed, Pershing began to berate the division commander, Major General Sibert, in front of his staff, including Marshall. Sibert took Pershing's criticism in silence, but when Pershing turned his attention to the division chief of staff, Marshall angrily interceded to inform Pershing of logistical and administrative difficulties of which Pershing was unaware.{{sfn|Runkle|2017}} Marshall also informed Pershing that the AEF staff had not been very helpful in dealing with the problems. Sibert and his staff were concerned that Marshall's willingness to confront Pershing had probably cost him his career. Instead, Pershing began to seek out Marshall and ask for his advice whenever he visited the 1st Division,{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=29}} which, over the winter, "completed extensive training, much of it under French tutelage". By mid-April 1918 the division, now commanded by Major General [[Robert Lee Bullard]], was deemed to have progressed enough in its training to have its own sector of the Western Front to hold.{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=116}}

Marshall won recognition and acclaim for his planning of the [[Battle of Cantigny]], which took place from 28 to 31 May 1918;{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} Marshall's success resulted in the first notable American victory of the war.{{sfn|Davenport|2015}} As he conducted pre-attack planning, Marshall traveled alone under cover of darkness to personally view the terrain and mentally map it.{{sfn|Marshall's Silver Star}} Marshall ventured beyond the front lines and far into [[No man's land|no-man's land]], often under friendly artillery fire and routinely risking discovery and capture by [[Imperial German Army]] troops.{{sfn|Marshall's Silver Star}} On 26 May, he was injured while traveling to several subordinate units to conduct pre-attack coordination.{{sfn|Marshall|1976|p= 93}} As he departed the division headquarters area, his horse stumbled, fell, and rolled over;{{sfn|Marshall|1976|page=93}} Marshall's left foot was caught in the stirrup, and he sustained a severe sprain and bruise.{{sfn|Marshall|1976|page=93}} A physician bound Marshall's injured ankle and foot with adhesive tape so he could avoid medical evacuation and remain with the division to oversee the attack.{{sfn|Marshall|1976|pages=93–94}} In 1920, Marshall was awarded the [[Citation Star]] for his heroism during this battle.{{sfn|Marshall's Silver Star}} When the [[Silver Star]] medal was created in 1932, Citation Stars were converted to the new award.{{sfn|Marshall's Silver Star}}{{sfn|Plampin|1963|p=xiv}}<ref name="Valor"/>{{efn-ua|Marshall's Silver Star citation reads: "he was Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations at the First Division Headquarters from June 8, 1917, to July 6, 1918. By his superior professional attainments, his tactical skill, his sound judgment, and his courageous conduct in obtaining information through personal visits to the most exposed lines, he contributed in a determining manner to the training, morale, and operations of the Division in the Toul Sector, the Cantigny Sector, and the movement for the offensive at Soissons."{{sfn|Marshall's Silver Star}}}}

[[File:Colonel George Marshall.tif|thumb|right|Colonel Marshall in France in 1919.]]

In mid-1918, Pershing brought Marshall on to the AEF operations staff, G-3, where he worked closely with Pershing and was a key planner of American operations.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} He was instrumental in the planning and coordination of the [[Meuse–Argonne offensive]], which contributed to the defeat of the [[German Empire]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in 1918.{{sfn|Lengel|2008}} Marshall held the permanent rank of [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]] and the temporary rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] and was recommended for promotion to temporary [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in October 1918, but the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice with Germany]] on 11 November 1918 occurred before the recommendation was acted on.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2006|p=1186}}

After the Armistice, Marshall served as chief of staff for the [[VIII Corps (United States)|VIII Corps]].{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}{{sfn|Zabecki|Mastriano|2020|p=120}} For his services during the war he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]], the citation for which reads:

{{Blockquote|The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (ASN: 0-1616), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. Colonel Marshall has performed the duties of Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 1st Division, from 26 June 1917 to 12 July 1918. He served in the G-3 Section, General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, from 13 July 1918 to 19 August 1918, in G-3 section, 1st Army, from 20 August 1918 to 16 October 1918; as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, of the 1st Army from 17 October to 19 November 1918; and as Chief of Staff of the 8th Army Corps from 20 November 1918 to 15 January 1918, during which period the 1st Division served in the Toul sector and at the Cantigny attack and the 1st Army operations in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. By untiring, painstaking, and energetic efforts he succeeded in all these undertakings. His efforts had a marked influence on the successes achieved by the units with which he served.<ref name="Valor">{{cite web|title=George Catlett Marshall|url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/17880|publisher=Military Times}}</ref>}}

==Between the wars==
[[File:Gen. J. J. Pershing and Staff. Group showing Gen. J. J. Pershing and Staff standing on State, War, and Navy Building steps. Washington, D.C - DPLA - 1c56a88aeb0697950857227de7c3def9 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|General of the Armies John J. Pershing and members of his staff standing outside the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building|State, War, and Navy Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], 23 September 1919. Pershing is second from left in front row. Marshall is behind Pershing.]]

After the war, Marshall reverted to his permanent rank of captain.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2006|p=1186}} In 1919, he became an [[aide-de-camp]] to [[General (United States)|General]] Pershing.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]], Marshall worked on a number of projects that focused on training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare. He taught at the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]] and was a key planner in the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} He then served as executive officer of the [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry Regiment]] in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], where he remained for three years and learned to speak basic Mandarin.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} In 1927, as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]], he was appointed assistant commandant of the [[United States Army Infantry School|Infantry School]] at [[Fort Benning]], where he initiated major changes to modernize command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during [[World War II]].{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} Marshall placed [[Edwin F. Harding]] in charge of the Infantry School's publications, and Harding became editor{{sfn|Campbell|2008|pp=41, 400}} of ''Infantry in Battle'', a book that codified the lessons of World War I. ''Infantry in Battle'' is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course and was the training manual for most of the infantry officers and leaders of World War II.

Marshall's first wife died in 1927. The following year, while stationed at Fort Benning, Marshall met [[Katherine Tupper Marshall|Katherine Tupper Brown]] at a dinner party.{{sfn|Early Career}} They married on 15 October 1930, at Emmanuel Episcopal Church in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]].{{sfn|Santoro|1999|p=49}} The wedding made headlines as General Pershing served as Marshall's best man.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 16, 1930 |title=Col. Geo. C. Marshall, Jr. Weds Mrs. Brown in Baltimore, Md. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86391040/marshall-weds/ |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|The Constitution]] |location=Atlanta, GA |page=20 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

From June 1932 to June 1933, Marshall was the commanding officer of the [[8th Infantry Regiment (United States)|8th Infantry Regiment]] at [[Tybee Island, Georgia|Fort Screven]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} From July 1933 to October 1933 he was commander of [[Fort Moultrie]], South Carolina, and District I of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]]. He was promoted colonel in September 1933.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}

During the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], Marshall became a strong supporter of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and the [[New Deal]].<ref name=":0">{{Harvp|Roberts|2009|p=25-28}}</ref> Army Chief of Staff [[Douglas MacArthur]], who was a Republican and with whom Marshall had a contentious relationship, did not appreciate Marshall's views. After only a few months at Ft. Moultrie, MacArthur engineered Marshall's abrupt transfer to Chicago, where he served as senior instructor and chief of staff for the Illinois National Guard's [[33rd Infantry Division (United States)|33rd Division]] from November 1933 to August 1936.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}{{sfn|Cray|1990|pp=116–117}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 1, 2018 |title=MARSHALL & MACARTHUR: THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE |work=[[History Net]]|url=https://www.historynet.com/marshall-macarthur-tortoise-hare/}}</ref>

[[File:George C. Marshall cph.3a44773.jpg|thumb|upright|Brigadier General Marshall in 1938]]
Marshall was assigned to command the 5th Brigade of the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]] and [[Vancouver Barracks]] in [[Vancouver, Washington]], from 1936 to 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general in October 1936.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} In addition to obtaining a long-sought and significant troop command, traditionally viewed as an indispensable step to the pinnacle of the US Army, Marshall was also responsible for 35 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps in Oregon and southern Washington.{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}} As post commander Marshall made a concerted effort to cultivate relations with the city of Portland and to enhance the image of the US Army in the region. With the CCC, he initiated a series of measures to improve the morale of the participants and to make the experience beneficial in their later life. He started a newspaper for the CCC region that provided a vehicle to promote CCC successes, and he initiated a variety of programs that developed participants' skills and improved their health. Marshall's inspections of the CCC camps gave him and his wife Katherine the chance to enjoy the beauty of the American [[Pacific Northwest]] and made that assignment what he called "the most instructive service I ever had, and the most interesting."{{sfn|Home}}

In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division in [[Washington, D.C.]], and subsequently reassigned as Deputy Chief of Staff. In that capacity, then-Brigadier General Marshall attended a White House conference at which President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposed a plan to expand the [[United States Army Air Corps]] by 15,000 aircraft per year in preparation for World War II. With all other attendees voicing support, Marshall was the only one to disagree, pointing out the lack of consideration for logistical support or training. Marshall also spoke in favor of a large ground army although Roosevelt had said a large air force would be a greater deterrent to enemies, pointing out that the [[United States Army]] did not yet have a single division at full operational strength.<ref name=":0" /> Despite others' belief then that Marshall had ended his career, his willingness to express disagreement resulted in Roosevelt nominating Marshall to be the Army Chief of Staff. At the time of the appointment, Marshall was only 34th in seniority, outranked by 21 major generals and 11 brigadier generals, but he was fifth under an unwritten rule that the chief of staff should be able to serve a four-year term before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64.{{sfn|Roberts|2008|p=27}}

Upon the retirement of General [[Malin Craig]] on 1 July 1939, Marshall became acting chief of staff.{{sfn|Liebling|1940}} President Roosevelt favored Marshall because he was more supportive of [[New Deal liberalism]] than the [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] [[Douglas MacArthur]], and because of the recommendations of Pershing, Craig, [[Louis A. Johnson]], and most importantly Roosevelt's close advisor [[Harry Hopkins]].<ref name=":0" /> Marshall was sworn in as chief of staff on 1 September 1939, just hours after the [[Wehrmacht]] launched its [[invasion of Poland]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.georgecmarshall.org/Meet-General-Marshall/Early-Career George C. Marshall's Early Career] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021751/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/Meet-General-Marshall/Early-Career |date=September 24, 2015 }}. georgecmarshall.org</ref> He held this post until retiring in November 1945.{{sfn|General of the Army George}}

On 11 May 1940, the [[United States Congress]] cut $10 million from a $28 million appropriation budget for equipment to detect [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]] aircraft off the [[West Coast of the United States]]. Marshall met with [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]] and they went to see Roosevelt; Marshall emphasized the supreme importance of getting the full amount and told Roosevelt "you have got to do something and you've got to do it today". Marshall's advocacy worked and he got "all he wanted and more".{{sfn|Roberts|2008|pp=32,33}}

In 1941, Marshall became a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]], raised "at sight" by the [[Grand Master (Freemasonry)|Grand Master]] of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia.{{sfn|Stewart|2011}} ("At sight" is the procedure by which a Grand Master confers on a candidate all three Masonic degrees – Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master – at one time.){{sfn|Stewart|2011}}

==World War II==
[[File:Winston Churchill As Prime Minister 1940-1945 H12744.jpg|thumb|Marshall standing behind President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] aboard the British battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} on 10 August 1941]]
As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in American history, inheriting an outmoded, poorly equipped army of 189,000 men and, partly drawing from his experience teaching and developing techniques of modern warfare as an instructor at the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]], coordinated the large-scale expansion and modernization of the U.S. Army. Under his name were produced significant works of doctrine such as [[Field Manual 100-5]]. During his first week in office, he advised Roosevelt to issue an [[executive order]] expanding the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] to 227,000 troops and the [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] to 235,000 reservists, although the President could not immediately act because the [[United States Congress]] still favored [[United States non-interventionism|isolationism]].<ref name=":1">{{Harvp|Roberts|2009|p=32-34}}</ref>

Marshall's efforts to expand the [[United States Armed Forces]] began to have more success after the [[Axis powers]] conquered most of [[Western Europe]] in the [[Battle of France]]. Beginning in July 1940, he was greatly assisted in this effort by newly appointed Secretary of War Henry Stimson, whom Marshall would gradually displace as the most significant leader of the U.S. military apparatus in a deviation from the United States' tradition of [[civilian control of the military]].<ref name=":1" /> Though he had never actually led troops in combat, Marshall was a skilled organizer with a talent for inspiring other officers.{{sfn|Bland|2020|pp=27–51}} Many of the American generals who were given top commands during the war were either picked or recommended by Marshall, including [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Jacob L. Devers]], [[George S. Patton]], [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]], [[Lloyd Fredendall]], [[Lesley J. McNair]], [[Mark Wayne Clark]] and [[Omar Bradley]].{{sfn|Ossad|2003}}

===Expands military force fortyfold===
[[File:Infantry in battle cover.gif|thumb|upright|Cover to the book ''Infantry in Battle'', the World War II officer's guide to infantry combat operations. Marshall directed production of the book, which is still used as a reference today.]]
Faced with the necessity of turning former civilians into an army of over eight million soldiers by 1942 (a fortyfold increase within three years), Marshall directed McNair as commander of [[Army Ground Forces]] to focus efforts on rapidly producing large numbers of soldiers. With the exception of airborne forces, Marshall approved McNair's concept of an abbreviated training schedule for men entering Army land forces training, particularly in regard to basic infantry skills, weapons proficiency, and combat tactics.{{sfn|Ambrose|1997|pp=271–84}}{{sfn|Keast|1945}} At the time, most U.S. commanders at lower levels had little or no combat experience of any kind. Without the input of experienced British or Allied combat officers on the nature of modern warfare and enemy tactics, many resorted to formulaic training methods emphasizing static defense and orderly large-scale advances by motorized convoys over improved roads.{{sfn|George|1981|pp= 13–21}} In consequence, Army forces deploying to Africa in [[Operation Torch]] suffered serious initial reverses when they encountered German armored units in Africa in the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]] and other major battles.{{sfn|Keast|1945}} Even as late as 1944, American soldiers undergoing stateside training in preparation for deployment against German forces in Europe were not being trained in combat procedures and tactics in use there.{{sfn| Hanford| 2008|p= viii}}

===Replacement system criticized===
[[File:George marshall&henry stimson.jpg|thumb|Army Chief of Staff Marshall with [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Henry Stimson]]|left]]
Originally, Marshall had planned a 265-division army with a system of unit rotation such as that practiced by the [[United Kingdom|British]] and other Allies.{{sfn| Vandergriff | 2003}} By mid-1943, however, after pressure from government and business leaders to preserve manpower for industry and agriculture, he had abandoned this plan in favor of a 90-division Army using individual replacements sent via a circuitous process from training to divisions in combat.{{sfn| Vandergriff | 2003}} The individual replacement system devised by Marshall and implemented by McNair exacerbated problems with [[unit cohesion]] and effective transfer of combat experience to new soldiers and officers.{{sfn|Keast|1945}}{{sfn|Ambrose|1997|pp=277–84}} In Europe, where there were few pauses in combat with German forces, the individual replacement system had broken down completely by late 1944.{{sfn|Henry|2001 |pp= 12–14}} Hastily trained replacements or service personnel reassigned as infantry were often given only a few weeks' refresher training before being thrown into battle with Army divisions locked in front-line combat.

The new men were often not even proficient in the use of their own weapons, and once in combat, could not receive enough practical instruction from veterans before being killed or wounded, sometimes within the first few days.{{sfn|Keast|1945}}{{sfn|Henry|2001 |pp= 12–14}}{{sfn|Ambrose|1997|pp=271–84}} Under such conditions, many soldiers suffered a crippling loss of morale, while veterans were kept at the front until they were killed, wounded, or incapacitated by battle fatigue or illness. Incidents of soldiers going [[AWOL]] from combat duty as well as battle fatigue and self-inflicted injury rose rapidly during the last eight months of the war with [[Nazi Germany]].{{sfn|Keast|1945}}{{sfn|Ambrose|1997|pp=277–84}}{{sfn|Henry| 2001 |pp= 12-14}} As one historian concluded, "Had the Germans been given a free hand to devise a replacement system..., one that would do the Americans the most harm and the least good, they could not have done a better job."{{sfn|Henry| 2001 |pp= 12-14}}{{sfn|Ambrose|1997|p=277}}

Marshall's abilities to pick competent field commanders during the early part of the war was decidedly mixed. He was instrumental in advancing the careers of the highly capable generals such as [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Omar Bradley]], [[George S. Patton]], [[Walter Krueger]] and [[Mark W. Clark]]. A notable exception was his recommendation of the swaggering [[Lloyd Fredendall]] to Eisenhower for a major command in the American invasion of North Africa during Operation Torch. Marshall was especially fond of Fredendall, describing him as "one of the best" and remarking in a staff meeting when his name was mentioned, "I like that man; you can see determination all over his face." Eisenhower duly picked him to command the 39,000-man Central Task Force (the largest of three) in Operation Torch. Both men would come to regret that decision, as Fredendall was the leader of U.S. Army forces at the disastrous [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]].{{sfn|Ossad|2003}}

===Planned invasion of Europe===
[[File:Gen. George C. Marshall, U. S. Army Chief of Staff, and Gen. Henry "Hap" Arnold, Commanding General, U. S. Army Air... - NARA - 198960.jpg|left|thumb|General George C. Marshall with Chief of the [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Force]] General [[Henry H. Arnold|Henry "Hap" Arnold]] at [[Franz Urbig#Villa Urbig|Villa Urbig]] on 23 July 1945 during the [[Potsdam Conference]]. The two generals return the salute of the Guard of Honor formed by a detachment of [[Scots Guards]] of the British [[Brigade of Guards]].]]

During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in preparing the U.S. Army and [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]] for the invasion of [[Continental Europe]]. Marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for all Allied operations in Europe. During the [[Arcadia Conference]], he convinced the United Kingdom to accept this strategy, including the focus on defeating Germany first and the establishment of international unified commands in control of all Allied forces in a given theatre. His push for unity of command, in particular through the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] and the [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command]], met with resistance from the [[British Armed Forces]] under [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]] because the scheme would allow the United States to dominate the Western Allied war effort, but the British government ultimately approved.{{Sfn|Roberts|2009|p=66-81}}

He initially scheduled [[Operation Overlord]] for 1 April 1943, but met with strong opposition from Winston Churchill, who convinced Roosevelt to commit troops to [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation Husky]] for the invasion of [[Italy]].{{sfn|D-Day Year Too Late?|2019}} Marshall and his advisors also opposed the [[Operation Torch|Allied invasion of French North Africa]] after it became clear that [[Vichy France]] would offer resistance, concerns over an Axis intervention through [[Francoist Spain]] and [[Gibraltar]], and suspicions that the operation was intended to defend European colonial territory with little strategic value to the war.<ref>{{Harvp|Roberts|2009|p=70-84}}</ref>

[[File:Joseph Stalin & Generals, Tehran Conference.jpg|thumb|Marshall with [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], and [[Harry Hopkins]] at the [[Tehran Conference]] in Iran, December 1943]]
When rumors circulated that Marshall would become the Supreme Commander of Operation Overlord, many critics viewed the potential transfer as a demotion, since he would leave his position as Chief of Staff of the Army and lose his seat on the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]].{{sfn|Pogue}} While Marshall enjoyed considerable success in working with Congress and Roosevelt, he refused to lobby for the position. Roosevelt selected Eisenhower, in large part because he did not want to do without Marshall in the Chief of Staff position. He told Marshall, "I didn't feel I could sleep at ease if you were out of Washington."{{sfn|Buell|John H. Bradley|p=258}}

On 16 December 1944, Marshall became the first American general to be promoted to the newly created rank of [[General of the Army (United States)#World War II era|General of the Army]], a [[five-star rank]] that placed senior American commanders on an equal footing with the [[field marshal]]s of European Allies; Marshall had objected to being awarded the title of field marshal, as it would have given him the title of "Marshal Marshall".{{sfn|Frequently Asked Questions Five-Star}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stilwell |first=Blake |date=2021-03-11 |title=This is why there's no Field Marshal rank in the US military |url=https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-history/why-theres-no-field-marshal-rank/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=We Are The Mighty |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout the remainder of World War II, Marshall coordinated Allied operations in both Europe and the Pacific. He was characterized as the organizer of Allied victory by Churchill. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Marshall [[Time Magazine Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] for 1943.{{sfn|Person of Year Photo|2006}} Marshall resigned his post of chief of staff on 18 November 1945, but did not retire, as regulations stipulate that Generals of the Army remain on active duty for life. He was succeeded as Army chief of staff by General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower.{{sfn|Wedemeyer}} During this time, he also received a Bronze [[oak leaf cluster]] to his Army DSM for his unprecedented work from 1939 to 1945. The medal's citation reads:

{{Blockquote|The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Army Distinguished Service Medal to General of the Army George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (ASN: 0-1616), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during the period from September 1939 through November 1945. The singularly distinctive accomplishments of General Marshall reflect the highest credit upon himself and the United States Army.<ref name="Valor"/>}}

=== Analysis of Pearl Harbor intelligence failure ===
[[File:Photograph of President Truman shaking hands with Secretary of State James F. Byrnes after awarding him the... - NARA - 199180.jpg|thumb|President Truman, Marshall, Secretary of State [[James F. Byrnes]], and General Arnold at the White House, August 1945]]
After World War II ended, the Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor Attack]] received testimony on the intelligence failure. It amassed 25,000 pages of documents, 40 volumes, and included nine reports and investigations, eight of which had been previously completed. These reports included criticism of Marshall for delaying sending Lieutenant General [[Walter Short]], the Army commander in Hawaii, important information obtained from intercepted Japanese diplomatic messages. The report also criticized Marshall's lack of knowledge of the readiness of the [[Hawaiian Department|Hawaiian Command]] during November and December 1941.{{sfn|U.S. Senate Joint Committee}} Marshall also advised President Roosevelt to move part of the United States Pacific Fleet to the Atlantic Ocean to assist [[Neutrality Patrol]]s, and that the defenses at [[Oahu]] made a Japanese attack on the island impossible. These recommendations were dismissed by the President but could have been catastrophic if they had not been.{{Sfn|Roberts|2009|p=51}}

Ten days after the attack, Short and Admiral [[Husband E. Kimmel]], commander of the [[United States Pacific Fleet]] at [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor]], were both relieved of their duties. The final report of the Joint Committee did not single out or fault Marshall. While the report was critical of the overall situation, the committee noted that subordinates had failed to pass on important information to their superiors, including to Marshall.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 39 |year=1946 |publisher=Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth Congress |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fSQ7kKogRGIC&pg=PA144 |location= Washington, D.C. |pages=144–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conclusions and Recommendations of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/Vol40.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/Vol40.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth Congress |location= Washington, D.C. |pages=252, 265}}</ref>

A secret review of the Army's role, which resulted in the [[Clausen Report]], was authorized by Secretary [[Henry L. Stimson|Henry Stimson]].{{sfn|Clausen|2001|pp=23–24}} The report was critical of Short and also of Colonel [[Rufus S. Bratton]] of the Military Intelligence Division (G-2), who investigator [[Henry Clausen]] concluded arrived at the War Department later on the morning of 7 December 1941 than he initially claimed during testimony and invented a story about a warning to affected army commanders about the imminent Pearl Harbor Attack being delayed because he had been unable to get in touch with Marshall, an allegation which "nearly destroyed" Marshall.{{sfn|Clausen|2001|pp=23–24}}

== Mission to China ==
{{Main|Marshall Mission}}
[[File:Zhang, Marshall and Zhou.jpg|thumb|General Marshall with Chiang Kai-shek and [[Zhou Enlai]] in China, 1946]]
Only weeks after Marshall's retirement, in December 1945, President [[Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration|Harry Truman]] [[Marshall Mission|dispatched Marshall]] to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], where he had served in the 1920s. His new mission was to prevent a resumption of the [[Chinese Civil War]] by brokering a coalition government between America's [[Kuomintang]] allies under Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] of [[Mao Zedong]]. Marshall had no leverage over the Communists but threatened to withdraw American aid essential to the Nationalists. Both sides rejected his proposals and he returned to the United States in January 1947.{{sfn|Stoler|1989|pp= 145–51}}{{sfn|Tsou|1963}} As Secretary of State, Marshall disagreed with the Defense and State Department views that Chiang's success was vital to American interests, insisting that U.S. troops not become involved. The war continued, and the Communists won in 1949.

==Secretary of State==
After Marshall's return to the U.S. in early 1947, Truman appointed him [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]. As one of the most well-regarded and least politicized national leaders, he made an ideal front office personality. He became the spokesman for the State Department's ambitious plans to rebuild Europe. He did not design the plans and paid little attention to details or negotiations. Nor did he keep current on details of foreign affairs. As one biographer notes, he had never been a workaholic.{{sfn|Unger|Unger|Hirshson|2014 |pp= 393}} He turned over major responsibilities to his deputies, especially Under-Secretary [[Robert A. Lovett]], and refused to be troubled by minutiae. By 1948, with frailties building up, his participation was further curtailed. Marshall said, "The fact of the matter is that Lovett bears the principal burden as I get away whenever possible."{{sfn|Unger|Unger|Hirshson|2014 |pp= 389–90, 448}}
[[File:Photograph of George C. Marshall being sworn in as Secretary of State in the Oval Office by Chief Justice Fred... - NARA - 199520.jpg|left|thumb|General Marshall being sworn in as Secretary of State by Chief Justice [[Fred M. Vinson|Fred Vinson]] in the [[Oval Office]] on 21 January 1947]]
On 5 June 1947, in a speech{{sfn|Marshall Plan}} at [[Harvard University]], he outlined the American proposal. The European Recovery Program, as it was formally known, became known as the [[Marshall Plan]]. [[Clark Clifford]] had suggested to Truman that the plan be called the Truman Plan, but Truman immediately dismissed that idea and insisted that it be called the Marshall Plan.{{sfn|McCullough|1992a|p=717}}{{sfn|Behrman|2007|page=74}} The Marshall Plan would help Europe rebuild and modernize its economy along American lines and open up new opportunities for international trade. Stalin ordered his satellites in Eastern Europe not to participate. Marshall was again named "Man of the Year" by ''Time'' in January 1948.<ref>See [http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19480105,00.html "George C. Marshall, Man of the Year Jan. 5, 1948"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926190816/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19480105,00.html |date=September 26, 2020 }}</ref>
[[File:Secretary of State General George C. Marshall Speak to The House Appropriations Committee.jpg|thumb|Secretary of State Marshall speaks to the [[United States House Committee on Appropriations|House Appropriations Committee]]. 15 January 1948.]]
Truman repeatedly rejected Marshall's advice on Middle Eastern policy.{{sfn|Brecher |2012|pp= 227-247.}} As Secretary of State, Marshall strongly opposed recognizing the newly formed state of [[Israel]]. Marshall felt that if the state of Israel was declared, a war would break out in the Middle East (which it did when the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] began one day after [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|Israel declared independence]]). Marshall saw recognizing the [[Jewish state]] as a political move to gain [[American Jews|American Jewish]] support in the upcoming election, in which Truman was expected to lose to [[Thomas E. Dewey]]. He told President Truman in May 1948, "If you [recognize the state of Israel] and if I were to vote in the election, I would vote against you."{{sfn|JCPA: President Truman's Decision}}{{sfn|Truman Adviser Recalls May|1991|p=17}}{{sfn|Recognition of Israel}} However, Marshall refused to vote in any election as a matter of principle.{{sfn|Uldrich|2005}}{{sfn|McKinzie|1972}}{{efn-ua|Marshall even went to great lengths to prevent himself from falling prey to the allures of power. He had always refused to vote because he subscribed to the belief that a professional soldier should remain above politics, but he took other steps to insulate himself from the corrupting influence of power once he became chief of staff {{harv|Uldrich|2005}}.}}{{efn-ua|"General Marshall could see the President anytime, but being a general he never took advantage of this. In fact, on one occasion, I think it was over Palestine actually, he told the President – I was told by somebody at the meeting – "Mr. President, if you take this action I wouldn't vote for you, but of course I don't vote." He as an Army officer never voted apparently in his life" {{harv|McKinzie|1972}}.}}

During his tenure as Secretary of State, Marshall also urged Truman to immediately call for [[Netherlands|The Netherlands]] to stop their [[Indonesian National Revolution|invasion of Indonesia]], a former [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colony]] which had [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|declared independence]] in 1945. The Netherlands ignored the Truman administration's initial entreaties. As a result, the Marshall Plan program for the Netherlands' economic recovery was put on hold and the Truman administration threatened to cut all economic aid. The Netherlands finally agreed to withdraw and transferred sovereignty following the [[Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference]] in 1949.{{sfn|Gouda|2002}}

Marshall resigned as Secretary of State because of ill health on 7 January 1949. He was severely exhausted throughout his tenure in the position. [[Dean Acheson]] in late 1947 said he was underperforming like "a four-engine bomber going only on one engine."{{sfn|Stoler|1989|p= 173}} Truman named him to the largely honorific positions of chairman of the [[American Battle Monuments Commission]] and president of the [[American Red Cross|American National Red Cross]].{{sfn|Unger|Unger|Hirshson|2014 |p= 455}} He received the 1953 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his post-war work, despite the criticism that he was a warrior not a pacifist.<ref>See [https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/nobel-peace-prize/#:~:text=On%20December%2010%2C%201953%2C%20General,which%20had%20concluded%20in%201952 George C Marshall Foundation, "The Nobel Peace Prize" (2017)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926170230/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/nobel-peace-prize/#:~:text=On%20December%2010%2C%201953%2C%20General,which%20had%20concluded%20in%201952 |date=September 26, 2020 }}</ref>

==Secretary of Defense==
[[File:Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall at The Pentagon.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall in his office at the Pentagon]]
When the early months of the [[Korean War]] showed how poorly prepared the Defense Department was, President Truman fired Secretary [[Louis A. Johnson]] and named Marshall as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] in September 1950.{{sfn|Historical Office}} The appointment required a congressional waiver because the [[National Security Act of 1947]] prohibited a uniformed military officer from serving in the post. This prohibition included Marshall since individuals promoted to General of the Army are not technically retired but remain officially on active duty.{{sfn|Five-Star Generals in U.S.|2016}} Marshall was the first person to be granted such a waiver; in 2017, [[Jim Mattis]] became the second and in January 2021, General [[Lloyd Austin]] became the third.{{sfn|Marshall Mattis|2017}} Marshall's main role as Secretary of Defense was to restore confidence and morale to the Defense Department while rebuilding the [[United States Armed Forces]] following their [[Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II|post-World War II demobilization]].

===Korean War===
[[File:L to R, President Truman, George Marshall, Paul Hoffman, and Averell Harriman, in the oval office discussing the... - NARA - 200036.tif|thumb|Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall discussing the Korean War with President Truman and Special Assistant to the President Averell Harriman in the Oval Office]]
Marshall worked to provide more manpower to meet the demands of both the [[Korean War]] and the [[Cold War]] in Europe. To implement his priorities Marshall brought in a new leadership team, including [[Robert A. Lovett]] as his deputy and [[Anna M. Rosenberg]], former head of the [[War Manpower Commission]], as assistant secretary of defense for manpower. He also worked to rebuild the relationship between the Defense and State Departments, as well as the relationship between the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Marshall participated in the post-[[Battle of Inchon|Inchon landing]] discussion that led to authorizing [[Douglas MacArthur]] to conduct the [[UN offensive into North Korea]]. A secret "eyes only" signal from Marshall to MacArthur on 29 September 1950, declared the Truman administration's commitment: "We want you to feel unhampered strategically and tactically to proceed north of the [[38th parallel north|38th Parallel]]".{{sfn|A. Lewis|2012|p=104}} At the same time, Marshall advised against public pronouncements which might lead to [[United Nations]] votes undermining or countermanding the initial mandate to restore the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|border between North and South Korea]]. Marshall and the Joint Chiefs of Staff were generally supportive of MacArthur because they were of the view that field commanders should be able to exercise their best judgment in accomplishing the intent of their superiors.

Following Chinese military intervention in Korea during late November, Marshall and the Joint Chiefs of Staff sought ways to aid MacArthur while avoiding all-out war with China. In the debate over what to do about China's increased involvement, Marshall opposed a cease-fire on the grounds that it would make the U.S. look weak in China's eyes, leading to demands for future concessions.{{sfn|Foreign Relations of United}} In addition, Marshall argued that the U.S. had a moral obligation to honor its commitment to South Korea. When British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] suggested diplomatic overtures to China, Marshall opposed, arguing that it was impossible to negotiate with the Communist government. In addition, Marshall expressed concern that concessions to China would undermine confidence in the U.S. among its Asian allies, including Japan and the Philippines. When some in Congress favored expanding the war in Korea and confronting China, Marshall argued against a wider war in Korea, continuing instead to stress the importance of [[Containment|containing]] the [[Soviet Union]] during the Cold War battle for primacy in Europe.

====Relief of General MacArthur====
{{main|Relief of Douglas MacArthur}}
Increasingly concerned about public statements from MacArthur, commander of [[United Nations Command]] forces fighting in the Korean War, which contradicted President Truman's on prosecution of the war, on the morning of 6 April 1951, Truman held a meeting with Marshall, [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] Omar Bradley, Secretary of State Dean Acheson and advisor [[W. Averell Harriman]] to discuss whether MacArthur should be removed from command.{{sfn|McCullough|1992b}}

Harriman was emphatically in favor of MacArthur's relief, but Bradley opposed it.{{sfn|McCullough|1992b}} Marshall asked for more time to consider the matter.{{sfn|McCullough|1992b}} Acheson was in favor but did not disclose this, instead warning Truman that if he did it, MacArthur's relief would cause "the biggest fight of your administration."{{sfn|Beisner|2009|p=429}} At another meeting the following day, Marshall and Bradley continued to oppose MacArthur's relief.{{sfn|McCullough|1992b}} On April 8, the Joint Chiefs of Staff met with Marshall, and each expressed the view that MacArthur's relief was desirable from a "military point of view," suggesting that "if MacArthur were not relieved, a large segment of our people would charge that civil authorities no longer controlled the military."{{sfn|Cleaver|2019|pp=179}}

Marshall, Bradley, Acheson, and Harriman met with Truman again on April 9.{{sfn|McCullough|1992b}} Bradley informed the President of the views of the Joint Chiefs, and Marshall added that he agreed with them.{{sfn|McCullough|1992b}} Truman wrote in his diary that "it is of unanimous opinion of all that MacArthur be relieved. All four so advise."{{sfn|Diary entries 6 7}} (The Joint Chiefs would later insist that they had only "concurred" with the relief, not "recommended" it.){{sfn|Pearlman|2008|p=214}}

On 11 April 1951, President Truman directed transmittal of an order to MacArthur, issued over Bradley's signature, relieving MacArthur of his assignment in Korea and directing him to turn over command to [[Matthew Ridgway]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=99}} In line with Marshall's view, and those of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, MacArthur's relief was looked upon by proponents as being necessary to reassert the tenet of [[civilian control of the military]].{{sfn|McCullough|1992b}}

==Later life==
[[File:Dodona Manor.JPG|left|thumb|Dodona Manor, the 19th century home and gardens of George Marshall and his wife Katherine]]

===Retirement===
In September 1951, after 49 years of continuous public service, Marshall retired to his home, [[George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor|Dodona Manor]], in [[Leesburg, Virginia]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2015}} Purchased by the Marshalls in 1941, Dodona had previously served as a quiet weekend retreat for the busy couple.{{sfn|George C. Marshall's Dodona}} The home was restored beginning in the 1990s and the house and its gardens are open to the public as a museum.{{sfn|Wheeler|2015}}

It was at Dodona Manor that Marshall enjoyed his favorite food, roast leg of lamb, and his favorite beverage, an [[Old fashioned (cocktail)|old fashioned]].{{sfn|Stories of Service Richard}} Gardening was one of Marshall's favorite pastimes, and in retirement he grew vegetables throughout the year, including tomatoes and pumpkins, while Katherine Marshall enjoyed tending to her rose garden.{{sfn|George C. Marshall's Dodona}} In a 1942 letter to David Burpee, president of the [[Burpee Seeds and Plants|W. Atlee Burpee & Company]], Marshall wrote, "The business of seeds and flowers tantalizes me because I have been an amateur gardener, both flower and vegetable, since a boy of ten. There is nothing I would so much prefer to do this spring as to turn my mind to the wholesome business of gardening rather than the terrible problems and tragedies of war."{{sfn|3-147 To David Burpee}}

Katherine's love of roses was well known, leading inventor Eugene S. Boerner to create the Katherine Tupper Marshall Rose, a pink hybrid tea rose.{{sfn|Why is a rose}} It was patented by Jackson and Perkins in 1943.{{sfn|Why is a rose}}

===American Battle Monuments Commission===
Throughout his retirement, Marshall served as chairman of the American Battle Monuments Commission.{{sfn|Commission American Battle Monuments}} He oversaw the construction of fourteen cemeteries in eight countries following World War II to memorialize those killed or missing in battle.{{sfn|Building on Mission}} In the early 1950s, Marshall argued for the speedy construction and funding of cemeteries despite budget and staff cuts for the Korean War. Marshall wrote to General [[Joseph T. McNarney|Joseph McNarney]] in March 1951 saying, "I am naturally hesitant to become personally involved in individual personnel problems, but in this case, am deeply concerned about the overall moral factor if our foreign national cemeteries are not adequately maintained...."{{sfn|Building on Mission}} Marshall's efforts to secure building and maintenance staff for the cemeteries were successful, doubling the number of military officers assigned to the work.{{sfn|Building on Mission}} On 13 September 1952, Marshall attended the dedication ceremony of [[Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial|Suresnes American Cemetery]] in France.{{sfn|Building on Mission}}{{sfn|Dedication of Cemetery}}

===Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II===
After retiring, Marshall largely withdrew from public life.{{sfn|The Leadership of George C. Marshall}} A notable exception was in June 1953, when he accepted President Eisenhower's appointment to head the American delegation to the [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|coronation of Queen Elizabeth II]].{{sfn|Queen Elizabeth II Coronation|2017}} The delegation included [[Earl Warren]] and Omar Bradley, and according to Bradley, as Marshall walked up the aisle of [[Westminster Abbey]] to take his seat before the ceremony, the congregation rose to its feet as a gesture of respect.{{sfn|The Leadership of George C. Marshall}} Marshall looked behind him to see who the arriving dignitary was, then realized the congregation had stood for him.{{sfn|The Leadership of George C. Marshall}} Marshall was also invited to the post-ceremony banquet at [[Buckingham Palace]], and was the only non-royal seated at Queen Elizabeth's table.{{sfn|The Leadership of George C. Marshall}}

==Family life==
[[File:Cover of Together, Annals of an Army Wife.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Together: Annals of an Army Wife'', by Katherine Tupper Marshall. Published 1946]]
George Marshall was the youngest of three siblings.{{sfn|Jeffers|Axelrod|2010|pp=6–8, 10, 12}} His older brother Stuart Bradford Marshall (1875–1956) was a graduate of the [[Virginia Military Institute]] and became a manager and executive in several metal production corporations, including the American Manganese Manufacturing Company.{{sfn|Jeffers|Axelrod|2010|pages=6–8, 10, 12}}{{sfn|Parmelee|1918|p=214}}{{sfn|Glenn|2014|p=568}} He later worked as a metallurgist and consulting engineer specializing in the production and operation of blast furnaces, coke ovens, and foundries.{{sfn|Parmelee|1918|page=214}} George and Stuart Marshall were long estranged because George married Lily Coles, who a few years before had rejected Stuart's proposal.{{sfn|Jeffers|Axelrod|2010|pages=6–8, 10, 12}} When Stuart found out George was engaged to Lily, Stuart made unkind remarks about her, and George "cut him off my list."{{sfn|Jeffers|Axelrod|2010|pages=6–8, 10, 12}} Marshall's sister, Marie Louise (1876–1962) was the wife of Dr. John Johnson Singer, an Army physician who died in 1934.{{sfn|Greenburg Resident General Marshall's|1962|p=22}}

On 11 February 1902, Marshall married Elizabeth Carter "Lily" Coles at her mother's home in Lexington, Virginia.{{sfn|Stevens|Williams|2009|p=123}} Marshall met Lily after listening to her play the piano across the street from VMI.{{sfn|csonnier|2015a}} Marshall, being immediately smitten, would "run the block", or leave barracks after hours, to be with her.{{sfn|csonnier|2015a}} After traveling abroad to Japan, Korea, and China with Marshall, Lily returned to the U.S. to have a [[Goitre|goiter]] removed. She died on 15 September 1927, after thyroid surgery that strained her weak heart.{{sfn|Mullins|2017|p=79}} They did not have children.{{sfn|Brooks|2015|p= 117}}

On 15 October 1930, Marshall married Katherine Boyce Tupper (8 October 1882 – 18 December 1978);{{sfn|Katherine Boyce Tupper Wife}}{{sfn|Sobel|Sicilia|2003}} They had no children, but she was the mother of three children with Baltimore lawyer Clifton Stevenson Brown.{{sfn|M. Lewis|2020}} He had been murdered by a disgruntled client in 1928.{{sfn|Pearson|1978}} The second Mrs. Marshall was a graduate of the [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]]; she later studied at the [[Comédie-Française]] and toured with [[Frank Benson (actor)|Frank Benson]]'s English Shakespearean Company.{{sfn|Pearson|1978}} She authored a memoir in 1946, ''Together: Annals of an Army Wife''.{{sfn|Marshall|1946}}

One of Marshall's stepsons, Allen Tupper Brown, was an Army lieutenant who was killed in Italy on 29 May 1944.{{sfn|csonnier|2015b}} Another stepson was Major Clifton Stevenson Brown Jr. (1914–1952).{{sfn|Clifton S. Brown|1952|p=3}} Stepdaughter Molly Brown Winn, the mother of actress [[Kitty Winn]], was married to Colonel James Julius Winn, who had been an aide to Marshall.{{sfn|Waddell|1997|p=1}}{{sfn|M. Lewis|2020}} Molly Winn was active in preserving Marshall's legacy, including preserving Dodona Manor and publishing Marshall's World War I memoirs.{{sfn|Waddell|1997|p=1}}

==Death and burial==
[[File:George Marshall Gravesite.jpg|thumb|upright|Grave site of George Marshall at Arlington National Cemetery]]
After a series of strokes, Marshall died at [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center|Walter Reed Hospital]] in Washington, D.C., on 16 October 1959. two months shy of his 79th birthday.{{sfn|Associated Press: Marshall Dies|1959|p=1}} Although he was entitled to official proceedings, Marshall preferred simplicity, so he received a special military funeral that dispensed with many of the usual activities.{{sfn|Mossman|Stark|1991|pp=159–167}} The ceremonies included lying in state at [[Washington National Cathedral]] for 24 hours, guarded by representatives from each U.S. armed service and a VMI cadet.{{sfn|Mossman|Stark|1991|pp=159–167}}

President Eisenhower ordered flags flown at half-staff and was among the 200 guests invited for the funeral service held at [[Fort Myer]].{{sfn|Mossman|Stark|1991|pp=159–167}} Other dignitaries included former President Truman, Secretary of State [[Christian Herter|Christian A. Herter]], former Secretary of State Dean Acheson, former Governor W. Averell Harriman and Generals Omar N. Bradley, [[Alfred M. Gruenther]], and Matthew B. Ridgway.{{sfn|Mossman|Stark|1991|pp=159–167}} His parish priest, Franklin Moss Jr., from St. James Episcopal Church in Leesburg conducted the chapel and graveside services, assisted by former chief chaplain and National Cathedral Canon the Reverend [[Luther D. Miller|Luther Miller]].{{sfn|Mossman|Stark|1991|pp=159–167}} In accordance with Marshall's wishes, there was no eulogy.{{sfn|Mossman|Stark|1991|pp=159–167}} Following the burial service, an artillery battery fired a 19-gun salute and a bugler played taps. The flag that draped Marshall's casket was folded and given to Mrs. Marshall by a VMI cadet.{{sfn|Mossman|Stark|1991|pp=159–167}}

Marshall was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], Section 7, Grave 8198, beside his first wife and her mother, Elizabeth Pendleton Coles (1849–1929).{{sfn|Associated Press: Marshall Dies|1959|p=1}}{{sfn|Mrs. Walter Coles|1929|p=6}} His second wife was also buried with him after she died on 18 December 1978.{{sfn|Mrs. Marshall|1978|p=12}} On its reverse side, the marble headstone lists General Marshall's positions held: "Chief of Staff U.S. Army, Secretary of State, President of American Red Cross, Secretary of Defense." The five-star rank adorns both sides of the stone.

==Reputation and legacy==
[[File:Thomas Edgar Stephens - George C. Marshall - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|George Marshall portrait by [[Thomas E. Stephens (artist)|Thomas E. Stephens]], ({{circa|1949}})|left]]
As William Taylor and other historians have recently emphasized, George Marshall was the best-known and most active – and most selfless – American leader in the early Cold War. His leadership had a distinct, signature style <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hill|first=MJR|title=Comparative Analysis Of The Military Leadership Styles Of George C. Marshall And Dwight D. Eisenhower|publisher=Lucknow Books|year=2014|isbn=978-1782895251|location=United States|pages=42|language=English}}</ref> which contained "Disdain for false speaking and dissembling", "Aura of Authority" and "Immensity of Integrity".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pops|first=GM|title=Ethical Leadership in Turbulent Times: Modeling the Public Career of George C. Marshall|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0739124772|location=United States|pages=64|language=English}}</ref> He viewed his world in definitive black and white with no vagueness in arguments or gray areas in decision-making.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pogue|first=FC|title=George C. Marshall|publisher=Viking Press|year=1963|location=United States|language=English}}</ref> Marshall is best known for giving his name and prestige to the Marshall Plan to rebuild the European economy. However, he suffered several defeats – he failed in the year-long effort to resolve the Chinese Civil War; he was defeated in his proposal to impose universal military service on all American men; and he was overruled by President Truman when he opposed the recognition of Israel. Historians agree that Truman depended heavily upon Marshall's prestige at a time of intensely bitter partisanship. Wilson Miscamble points to Marshall's delayed recognition of the threat posed by the Soviet Union – not until April 1947 did he realize the dangers. Miscamble concludes that recent studies show that Marshall was:<blockquote>An important contributor but hardly a dominant figure in the making of postwar American foreign policy. He had a special gift for delegation and he drew forth impressive contributions from various capable subordinates.{{sfn|Miscamble}}</blockquote>
Marshall's reputation for excellence as a military organizer and planner was recognized early in his career and became known throughout the Army. In a performance appraisal prepared while Marshall was a lieutenant in the Philippines, his superior, Captain E. J. Williams responded to the routine question of whether he would want the evaluated officer to serve under his command again by writing of Marshall "Should the exigencies of active service place him in exalted command I would be glad to serve ''under him''." (Emphasis added){{sfn|Editorial Note}}

In 1916, Lieutenant Colonel [[Johnson Hagood (general)|Johnson Hagood]] completed a written evaluation of Marshall's performance in which he called Marshall a military genius. Responding to the question of whether he would want his subordinate Marshall to serve under him again, Hagood wrote "Yes, but I would prefer to serve ''under his command''." (Emphasis added){{sfn|Puryear|2000|p=191}} Hagood went on to recommend Marshall's immediate promotion to brigadier general, despite the fact that there were more than 1,800 officers, including Hagood, who were senior to him.{{sfn|Hambro|1953}}

After the surrender of the [[Government of Nazi Germany|Nazi German government]] in May 1945, Henry L. Stimson, the [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], paid tribute to Marshall in front of a gathering of members of the Army staff, concluding with: "I have seen a great many soldiers in my lifetime and you, Sir, are the finest soldier I have ever known."{{sfn|Hambro|1953}}

Historians credit the high regard others had for Marshall's personal integrity as another reason for his positive legacy.{{sfn|Runkle|2019|pp=27–28}} In addition to his willingness to confront Pershing over Pershing's berating of the 1st Division chief of staff during World War I, Marshall cited other instances where he provided persistent advice that kept Pershing from creating needless controversy.{{sfn|Runkle|2019|pp=27–28}} In one, Marshall recalled a time when Pershing and [[James Harbord]] intended to change a War Department policy implemented by [[Peyton March]], the chief of staff of the Army and Pershing's nominal superior, with whom Pershing had a long-running feud.{{sfn|Runkle|2019|pp=27–28}} Marshall counseled against it several times, and Pershing angrily indicated that his chief of staff Harbord and he intended to submit their proposal despite Marshall's advice.{{sfn|Runkle|2019|pp=27–28}} Rather than concede, Marshall replied that Pershing was letting his personal feud with March cloud his judgment and that Harbord, who also disliked March, was doing the same.{{sfn|Runkle|2019|pp=27–28}} Instead of continuing to "pull rank", Pershing yielded to Marshall's judgment and said "Well, have it your own way."{{sfn|Runkle|2019|pp=27–28}}

In another incident that highlighted Marshall's reputation for integrity, when President Franklin Roosevelt, a former [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]], favored the Navy during World War II planning, Marshall suggested that Roosevelt stop referring to the Navy as "us" and the Army as "them."{{sfn|Christian Herald|1973|p=10}} Roosevelt laughed, but Marshall's humorous protest had made its point.{{sfn|Christian Herald|1973|p=10}}

In addition to his military success, Marshall is primarily remembered as the driving force behind the Marshall Plan, which provided billions of dollars in aid to post war Europe to restart the economies of the destroyed countries. In recent years, the cooperation required between former European adversaries as part of the Marshall Plan has been recognized as one of the earliest factors that led to [[European integration]] beginning with the formation of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]], and eventually the formation of the [[European Union]].{{sfn|History of Marshall Plan}}

In a television interview after leaving office, Truman was asked which American he thought had made the greatest contribution of the preceding thirty years. Without hesitation, Truman picked Marshall, adding "I don't think in this age in which I have lived, that there has been a man who has been a greater administrator; a man with a knowledge of military affairs equal to General Marshall."{{sfn|Farinacci|2010|p=253}}

[[Orson Welles]] said in a 1970 interview with [[Dick Cavett]] that "Marshall is the greatest man I ever met ... I think he was the greatest human being who was also a great man ... He was a tremendous gentleman, an old fashioned institution which isn't with us anymore."{{sfn|Dick Cavett Show|1970}} The story Welles related to Cavett to illustrate his point was about a time he saw Marshall take the time to speak with a young American soldier who had accidentally entered the same room. The young man was starstruck to have accidentally stumbled upon Marshall, yet Marshall still patiently and politely engaged the soldier in conversation.{{sfn|Dick Cavett Show|1970}}

===Tributes and memorials===
[[File:Marshall Statue Germany.jpg|thumb|A statue of General Marshall is unveiled at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies on 30 April 1998.]]
{{main list|List of memorials to George C. Marshall}}
Two non-profit organizations, the [[George C. Marshall Foundation]] and the George C. Marshall International Center, actively propagate General Marshall's legacy. The Marshall Foundation oversees Marshall's official papers and over two million other documents relating to the 20th century. The International Center preserves Marshall's home, Dodona Manor, as a museum and hosts educational programs focusing on Marshall's life, leadership, and role in American history.{{sfn|Home}}

Numerous streets are named for General Marshall, including George-Marshall-Straße in [[Wiesbaden, Germany]] and George-C.-Marshall-Ring in [[Oberursel (Taunus)|Oberursel]], Germany.{{sfn|George-Marshall-Straße 65197 Wiesbaden Germany}}{{sfn|George-C.-Marshall-Ring 61440 Oberursel Germany}}

On 30 April 1998, the [[George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies]] unveiled the first public statue of General Marshall in Europe in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen|Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany]].{{sfn|Marshall Center's Bronze Statue}} The slightly larger-than-life statue was sponsored by the Marshall Center, the Friends of the Marshall Center and the City of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. It shows Marshall in uniform walking across a bronze bridge, facing east, to greet new friends and allies and was designed by artist Christiane Horn of [[Wartenberg, Bavaria]]. [[Vernon A. Walters]], former [[Ambassadors of the United States|U.S. ambassador]] to Germany, was a keynote speaker during the dedication ceremony.{{sfn|Marshall Center's Bronze Statue}}

==Fictional portrayals==
Marshall has been played in film and television by:
* [[Keith Andes]] in the 1970 film ''[[Tora! Tora! Tora!]]''{{sfn|Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)}}
* [[Ward Costello]] in the 1977 film [[MacArthur (1977 film)|''MacArthur'']].{{sfn|Sargent|1977}}
* [[Dana Andrews]] in the 1979 film ''[[Ike (miniseries)|Ike, The War Years]]''.{{sfn|Ike: War Years (TV)}}
* [[Bill Morey]] in the 1980 television film ''[[Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb]].''{{sfn|Enola Gay: Men, Mission}}
* [[Norman Burton]] in the 1988 miniseries [[War and Remembrance (miniseries)|''War and Remembrance'']].{{sfn|War Remembrance (TV Mini-Series}}
* [[Hal Holbrook]] in the 1989 television film [[Day One (1989 film)|''Day One'']].{{sfn|Sargent|1989}}
* [[Harris Yulin]] in the 1995 television movie [[Truman (1995 film)|''Truman'']].{{sfn|Pierson|1995}}
* [[Harve Presnell]] in the 1998 film ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''.{{sfn|Saving Private Ryan (1998)}}
* [[Scott Wilson (actor)|Scott Wilson]] in the 2001 film [[Pearl Harbor (film)|''Pearl Harbor'']].{{sfn|Pearl Harbor (2001) IMDb}}
* Donald Eugene McCoy in the 2009 Chinese movie ''[[The Founding of a Republic]]''.{{sfn|Profile Founding of Republic|2009}}
* Will Roberts in the 2023 film ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]].''<ref>{{Citation |title=Oppenheimer (2023)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15398776/fullcredits |via=IMDb |access-date=2023-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>

==Dates of rank==
[[File:Nomination by Franklin D. Roosevelt of George Catlett Marshall to be Major General and Frank Maxwell Andrews to be... - NARA - 306448.tif|thumb|President Roosevelt's nomination of General Marshall to be Major General. 30 June 1939.]]
Marshall's dates of rank were:{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Timeline}}{{sfn|The Adjutant General's Office|1947|p=709}}
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |''No pin insignia in 1902''
|[[Second lieutenant (United States)|Second lieutenant]]
|[[United States Army]]
|2 February 1901
(Appointment accepted February 2, 1902)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O2 insignia.svg|13px]]
|[[First lieutenant (United States)|First lieutenant]]
|United States Army
|7 March 1907
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|33px]]
|[[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]
|United States Army
|1 July 1916
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Major (United States)|Major]]
|[[History of the United States Army|National Army]]
|5 August 1917
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]]
|National Army
|5 January 1918
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
|National Army
|27 August 1918
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|33px]]
|Captain
|[[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]
|30 June 1920
(Reverted to permanent rank)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|40px]]
|Major
|Regular Army
|1 July 1920
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|40px]]
|Lieutenant colonel
|Regular Army
|21 August 1923
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|Colonel
|Regular Army
|1 September 1933
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|33px]]
|[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]
|Regular Army
|1 October 1936
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|66px]]
|[[Major general (United States)|Major general]]
|Regular Army
|1 September 1939
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|133px]]
|[[General (United States)|General]]
|[[Army of the United States]]
|1 September 1939
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|95px]]
|[[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]]
|Army of the United States
|16 December 1944
|-
|[[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|center|frameless|95x95px]]
|General of the Army
|Regular Army
|11 April 1946
|}
Note – Marshall served as Secretary of State from 21 January 1947 to 20 January 1949.  He retired from the Army on 28 February 1947 and returned to active duty on 1 March 1949.<ref>US Army Register. 
 1950.  pg. 362.</ref>{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}

==Awards and decorations==
[[File:General George C. Marshall receives the Distinguished Service Medal from President Harry S. Truman in 1945.jpg|thumb|President [[Harry S. Truman]] awarding General Marshall an [[Oak leaf cluster|Oak Leaf Cluster]] to his [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] on 26 November 1945.]]
[[File:George Marshall's Legion of Honour.png|thumb|General Marshall's Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France)]]
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |U.S. Military Decorations
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=60}}
|[[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] with one [[Oak Leaf Cluster]]{{sfn|Kozak|2016}}
|-
|[[File:Silver Star ribbon.svg|60px]]
|[[Silver Star]]{{sfn|Marshall's Silver Star}}
|-
|[[File:Army Marksmanship Badge.png|left|frameless|60x60px|Former U.S. Army Marksmanship Badge for rifle.]]
|Expert [[Marksmanship badges (United States)|Rifleman Badge]]{{sfn|"Hardest Work"}}
|-
! colspan="2" |U.S. Service Medals
|-
|[[File:Philippine Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]
|[[Philippine Campaign Medal]]{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Mexican Border Service Medal ribbon.svg|left|frameless|60x60px|Mexican Border Service Medal]]
|Mexican Border Service Medal{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=5|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=60}}
|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]] with five [[battle clasp|campaign clasps]]{{sfn|National Portrait Gallery: Warnecke}}{{sfn|Marshall at attention}}
|-
|[[File:Army of Occupation of Germany ribbon.svg|60px]]
|[[Army of Occupation of Germany Medal]]{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=60}}
|[[American Defense Service Medal]] with [[Medal bar|Foreign Service Clasp]]{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]
|[[American Campaign Medal]] (First recipient)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15297&CategoryId=4&grp=4&menu=Decorations%20and%20Medals&ps=24&p=0 |title = American Campaign Medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021841/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15297&CategoryId=4&grp=4&menu=Decorations%20and%20Medals&ps=24&p=0 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|left|frameless|60x60px|Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]]
|[[Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal|Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]]{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|width=60}}
|[[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal|European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] with two bronze service stars{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]
|[[World War II Victory Medal]]{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|60px]]
|[[National Defense Service Medal]]{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:World War I four overseas service chevrons.jpg|center|frameless|60x60px|Overseas Service Chevrons]]
|Four [[Overseas Service Bar|Overseas Chevrons]] (for service in World War I){{sfn|National Portrait Gallery: Stephens}}
|-
|[[File:ArmyOSB.svg|left|frameless|60x60px|Army [[Overseas Service Bar]]]]
|One [[Overseas Service Bar]]{{sfn|National Portrait Gallery: Stephens}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Foreign Orders
|-
|[[File:Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg|60px]]
|Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (United Kingdom){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|60px]]
|Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-medals/ |title=Marshall and Medals |date=August 24, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2019 |archive-date=August 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821142712/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-medals/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Order of Blue Sky and White Sun with Grand Cordon ribbon.png|60px]]
|[[Order of Blue Sky and White Sun]] (Republic of China)<ref>[https://ahonline.drnh.gov.tw/index.php?act=Archive Academia Historica] 001-035100-00103-016</ref>
|-
|[[File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Gra-cruz.png|60px]]
|Grand Cross of the [[Order of Military Merit (Brazil)|Order of Military Merit]] ([[Brazil]]){{sfn|Homenagem á Missão Militar|1939}}
|-
|[[File:CHL Order of Merit of Chile - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px]]
|Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit (Chile)|Order of Merit]] ([[Chile]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:COL Order of Boyaca - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px]]
|Grand Cross of the [[Order of Boyaca|Order of Boyacá Cherifien]] ([[Colombia]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:PRT Order of Christ - Commander BAR.svg|60px]]
|Member 1st Class of the [http://www.medalnet.net/Cuba_Merito_%20Militar.htm Order of Military Merit] ([[Cuba]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Order of Abdon Calderon First Class.svg|60px]]
|Member 1st Class of the [[Order of Abdon Calderon]] ([[Ecuador]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:GRE Order of George I - Grand Cross BAR.png|60px]]
|Knight Grand Cross with swords of the [[Order of George I]] ([[Greece]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg|60px]]
|Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] (Italy){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Gran croce OCI BAR.svg|60px]]
|Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]] (Italy){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite GC ribbon (Maroc).svg|60px]]
|Grand Cross of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]] ([[Morocco]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|60px]]
|Knight Grand Cross with swords of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] (Netherlands){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Grand Officer BAR.png|60px]]
|Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Sun (Peru)|Order of the Sun]] ([[Peru]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Order of Suvorov 106x30.png|60px]]
|[[Order of Suvorov|Order of Suvorov First Class]]<ref>{{citation |last=Empric |first=Bruce E.|title=Uncommon Allies:  U.S. Army Recipients of Soviet Military Decorations in World War II|publisher=Teufelsberg Press see pg. 43 for details concerning Marshall's Order of Suvorov First Class award|year=2024|isbn=979-8344468075}}</ref> ([[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]])
|-
! colspan="2" |Foreign Decorations and Medals
|-
|[[File:CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png|60px]]
|[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre 1914–1918]] with bronze palm (France){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Medal for the Centennial of the Republic of Liberia.png|60px]]
|Medal for the Centennial of the Republic of Liberia ([[Liberia]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:DK Forsvarets Medalje for Faldne i Tjeneste Ribbon.png|60px]]
|Silver Medal for Bravery ([[Montenegro]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:PAN Medalla de la Solidaridad.png|60px]]
|Medal of Solidarity, 2nd Class ([[Panama]]){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|60x60px|Ribbon – QE II Coronation Medal]]
|[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] (United Kingdom){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|[[File:Fourragère CG.png|left|frameless|177x177px]]
|[[Fourragère]] in the colors of the Croix de Guerre (France){{sfn|Zabecki}}
|}

===Civilian honors===
[[File:SAAM-1966.110.41 Marshall Medal.jpg|thumb|General Marshall's Congressional Gold Medal. Designed by [[Anthony de Francisci]] in 1946.]]
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
|-
! Date
! Awarding Organization
! Award
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1939'''
|[[Society of the Cincinnati]]
|Honorary Membership <ref>Roster of the Society of the Cincinnati as of May 11, 1944.  1945.  pg. 55.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1943'''
|[[American Legion]]
|Distinguished Service Medal{{sfn|Distinguished Service Medal}}
|-
|'''1943'''
|''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine
|[[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]]{{sfn|Person of Year Photo|2006}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1944'''
|[[The Pennsylvania Society|Pennsylvania Society]]
|Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement{{sfn|Gold Medalists}}
|-
|'''1944'''
|[[Military Order of the World Wars]]
|Honorary Commander-in-Chief<ref>Email to editor from Justin Hiller, Membership Manager, [[Military Order of the World Wars|MOWW]]. 28 May 2024. ''"GA Marshall was added to the Order in 1944 as just the 3rd Honorary Commander-in-Chief in MOWW History.  According to our organization’s documents, we have one Honorary Commander in Chief at a time."''</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1945'''
|[[Reserve Officers Association]]
|Permanent Membership
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1945'''
|[[Theodore Roosevelt Association]]
|Distinguished Service Medal of Honor{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1946'''
|[[United States Congress]]
|[[Congressional Gold Medal]]{{sfn|Office of Clerk U.S.}}
|-
|'''1946'''
|[[American Philosophical Society]]
|Resident Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+C.+Marshall&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1947'''
|[[Freedom House]]
|Freedom Award{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1947'''
|''Time'' magazine
|Man of the Year{{sfn|Person of Year Photo|2006}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1948'''
|[[Grand Lodge of New York]]
|Distinguished Achievement Award
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1948'''
|[[Kappa Alpha Order]]
|Award for Distinguished Achievement{{sfn|Distinguished Achievement Award George}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1948'''
|[[Variety, the Children's Charity|Variety Clubs International]]
|International Humanitarian Award{{sfn|Letter to Chairman Humanitarian}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1949'''
|[[American Planning Association]]
|Gold Medal{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1949'''
|[[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]]
|[[Freedom of the City|Key to the City]]{{sfn|Key to New Orleans}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1949'''
|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
|Key to the City{{sfn|Key to San Juan}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1949'''
|[[Fraternal Order of Eagles]]
|National Civic Service Award{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''1949'''
|[[New York Board of Trade]]
|Award for distinguished service and contribution to the American way{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1949'''
|[[United States Conference of Mayors|U.S. Conference of Mayors]]
|Award for Distinguished Public Service{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1950'''
|[[Franklin Institute]]
|Honorary Membership
|-
|'''1950'''
|[[Youngstown, Ohio]]
|Key to the City{{sfn|Hamilton|1950}}
|-
|'''1950'''
|[[Disabled American Veterans]], New York Chapter
|Citizenship Award{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1951'''
|[[Virginia|Commonwealth of Virginia]]
|Virginia Distinguished Service Medal{{sfn|938- Def. Sec. George}}
|-
|'''1952'''
|[[Four Freedoms]] Fund
|Four Freedoms Fund Award{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1953'''
|[[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]
|[[Nobel Peace Prize]]{{sfn|Nobel Peace Prize 1953}}
|-
|'''1954'''
|[[AMVETS|American Veterans]]
|10th Anniversary Award{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1956'''
|[[Woodrow Wilson Foundation]]
|Award for Distinguished Service{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1957'''
|[[OECD|Organization for European Economic Cooperation]]
|Silver Medal
|-
|'''1957'''
|[[Pennsylvania|Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]]
|Meritorious Medal{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
|'''1959'''
|[[Aachen|Aachen, Germany]]
|[[Charlemagne Prize]]{{sfn|Biography}}
|-
|'''1959'''
|[[Virginia Military Institute]]
|New Market Medal
|}

==Honorary degrees==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|+ Honorary degrees{{sfn|Siegbahn|1954|pp=101}}{{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|-
! style="width:20%;"|Location
! style="width:20%;"|Date
! style="width:40%;"|School
! style="width:20%;"|Degree
!Gave Commencement Address
|-
|{{Flagu|Kansas}} ||'''1934''' ||[[United States Army Command and General Staff College|Command and General Staff College]] ||[[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D.){{sfn|"Hardest Work"}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|Pennsylvania}} ||'''1939''' ||[[Washington & Jefferson College|Washington and Jefferson College]] ||[[Doctor of Science]] (Sd.D){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|Pennsylvania}} ||'''1940''' ||[[Pennsylvania Military College]] ||Doctor of Military Science (DScMil){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|Virginia}} ||'''1941''' ||[[College of William and Mary]] ||[[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.){{sfn|Commencement Speakers Special Collections}}
|Yes
|-
|{{Flagu|Connecticut}} ||'''15 June 1941''' ||[[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|2-484 Speech at Trinity}}
|Yes
|-
|{{Flagu|Vermont}} ||'''1942''' ||[[Norwich University]] ||Doctor of Military Science (DScMil){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|New York}} ||'''1947''' ||[[Columbia University]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|New Jersey}} ||'''22 February 1947''' ||[[Princeton University]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|Today in Princeton history|2013}}
|Yes
|-
|{{Flagu|Massachusetts}} ||'''6 June 1947''' ||[[Harvard University]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|70 years ago Harvard|2017}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|Massachusetts}} ||'''16 June 1947''' ||[[Amherst College]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|Bowers}}
|Yes
|-
|{{Flagu|Rhode Island}} ||'''16 June 1947''' ||[[Brown University]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|1947 Brown University Graduation}}
|Yes
|-
|{{Flagu|Quebec}} ||'''1947''' ||[[McGill University]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|Pennsylvania}} ||'''1947''' ||[[Lafayette College]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|California}} ||'''1947''' ||[[University of California]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} ||'''1947''' ||[[University of London]] ||Doctor of Laws (LL.D.){{sfn|George Catlett Marshall Chronology|2014|pp=5–6}}
|
|-
|{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} ||'''11 November 1947''' ||[[University of Oxford]] ||[[Doctor of Civil Law]] (DCL){{sfn|Marshall|2013|pp=270–271}}
|
|}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2020}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|1950s}}
* [[German Marshall Fund]]
* [[George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies]]
* [[George C. Marshall Foundation]]
* [[USS George C. Marshall (SSBN-654)|USS ''George C. Marshall'' (SSBN-654)]]
* [[Marshall Scholarship]]
* [[George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor]]
* [[George C. Marshall High School]]
* [[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{refbegin|26em}}

===Books===
* {{cite book|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|title=Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army From the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1997|location=New York|isbn=0-684-81525-7|url=https://archive.org/details/citizensoldiers000ambr}}
* {{cite book|last=Behrman|first=Greg|title=The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtsxHT9M5eIC&pg=PA10|publisher=Free Press: Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7432-8263-5|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=March 30, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125001/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtsxHT9M5eIC&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Beisner|first=Robert L.|title=Dean Acheson : a Life in the Cold War.|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc.|isbn=978-0-19-970012-7|oclc=1035517800|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035517800|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125002/https://www.worldcat.org/title/dean-acheson-a-life-in-the-cold-war/oclc/1035517800|url-status=live}}
* {{citation | title= The Papers of George Catlett Marshall |chapter= Letter to Charles J. Graham, September 23, 1941 [Washington, D.C.] |editor-first1= Larry I. | editor-last1= Bland |editor-first2= Sharon Ritenour |editor-last2=Stevens |editor-first3= Clarence E. | editor-last3=Wunderlin Jr.| location=Lexington, Va.| publisher=The George C. Marshall Foundation|year= 1981}}. [https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/to-charles-j-graham/ Electronic version] based on The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941 (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p.&nbsp;616 [Pentagon Office, Selected Correspondence, Box 69, Folder 18. Holding ID: 2-553].
* {{cite book|last=Brooks|first=David|title=The Road to Character|date=2015|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtocharacter00broo|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-8129-9325-7|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Buell|first=Thomas B.|author2=John H. Bradley|title=The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean}}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=James|title=The Ghost Mountain Boys: Their Epic March and the Terrifying Battle for New Guinea – The Forgotten War of the South Pacific|year= 2008|publisher=Three Rivers Press|isbn=978-0-307-33597-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Clausen|first=Henry|title=Pearl Harbor: Final Judgement|year=2001|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|isbn=0306810352}}
* {{cite book|last=Cleaver|first=Thomas|title=Holding the Line: The Naval Air Campaign In Korea|year=2019|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1472831699}}
* {{cite book|last=Cray|first=Ed|title=General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman|date=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gwq6WvWxe6oC&pg=PA23|location=New York|publisher=Cooper Square Press|isbn=978-1-4616-6099-6|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=June 7, 2021|archive-date=June 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607151553/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gwq6WvWxe6oC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Matthew J.|title=First Over There.|year=2015|publisher=St. Martins|location=New York|isbn=978-1-2500-5644-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Del Testa|first1=David W.|last2=Lemoine|first2=Florence|last3=Strickland|first3=John|title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists|year=2001}}
* {{cite book|last=Farinacci|first=Donald J.|title=Truman and MacArthur: Adversaries for a Common Cause|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OzfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|location=Bennington, VT|publisher=Merriam Press|isbn=978-0-557-40902-0|access-date=July 4, 2016|archive-date=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227092143/https://books.google.com/books?id=7OzfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=George|first=John B. (Lt. Col)|title=Shots Fired In Anger: A Rifleman's View of the War in the Pacific, 1942–1945, Including the Campaign on Guadalcanal and Fighting with Merrill's Marauders in the Jungles of Burma|publisher=National Rifle Association Press|year=1981|isbn=0-935998-42-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Glenn|first=Justin|title=The Washingtons: A Family History|date=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQNtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA568|publisher=Savas Publishing|isbn=978-1-940669-30-4|volume=5 (Part One)|location=El Dorado, CA|access-date=April 23, 2017|archive-date=April 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424013855/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQNtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA568|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Gouda|first=Frances|title=American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia : US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920-1949|date=2002|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55842798|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|others=Thijs Brocades Zaalberg|isbn=1-4175-2156-2|location=Amsterdam|oclc=55842798|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://www.worldcat.org/title/american-visions-of-the-netherlands-east-indiesindonesia-us-foreign-policy-and-indonesian-nationalism-1920-1949/oclc/55842798|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Hanford|first=William B.|title=A Dangerous Assignment: An Artillery Forward Observer in World War II|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8117-3485-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Henry|first=Mark R.|title=The US Army in World War II: Northwest Europe|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84176-086-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Higginbotham|first=Don|title=George Washington and the American Military Tradition|date=1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzZD0Wh99HEC&pg=PA106|location=Athens, GA|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-2400-5|access-date=November 21, 2016|archive-date=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227210556/https://books.google.com/books?id=NzZD0Wh99HEC&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jeffers|first1=H. Paul|last2=Axelrod|first2=Alan|title=Marshall: Lessons in Leadership|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlTgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-11425-8|location=New York|access-date=April 23, 2017|archive-date=April 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424014111/https://books.google.com/books?id=YlTgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Keast|first=William R. (Maj)|title=Provision of Enlisted Replacements (Army Ground Forces Study No. 7)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Historical Section – Headquarters Army Ground Forces|url=https://history.army.mil/books/agf/agf007/index.htm|year=1945|access-date=September 12, 2021|archive-date=February 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211074708/https://history.army.mil/books/agf/AGF007/index.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Lengel|first=Edward G.|title=To Conquer Hell.|year=2008|publisher=Henry Holt|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8050-7931-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Adrian|title=The American Culture of War: The History of US Military Force from World War II to Operation Enduring Freedon|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415890199|ref=CITEREFA. Lewis2012}}
* {{cite book|last=Marshall|first=George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959|title=The papers of George Catlett Marshall|year=2013|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/7836073|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8018-2552-1|location=Baltimore, Maryland|oclc=7836073|access-date=June 24, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125003/https://www.worldcat.org/title/papers-of-george-catlett-marshall/oclc/7836073|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Marshall|first=George C.|title=Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918|date=1976|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/memoirs-of-my-services-in-the-world-war-1917-1918/|location=New York|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-395-20725-3|access-date=May 6, 2021|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506153138/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/memoirs-of-my-services-in-the-world-war-1917-1918/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Katherine Tupper|title=Together: Annals of an Army Wife|date=1946|url=https://archive.org/stream/togetherannalsof001707mbp#page/n7/mode/2up|publisher=Tupper and Love|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=McCullough|first=David|title=Truman|year=1992a|author-link=David McCullough|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-671-86920-5|title-link=Truman (book)}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mossman|first1=B. C.|last2=Stark|first2=M. W.|title=The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921-1969|date=1991|url=https://history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Center for Military, United States Army|access-date=April 20, 2018|archive-date=September 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917213000/https://history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pearlman|first=Michael David|title=Truman & MacArthur: Policy, Politics, and the Hunger for Honor and Renown|date=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UantAAAAMAAJ&q=joint+chiefs+concur+relief+macarthur|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-2533-5066-4|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=May 28, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125002/https://books.google.com/books?id=UantAAAAMAAJ&q=joint+chiefs+concur+relief+macarthur|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pops|first=Gerald M.|title=Ethical Leadership in Turbulent Times: Modeling the Public Career of George|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeN6ffYFdcC&pg=PA307|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0739124772|access-date=November 21, 2016|archive-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228130200/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeN6ffYFdcC&pg=PA307|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Puryear|first=Edgar F. Jr.|title=American Generalship: Character Is Everything: The Art of Command|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1qIPXNUJFoC&pg=PA191|location=New York|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-89141-770-5|access-date=July 4, 2016|archive-date=December 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226035213/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1qIPXNUJFoC&pg=PA191|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=Masters and Commanders. How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke won the war in the west|year=2008|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9969-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Runkle|first=Benjamin|title=Generals in the Making: How Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, and Their Peers Became the Commanders Who Won World War II|date=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vkm9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8117-6849-8|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=June 14, 2021|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614165025/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vkm9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Santoro|first=Mary Catherine|title=First Lady of the Army: The Life and Times of Katherine Tupper Marshall|publisher=[[Hollins University]]|year=1999|location=Roanoke, Virginia}}
* {{cite book|last=Siegbahn|first=K. M. G.|title=Les Prix Nobel en 1953|year=1954|publisher=Imprimerie Royale P.A. Norstedt & Sons|location=Stockholm}}
* {{cite book|last=Skutt|first=Mary Sutton|title=Growing Up, by George!: George C. Marshall's Early Years, Uniontown, Pennsylvania-Lexington, Virginia, 1880-1901|date=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLFZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22george+c.+marshall%22+%22VMI+%22Diploma%22|location=Lexington, VA|publisher=M. S. Scutt|isbn=978-0-9661-5820-5|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=May 20, 2021|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520213951/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLFZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22george+c.+marshall%22+%22VMI+%22Diploma%22|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sobel|first1=Robert|last2=Sicilia|first2=David B.|title=The United States Executive Branch: M–Z|date=March 13, 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCAm9zvOQSsC&q=Katherine+Boyce+Tupper+Brown+1882|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313325946|via=Google Books|access-date=November 22, 2017|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125003/https://books.google.com/books?id=LCAm9zvOQSsC&q=Katherine+Boyce+Tupper+Brown+1882|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stevens|first1=Sharon Ritenour|last2=Williams|first2=Alice Trump|title=Images of America: Lexington|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo2ykvbyQg0C&pg=PA123|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-6818-8|location=Charleston, SC|access-date=April 24, 2017|archive-date=April 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424095608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo2ykvbyQg0C&pg=PA123|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Stoler|first=Mark|title=George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century|date=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/georgecmarshall00mark|url-access=registration|location=Woodbridge, CT|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=978-0-8057-7768-0|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book|last=The Adjutant General's Office|title=Official Army Register|date=1947|volume=I|url=https://archive.org/details/officialarmyregi1947unit/page/708/mode/2up|location=Washington, DC|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Tsou|first=Tang|title=America's Failure in China, 1941–50|year=1963|url=https://archive.org/details/americasfailurei00tsou|url-access=registration|publisher=[Chicago] University of Chicago Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-961-0|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-date=May 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518141237/https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|title=World War I: A Student Encyclopedia|date=2006|volume=I, A–D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA1186|location=Santa Barbara, CA|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-879-8|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-date=December 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224002648/https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA1186|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Turtledove|first=Harry|title=Fallout : the Hot War|date=2016|isbn=978-0-553-39073-5|oclc=945169989}}
* {{cite book|last=Turtledove|first=Harry|title=Joe Steele|date=2015|publisher=Recorded Books|isbn=978-1-4906-4254-3|oclc=966533957}}
* {{cite book|last=Turtledove|first=Harry|title=Worldwar|date=1997|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/41157084|orig-date=1996|publisher=New English Library|isbn=0-340-68491-7|oclc=41157084|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://www.worldcat.org/title/worldwar/oclc/41157084|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Uldrich|first1=Jack|title=Soldier, Statesman, Peacemaker: Leadership Lessons from George C. Marshall|date=2005|publisher=AMACOM Books|isbn=978-0814415962|quote=Marshall even went to great lengths to prevent himself from falling prey to the allures of power. He had always refused to vote because he subscribed to the belief that a professional soldier should remain above politics, but he took other steps to insulate himself from the corrupting influence of power once he became chief of staff.}}
* {{cite book|last1=Unger|first1=Debi|last2=Unger|first2=Irwin|last3=Hirshson|first3=Stanley P.|title=George Marshall : A Biography|isbn=978-0060577193|oclc=892858663|location=New York, NY|publisher=Harper|year=2014}}
* {{cite book|title="Fully the Equal of the Best": George C. Marshall and the Virginia Military Institute|year=1996|publisher=George C. Marshall Foundation|location=Lexington, Virginia|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/MarshallatVMI.pdf|ref=CITEREFGCM Foundation1996|access-date=September 12, 2021|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901152729/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/MarshallatVMI.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=Generals of the Army: Marshall, MacArthur, Eisenhower, Arnold, Bradley|date=2013|editor-last=Willbanks|editor-first=James H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4rvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|location=Lexington|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4212-8|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=March 30, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125003/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4rvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=George C. Marshall and the Early Cold War: Policy, Politics, and Society|date=2020|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=William A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMXZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|location=Norman|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-6765-7|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=March 30, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMXZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=George Catlett Marshall: A Chronology|date=2014|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/10/MarshallChronology_opt.pdf|location=Lexington, VA|publisher=George C. Marshall Foundation|access-date=April 7, 2021|ref=CITEREFGeorge Catlett Marshall Chronology2014|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901152851/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/10/MarshallChronology_opt.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I|date=2020|editor1-last=Zabecki|editor1-first=David T.|editor-link1=David T. Zabecki|editor2-last=Mastriano|editor2-first=Douglas V.|editor2-link=Doug Mastriano|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|location=New York|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-3861-2|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=May 13, 2021|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513223514/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}

===Periodicals===
* {{cite journal|last=Bland|first=Larry I.|title=George C. Marshall and the education of Army leaders|journal=Military Review|volume=68|orig-year=1988|url=http://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/Education_of_Army_Leaders.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731230406/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/Education_of_Army_Leaders.pdf|date=July 31, 2020|archive-date=July 31, 2020}}
* {{cite journal|first=Frank W.|last=Brecher|title=US Secretary of State George C. Marshall's Losing Battles against President Harry S. Truman's Palestine Policy, January–June 1948|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=48|issue=2|year=2012|page=687|doi=10.1080/00263206.2012.687252|s2cid=220377505|doi-access=}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Herald |year=1973 |volume=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qy7fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Roosevelt+studied+Marshall+over+his+glasses%22 |location=Chappaqua, NY |publisher=Christian Herald Association |via=[[Google Books]] |ref=CITEREFChristian Herald1973 |title=Christian Herald |access-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://books.google.com/books?id=qy7fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Roosevelt+studied+Marshall+over+his+glasses%22 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Jolemore |first=Kenneth A. |title=The Mentor: More than a Teacher, More Than A Coach |date=July 1986 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0im6_L6FoVQC&pg=PA6 |magazine=Military Review |location=Ft. Leavenworth, KS |publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513223513/https://books.google.com/books?id=0im6_L6FoVQC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Liebling |first=A. J. |title=Profiles: Chief of Staff |date=October 18, 1940 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1940/10/26/chief-of-staff |magazine=The New Yorker |publisher=Condé Nast |location=New York, NY |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=February 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221191658/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1940/10/26/chief-of-staff |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Mullins |first=Richard J. |title=The General's Goiter: The Outcome of a Subtotal Thyroidectomy Performed on United States Army General George Catlett Marshall |date=January 1, 2017 |page=79 |url=http://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(16)31514-9/fulltext |magazine=Journal of the American College of Surgeons |location=New York, NY |publisher=American College of Surgeons |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125006/https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515%2816%2931514-9/fulltext |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal|last=Ossad|first=Steven L.|title=Command Failures: Lessons Learned from Lloyd R. Fredendall|date=March 2003|journal=Army Magazine}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Parmelee |first=H. C. |title=Personal: Mr. Stuart B. Marshall |date=August 15, 1918 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA214 |magazine=Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering |location=New York, NY |publisher=McGraw-Hill Company |volume=XIX |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424012759/https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA214 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Plampin |first=William |title=Army Medals and Decorations |date=September 1, 1963 |page=xiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGBbD6gV8_IC&pg=PR14 |magazine=Army Information Digest |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Department of the Army |via=[[Google Books]] }}

===News & Media===
* {{cite web|title=1947 Brown University Graduation Featuring Secretary of State George C Marshall|website=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbq6t9i2kE0|language=en|access-date=June 24, 2021|ref=CITEREF1947 Brown University Graduation|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624220143/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbq6t9i2kE0|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=70 years ago, a Harvard Commencement speech outlined the Marshall Plan, and calmed a continent|date=May 22, 2017|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/05/70-years-ago-a-harvard-commencement-speech-outlined-the-marshall-plan-and-calmed-a-continent/|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US|ref=CITEREF70 years ago Harvard2017|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203704/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/05/70-years-ago-a-harvard-commencement-speech-outlined-the-marshall-plan-and-calmed-a-continent/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=A Greenburg Resident: General Marshall's Sister Dies at 85|date=June 12, 1962|page=22|work=Pittsburgh Press|location=Pittsburgh, PA|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/149093791/|url-access=subscription|ref=CITEREFGreenburg Resident General Marshall's1962|access-date=April 23, 2017|archive-date=April 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424005819/https://www.newspapers.com/image/149093791/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Biography|url=https://www.karlspreis.de/en/laureates/george-c-marshall-1959/biography|access-date=March 6, 2021|website=www.karlspreis.de|ref=CITEREFBiography|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911050305/https://www.karlspreis.de/en/laureates/george-c-marshall-1959/biography|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Bowers|first=Tom|title=Three Scotches Aboard at Amherst|date=June 15, 2021|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/three-scotches-aboard-at-amherst/|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=George C. Marshall Foundation|language=en-US|ref=CITEREFBowers|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211815/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/three-scotches-aboard-at-amherst/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Building on a Mission of Remembrance: Marshall and the American Battle Monuments Commission|website=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojWktUGBQ1s|language=en|access-date=May 19, 2021|ref=CITEREFBuilding on Mission|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519183834/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojWktUGBQ1s|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Calhoun|first=Mark T.|title=General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known Architect of the U.S. Army|date=2012|page=43|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10437/Calhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1|website=kuscholarworks.ku.edu/|publisher=University of Kansas|location=Lawrence, KS|access-date=October 13, 2017|archive-date=January 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109202311/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10437/Calhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Clifton S. Brown, Stepson of General Marshall, Succumbs|date=May 12, 1952|page=3|work=Winchester Evening Star|agency=[[Associated Press]]|location=Winchester, VA|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/winchester-evening-star-may-12-1952-p-3/|url-access=subscription|via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]|ref=CITEREFClifton S. Brown1952|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911111808/https://newspaperarchive.com/winchester-evening-star-may-12-1952-p-3/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Commencement Speakers – Special Collections Research Center Wiki|url=https://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Commencement_Speakers|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu|ref=CITEREFCommencement Speakers Special Collections|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212404/https://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Commencement_Speakers|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=The Commission: American Battle Monuments Commission|url=https://www.abmc.gov/about-us/commission|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=www.abmc.gov|language=en|ref=CITEREFCommission American Battle Monuments|archive-date=February 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205125947/http://www.abmc.gov/about-us/commission|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=csonnier|title=Marshall & Romance|date=February 13, 2015|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-romance/|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=George C. Marshall Foundation|language=en-US|ref=CITEREFcsonnier2015a|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507204238/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-romance/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=csonnier|title=Marshall And Allen Tupper Brown|date=May 29, 2015|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-and-allen-tupper-brown/|access-date=April 8, 2021|website=George C. Marshall Foundation|publisher=Marshall Foundation.org|location=Lexington, VA|ref=CITEREFcsonnier2015b|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227214337/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-and-allen-tupper-brown/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=D-Day, A Year Too Late?|date=June 1, 2019|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/june/d-day-year-too-late|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=U.S. Naval Institute|language=en|ref=CITEREFD-Day Year Too Late?2019|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192252/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/june/d-day-year-too-late|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Dedication of Cemetery at Suresnes, France – Library|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/video/dedication-cemetery-suresnes-france/|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=www.marshallfoundation.org|ref=CITEREFDedication of Cemetery|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519183838/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/video/dedication-cemetery-suresnes-france/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Def. Sec. George Marshall receives Va. Distinguished Service Medal from Va. Gov. John S. Battle; Marshall Day at VMI, May 15, 1951|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/938-Def.-Sec.-George-Marshall-receives-Va.-Distinguished-Service-Medal-from-Va.-Gov.-John-S.-Battle-Marshall-Day-at-VMI-May-15-1951-scaled-e1589553458133.jpg|access-date=April 24, 2021|website=George C. Marshall Foundation|language=en-US|ref=CITEREF938- Def. Sec. George|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424053230/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/938-Def.-Sec.-George-Marshall-receives-Va.-Distinguished-Service-Medal-from-Va.-Gov.-John-S.-Battle-Marshall-Day-at-VMI-May-15-1951-scaled-e1589553458133.jpg|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Diary entries, 6–7, April 1951, Truman Papers.|url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/exhibit_documents/index.php?pagenumber=2&titleid=188&tldate=1951-04-06&collectionid=firem&PageID=1&groupid=3416|access-date=June 5, 2011|publisher=Harry S. Truman Library and Museum|ref=CITEREFDiary entries 6 7|archive-date=June 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606044242/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/exhibit_documents/index.php?pagenumber=2&titleid=188&tldate=1951-04-06&collectionid=firem&PageID=1&groupid=3416|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Distinguished Achievement Award, George C. Marshall|url=https://www.kappaalphaorder.org/award/distinguished-achievement-award/george-c-marshall/|access-date=February 20, 2021|website=Kappa Alpha Order.org|ref=CITEREFDistinguished Achievement Award George|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911050322/https://www.kappaalphaorder.org/award/distinguished-achievement-award/george-c-marshall/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.georgecmarshall.org/early-career |title=George C. Marshall: Early Career |website=georgecmarshall.org |publisher=George C. Marshall International Center |location=Leesburg, VA |access-date=October 2, 2021 |ref=CITEREFEarly Career |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604205753/https://www.georgecmarshall.org/early-career |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web|title=Editorial Note on Becoming General Liggett's Aide, February 1915|url=http://marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/editorial-note-on-becoming-general-liggettos-aide/|website=marshallfoundation.org|publisher=George C. Marshall Foundation|access-date=July 4, 2016|ref=CITEREFEditorial Note|archive-date=July 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728194920/http://marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/editorial-note-on-becoming-general-liggettos-aide/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (TV Movie 1980)|website=[[IMDb]]|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080689/fullcredits|access-date=May 17, 2021|ref=CITEREFEnola Gay: Men, Mission|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911210103/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080689/fullcredits|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Five-Star Generals in the U.S. Military|date=October 19, 2016|url=https://www.veteranaid.org/blog/2016/10/19/five-star-generals-u-s-military/|access-date=May 20, 2021|website=VeteranAid|language=en-US|ref=CITEREFFive-Star Generals in U.S.2016|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520202740/https://www.veteranaid.org/blog/2016/10/19/five-star-generals-u-s-military/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, Korea, Volume VII – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/d1037|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=history.state.gov|language=en|ref=CITEREFForeign Relations of United|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526201132/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/d1037|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions – Five-Star Generals|url=https://history.army.mil/html/faq/5star.html|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=history.army.mil|ref=CITEREFFrequently Asked Questions Five-Star|archive-date=May 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123258/https://history.army.mil/html/faq/5star.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Gen. George C. Marshall, Main Architect of World War II Victory, 78, Dies|date=October 17, 1959|page=1|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75259062/marshall-dies/|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|location=St. Louis, MO|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|ref=CITEREFAssociated Press: Marshall Dies1959}}
* {{cite web|title=Gen. George C. Marshall: Distinguished Service Medal -- The American Legion|url=https://www.legion.org/distinguishedservicemedal/1943/gen-george-c-marshall|access-date=February 20, 2021|website=www.legion.org|ref=CITEREFDistinguished Service Medal|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411083021/https://www.legion.org/distinguishedservicemedal/1943/gen-george-c-marshall|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=General George C Marshall|url=http://www.general-wedemeyer.com/marshall/|website=general-wedemeyer.com|access-date=September 7, 2015|ref=CITEREFWedemeyer|archive-date=March 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327034621/http://www.general-wedemeyer.com/marshall/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=General George C. Marshall is shown in this photo, at attention and...|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/general-george-c-marshall-is-shown-in-this-photo-at-news-photo/515936558|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=Getty Images|date=15 March 2016|language=en-us|ref=CITEREFMarshall at attention|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512201155/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/general-george-c-marshall-is-shown-in-this-photo-at-news-photo/515936558|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=General of the Army George Catlett Marshall|url=https://armyhistory.org/general-of-the-army-george-catlett-marshall/|website=National Museum of the United States Army|date=22 January 2015|publisher=Army Historical Foundation|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|access-date=April 15, 2021|ref=CITEREFGeneral of the Army George|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415200527/https://armyhistory.org/general-of-the-army-george-catlett-marshall/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=George Marshall|url=https://npg.si.edu/exh/marshall/marchild.htm|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=npg.si.edu|ref=CITEREFNational Portrait Gallery: Marshall children|archive-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728114941/http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/marshall/marchild.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=George C. Marshall|url=https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.65.66|access-date=May 10, 2021|website=npg.si.edu|language=en|ref=CITEREFNational Portrait Gallery: Stephens|archive-date=May 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510180125/https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.65.66|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=George C. Marshall|url=https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.95.402|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=npg.si.edu|language=en|ref=CITEREFNational Portrait Gallery: Warnecke|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512201205/https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.95.402|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=George C. Marshall – Harry S. Truman Administration|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571266/george-c-marshall/|publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office|ref=CITEREFHistorical Office|access-date=February 8, 2017|archive-date=February 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207202422/http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571266/george-c-marshall/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor|url=https://www.georgecmarshall.org/dodona-manor|website=George C. Marshall.org|publisher=George C. Marshall International Center|location=Leesburg, VA|access-date=April 7, 2021|ref=CITEREFGeorge C. Marshall's Dodona|archive-date=June 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605220207/https://www.georgecmarshall.org/dodona-manor|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=George Catlett Marshall, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, Secretary of State|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/marshall/|publisher=CNN|access-date=December 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113061529/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/marshall/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=November 13, 2007|ref=CITEREFCNN: George C. Marshall}}
* {{cite web|title=George Catlett Marshall: Timeline & Chronology|url=http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/timeline-chronology/|website=Biography: George C. Marshall|publisher=The George C. Marshall Foundation|location=Lexington, VA|access-date=August 24, 2016|ref=CITEREFGeorge Catlett Marshall Timeline|archive-date=September 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904150931/http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/timeline-chronology/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=George-C.-Marshall-Ring 61440 Oberursel, Germany|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-C.-Marshall-Ring,+61440+Oberursel+(Taunus),+Germany/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x47bda86637466495:0xc78d1b146825925?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitqePliNnwAhWvGFkFHToMAF4Q8gEwAHoECAQQAQ|access-date=May 20, 2021|website=George-C.-Marshall-Ring 61440 Oberursel, Germany|language=en|ref=CITEREFGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring 61440 Oberursel Germany|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125321/https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-C.-Marshall-Ring,+61440+Oberursel+%28Taunus%29,+Germany/data=%214m2%213m1%211s0x47bda86637466495:0xc78d1b146825925?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitqePliNnwAhWvGFkFHToMAF4Q8gEwAHoECAQQAQ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=George-Marshall-Straße 65197 Wiesbaden, Germany|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-Marshall-Stra%C3%9Fe,+65197+Wiesbaden,+Germany/@50.070519,8.2195444,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47bdbe0e37a96377:0xa47f5d921726d489!8m2!3d50.070519!4d8.2217331|access-date=May 20, 2021|website=George-Marshall-Straße 65197 Wiesbaden, Germany|language=en|ref=CITEREFGeorge-Marshall-Straße 65197 Wiesbaden Germany|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125322/https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-Marshall-Stra%C3%9Fe,+65197+Wiesbaden,+Germany/@50.070519,8.2195444,17z/data=%213m1%214b1%214m5%213m4%211s0x47bdbe0e37a96377:0xa47f5d921726d489%218m2%213d50.070519%214d8.2217331|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Gold Medalists|url=https://www.pasociety.com/goldmedal|access-date=April 24, 2021|website=Pennsylvania Society|language=en|ref=CITEREFGold Medalists|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424052024/https://www.pasociety.com/goldmedal|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Hambro|first=Carl Joachim|title=Award Ceremony Speech, Nobel Peace Prize, George Marshall|date=1953|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/press.html|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|location=Stockholm, Sweden|access-date=June 22, 2018|archive-date=June 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140648/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/press.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Hamilton|first=Esther|title=General Wares to All; Crowds Line Streets|date=March 8, 1950|work=Youngstown Vindicator|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19500308&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=June 2, 2021|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215926/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19500308&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=The hardest work I ever did in my life|date=June 11, 2020|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/the-hardest-work-i-ever-did-in-my-life/|access-date=May 18, 2021|website=George C. Marshall Foundation|language=en-US|ref=CITEREF"Hardest Work"|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518133749/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/the-hardest-work-i-ever-did-in-my-life/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=History of the Marshall Plan|url=http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/history-marshall-plan/|website=marshallfoundation.org|publisher=George C. Marshall Foundation|access-date=July 4, 2016|ref=CITEREFHistory of Marshall Plan|archive-date=June 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629111434/http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/history-marshall-plan/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.georgecmarshall.org|website=www.georgecmarshall.org|access-date=July 4, 2016|ref=CITEREFHome|archive-date=July 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716082349/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Homenagem á Missão Militar Norte Americana|date=June 4, 1939|publisher=Correio Paulistano|agency=VASP|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=090972_08#|access-date=October 13, 2015 <!--|ref=1939–25535-->|ref={{sfnref|Homenagem á Missão Militar|1939}}|archive-date=April 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404155409/http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=090972_08|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Ike: The War Years (TV Mini-Series 1979)|website=[[IMDb]]|date=May 3, 1979|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078628/|access-date=May 17, 2021|ref={{harvid|Ike: War Years (TV)}}|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509135320/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078628/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Katherine Boyce Tupper: Wife of a Murder Victim and Wife of a General &#124; Leon J. Podles :: DIALOGUE|url=http://www.podles.org/dialogue/katherine-boyce-tupper-wife-of-a-murder-victim-and-wife-of-a-general-3074.htm|website=www.podles.org|date=April 4, 2015|ref=CITEREFKatherine Boyce Tupper Wife|access-date=November 22, 2017|archive-date=November 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129042858/http://www.podles.org/dialogue/katherine-boyce-tupper-wife-of-a-murder-victim-and-wife-of-a-general-3074.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Key to New Orleans – Marshall Museum|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/key-new-orleans/|access-date=May 11, 2021|website=www.marshallfoundation.org|ref=CITEREFKey to New Orleans|archive-date=May 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134409/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/key-new-orleans/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Key to the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico – Marshall Museum|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/collections-key-city-san-juan-puerto-rico/|access-date=May 11, 2021|website=www.marshallfoundation.org|ref=CITEREFKey to San Juan|archive-date=May 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134623/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/collections-key-city-san-juan-puerto-rico/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Kozak|first=Jeffrey|title=Marshall and the Distinguished Service Medal|date=October 28, 2016|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-distinguished-service-medal/|website=The George C. Marshall Foundation|access-date=February 1, 2020|archive-date=February 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201042815/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-distinguished-service-medal/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=The Leadership of George C. Marshall|url=https://www.georgecmarshall.org/leadership|website=George C. Marshall.org|publisher=George C. Marshall International Center|location=Leesburg, VA|access-date=April 7, 2021|ref={{sfnRef|The Leadership of George C. Marshall}}|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911124228/https://www.georgecmarshall.org/leadership|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Letter to the Chairman, Humanitarian Award Dinner of the Variety Clubs International: Harry S. Truman|url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/196/letter-chairman-humanitarian-award-dinner-variety-clubs-international|access-date=April 24, 2021|website=www.trumanlibrary.gov|ref=CITEREFLetter to Chairman Humanitarian|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424052022/https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/196/letter-chairman-humanitarian-award-dinner-variety-clubs-international|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Mark|title=Kitty Winn's Circle|date=April 16, 2020|work=Ojai Hub|location=Ojai, CA|url=https://www.ojaihub.com/winns-circle/|access-date=April 8, 2021|ref=CITEREFM. Lewis2020|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117183915/https://www.ojaihub.com/winns-circle/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Marshall and Mattis|date=February 10, 2017|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-mattis/|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=George C. Marshall Foundation|language=en-US|ref=CITEREFMarshall Mattis2017|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526201133/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-mattis/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Marshall Center's Bronze Statue of its Namesake Turns 21|url=http://www.marshallcenter.org/en/news-archive/marshall-centers-bronze-statue-its-namesake-turns-21|access-date=May 13, 2021|website=www.marshallcenter.org|language=en|ref=CITEREFMarshall Center's Bronze Statue|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514191933/https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/news-archive/marshall-centers-bronze-statue-its-namesake-turns-21|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|title=Marshall Is Named Head Of Battle Monuments|date=February 6, 1949|page=6|work=[[The New York Times]]|ref=CITEREFMarshall Is Named Head1949}}
* {{cite web|title=The Marshall Plan|url=http://www.georgecmarshall.org/learn/index.asp?L=17|access-date=February 17, 2009|work=georgecmarshall.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090109124504/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/learn/index.asp?L=17|archive-date=January 9, 2009|ref=CITEREFMarshall Plan}}
* {{cite web|title=Marshall's Silver Star|date=February 8, 2020|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshalls-silver-star/|website=Marshall Foundation Blog|publisher=The George C. Marshall Foundation|location=Lexington, VA|ref=CITEREFMarshall's Silver Star|access-date=February 17, 2021|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225160649/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshalls-silver-star/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=McCullough|first=David|title=Truman Fires MacArthur|date=1992b|url=https://www.historynet.com/truman-fires-macarthur.htm|author-link=David McCullough|website=History Net.com|publisher=World History Group|location=Leesburg, VA|access-date=May 11, 2021|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519085751/https://www.historynet.com/truman-fires-macarthur.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=McKinzie|first=Richard D.|title=Joseph C. Satterthwaite Oral History Interview|date=November 13, 1972|url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/satterwt|access-date=June 27, 2020|website=Truman Library|location=Washington, D.C.|quote="General Marshall could see the President anytime, but being a general he never took advantage of this. In fact, on one occasion, I think it was over Palestine actually, he told the President -- I was told by somebody at the meeting -- "Mr. President, if you take this action I wouldn't vote for you, but of course I don't vote." He as an Army officer never voted apparently in his life."|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627112857/https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/satterwt|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Miscamble|first=Wilson|title=Review of George C. Marshall and the Early Cold War: Policy, Politics, and Society: Taylor, William A.; Stoler, Mark A., eds.|date=July 1, 2021|url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56230|website=[[H-Net]]|publisher=Department of History, Michigan State University|location=East Lansing, MI|ref=CITEREFMiscamble|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182901/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56230|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Mrs. Marshall, Wife of General|date=December 20, 1978|page=12|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75258656/obituary-for-marshall-aged-96/|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|location=Baltimore, MD|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|ref=CITEREFMrs. Marshall1978|access-date=April 7, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911050258/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75258656/obituary-for-marshall-aged-96/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Mrs. Walter Coles|date=October 20, 1929|page=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70156062/obituary-for-walter-coles/|work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]]|location=Richmond, VA|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|ref=CITEREFMrs. Walter Coles1929|access-date=April 7, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911050317/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70156062/obituary-for-walter-coles/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1953|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/marshall/facts/|access-date=February 20, 2021|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|ref=CITEREFNobel Peace Prize 1953|archive-date=September 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926184430/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/marshall/facts/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives|url=http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/goldmedal.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055434/http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/goldmedal.aspx|archive-date=July 23, 2011|ref=CITEREFOffice of Clerk U.S.}}
* {{cite web|title=Pearl Harbor (2001)|website=[[IMDb]]|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213149/fullcredits|access-date=May 17, 2021|ref=CITEREFPearl Harbor (2001) IMDb|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421225007/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213149/fullcredits|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Perry|first=Mark|title=Should D-Day Have Happened a Year Earlier?|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-battle-before-d-day-107523|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=POLITICO Magazine|date=June 6, 2014|language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192255/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-battle-before-d-day-107523/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Pearson|first=Richard|title=Katherine Marshall, 96, Dies|date=December 20, 1978|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, DC|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/20/katherine-marshall-96-dies/9359540d-541c-42bb-98f1-bd25f3501084/|access-date=April 24, 2017|archive-date=May 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519020519/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/20/katherine-marshall-96-dies/9359540d-541c-42bb-98f1-bd25f3501084/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Person of the Year: A Photo History|date=December 16, 2006|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2019712_2019711_2019682,00.html#:~:text=Said%20TIME%20in%20naming%20him,that%20General%20Marshall%20hates%20war.|access-date=May 17, 2021|issn=0040-781X|ref=CITEREFPerson of Year Photo2006|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072132/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2019712_2019711_2019682,00.html#:~:text=Said%20TIME%20in%20naming%20him,that%20General%20Marshall%20hates%20war.|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Pierson|first=Frank|title=Truman|date=September 9, 1995|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114738/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|type=Biography, Drama|others=Gary Sinise, Diana Scarwid, Richard Dysart, Colm Feore|publisher=HBO Films, Spring Creek Productions|access-date=May 17, 2021|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825044952/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114738/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last1=Pogue|first1=Forrest C.|title=The Supreme Commander|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Supreme/USA-E-Supreme-1.html|website=ibiblio.org|publisher=Office of the Chief of Military History|access-date=September 9, 2015|archive-date=January 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120212203/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Supreme/USA-E-Supreme-1.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=President Truman's Decision to Recognize Israel|url=http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=376&PID=0&IID=2203|access-date=February 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101503/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=376&PID=0&IID=2203|publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|archive-date=March 6, 2012|url-status=dead|ref=CITEREFJCPA: President Truman's Decision}}
* {{cite web|title=Profile: The Founding of a Republic (2009 film)|date=September 30, 2009|url=http://www.cn.hanx.in/2009/09/the-founding-of-republic-2009-film.html|website=cn.hanx.in|ref=CITEREFProfile Founding of Republic2009|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625015753/http://www.cn.hanx.in/2009/09/the-founding-of-republic-2009-film.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|date=May 31, 2017|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/white-glove-wednesday-queen-elizabeth-ii-coronation-medal/|website=Marshall Foundation.org|publisher=George C. Marshall Foundation|location=Lexington, VA|access-date=April 8, 2021|ref=CITEREFQueen Elizabeth II Coronation2017|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911050452/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/white-glove-wednesday-queen-elizabeth-ii-coronation-medal/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Recognition of Israel|url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hst/h.htm|access-date=February 17, 2009|publisher=The Truman Library|ref=CITEREFRecognition of Israel|archive-date=February 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221015833/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hst/h.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Runkle|first=Benjamin|title=When Marshall Met Pershing|date=October 3, 2017|url=https://warontherocks.com/2017/10/when-marshall-met-pershing/|website=War on the Rocks|publisher=Rocks Media, LLC|location=Washington, DC|access-date=March 30, 2021|archive-date=February 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218065001/https://warontherocks.com/2017/10/when-marshall-met-pershing/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Sargent|first=Joseph|title=MacArthur|date=July 15, 1977|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076342/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|type=Biography, Drama, History, War|others=Gregory Peck, Dan O'Herlihy, Ed Flanders, Ivan Bonar|publisher=Universal Pictures|access-date=May 17, 2021|archive-date=November 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101182741/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076342/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Sargent|first=Joseph|title=Day One|date=March 5, 1989|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097159/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|type=Drama, History|others=Brian Dennehy, David Strathairn, Michael Tucker, Hume Cronyn|publisher=AT&T, Spelling Entertainment, World International Network (WIN)|access-date=May 17, 2021}}
* {{cite web|title=Saving Private Ryan (1998)|website=[[IMDb]]|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120815/fullcredits|access-date=May 17, 2021|ref=CITEREFSaving Private Ryan (1998)|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151340/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120815/fullcredits|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Speech at Trinity College, June 15, 1941 – Library|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/speech-at-trinity-college/|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=www.marshallfoundation.org|ref=CITEREF2-484 Speech at Trinity|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204037/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/speech-at-trinity-college/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Greg|title=Made a Mason at Sight|date=June 13, 2011|url=https://freemasoninformation.com/2011/06/made-a-mason-at-sight/|work=Masonic Education and Analysis|publisher=Freemason Information|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=February 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206174546/http://freemasoninformation.com/2011/06/made-a-mason-at-sight/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Stoler|first=Mark|title=The Noblest Romans: Winston Churchill and General of the Army George C. Marshall|date=2015|url=https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-168/the-noblest-romans/|website=Winston Churchill.org|location=Washington, DC|publisher=International Churchill Society|access-date=April 20, 2018|archive-date=April 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031301/https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-168/the-noblest-romans/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Stories of Service: Richard C. Wing|website=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGiRh6q-GjU|language=en|access-date=June 4, 2021|ref=CITEREFStories of Service Richard|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGiRh6q-GjU|url-status=live}}
* {{cite AV media |title=The Dick Cavett Show: Orson Welles on General George Marshall |date=July 7, 1970 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=We4rXniTo9I  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/We4rXniTo9I| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=April 1, 2021 |time=0:11 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |location=San Bruno, CA |ref=CITEREFDick Cavett Show1970}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite web|title=To David Burpee, March 27, 1942 – Library|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/to-david-burpee/|access-date=June 7, 2021|website=www.marshallfoundation.org|ref=CITEREF3-147 To David Burpee|archive-date=June 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607161547/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/to-david-burpee/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Today in Princeton history, 1947: Alumni Day speaker Marshall cites need for U.S. aid, foreshadowing the Marshall Plan|date=February 22, 2013|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/today-princeton-history-1947-alumni-day-speaker-marshall-cites-need-us-aid-foreshadowing|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=Princeton Alumni Weekly|language=en|ref=CITEREFToday in Princeton history2013|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211700/https://paw.princeton.edu/article/today-princeton-history-1947-alumni-day-speaker-marshall-cites-need-us-aid-foreshadowing|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)|website=[[IMDb]]|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066473/fullcredits|access-date=May 17, 2021|ref=CITEREFTora! Tora! Tora! (1970)|archive-date=December 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208070356/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066473/fullcredits|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Truman Adviser Recalls May 14, 1948 US Decision to Recognize Israel|date=May–June 1991|page=17|url=http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105017.htm|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|access-date=February 17, 2009|ref=CITEREFTruman Adviser Recalls May1991|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190340/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105017.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Senate: Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack|url=https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/pearl-harbor.htm#Origins|access-date=May 20, 2021|website=www.senate.gov|ref=CITEREFU.S. Senate Joint Committee|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318031334/https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/pearl-harbor.htm#Origins|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Vandergriff|first=Donald E.|date=September 12, 2003|title=Seven Wars and a Century Later, a Failed System|url=http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,Vandergriff_091203,00.html|work=military.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206135605/http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,Vandergriff_091203,00.html|archive-date=December 6, 2008}}
* {{cite web|last=Waddell|first=Charles L.|title=Senate Joint Resolution No. 410: On the Death of Molly Brown Winn|date=February 21, 1997|page=1|author-link1=Charles L. Waddell|url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?971+ful+SJ410+pdf|access-date=April 8, 2021|website=LIS: Virginia's Legislative Information System|publisher=Senate of Virginia|location=Richmond, VA|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125320/https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?971+ful+SJ410+pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=War and Remembrance (TV Mini-Series 1988–1989)|website=[[IMDb]]|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096725/fullcredits|access-date=May 17, 2021|ref=CITEREFWar Remembrance (TV Mini-Series|archive-date=April 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416080833/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096725/fullcredits|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Linda|title=Restoration of Marshall House in Leesburg Enters Home Stretch|date=February 20, 2015|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/02/20/restoration-of-marshall-house-in-leesburg-enters-home-stretch/4d39fb4c-fc9f-4449-9639-41df78c9c669/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, DC|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103408/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/02/20/restoration-of-marshall-house-in-leesburg-enters-home-stretch/4d39fb4c-fc9f-4449-9639-41df78c9c669/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Why is there a rose named for Katherine Marshall?|date=August 6, 2020|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/why-is-there-a-rose-named-for-katherine-marshall/|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=George C. Marshall Foundation|language=en-US|ref=CITEREFWhy is a rose|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604213244/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/why-is-there-a-rose-named-for-katherine-marshall/|url-status=live}}* {{cite web|last=Zabecki|first=David T.|title=General Malin Craig: The Man Behind Marshall|date=April 22, 2021|url=https://www.historynet.com/general-malin-craig-the-man-behind-marshall.htm|access-date=June 8, 2021|website=HistoryNet|language=en-US|ref=CITEREFZabecki|archive-date=June 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608140217/https://www.historynet.com/general-malin-craig-the-man-behind-marshall.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Zajac|first=Frances Borsodi|title=Reporter, historian recalls interviews with General George Marshall|date=October 26, 2003|url=https://www.heraldstandard.com/online_features/reporter-historian-recalls-interviews-with-general-george-marshall/article_96c96028-6bdb-550c-b287-28b5d7db14ee.html|work=[[The Herald-Standard]]|location=Uniontown, PA|access-date=March 30, 2021|archive-date=July 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722151418/https://www.heraldstandard.com/online_features/reporter-historian-recalls-interviews-with-general-george-marshall/article_96c96028-6bdb-550c-b287-28b5d7db14ee.html|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|about=yes|by=yes}}
* Aldrich, Edward Farley. "The Partnership: George Marshall, Henry Stimson, and the Extraordinary Collaboration that Won World War II." (Stackpole Books, 2022)
* Alperovitz, Gar, Robert L. Messer, and Barton J. Bernstein. "Marshall, Truman, and the decision to drop the bomb." ''International Security'' 16.3 (1991): 204–221. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539092 online]
* Brower, Charles F. ''George C. Marshall: Servant of the American Nation'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-230-11928-4_1 Excerpt].
* Bryan, Ferald J. "George C. Marshall at Harvard: A Study of the Origins and Construction of the 'Marshall Plan' Speech." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' (1991): 489–502. [http://streitcouncil.org/uploads/Early%20Leaders/Clayton_Marshall-Origins.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203013337/http://streitcouncil.org/uploads/Early%20Leaders/Clayton_Marshall-Origins.pdf |date=February 3, 2020 }}
* Clarcq, J., DeMartino, R., & Palanski, M. E. "George C. Marshall: An enduring model of leadership effectiveness" ''Journal of Character and Leadership Integration'' (2011). 2:17–34.
* Findling, John E. and Frank W. Thackeray eds. ''Statesmen Who Changed the World: A Bio-Bibliographical Dictionary of Diplomacy'' (Greenwood, 1993) pp 337–45.
* Friedrich, Tamara L., et al. "Collectivistic leadership and George C. Marshall: A historiometric analysis of career events." ''Leadership Quarterly'' 25.3 (2014): 449–467. [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=usafresearch online]
* Gullan, Harold I. "Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938–41." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' Volume: 28#3 1998. Pages 510+ [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001392305 online edition]
* Higginbotham, Don. "George Washington and George Marshall: Some Reflections on the American Military Tradition" (U.S. Air Force Academy, 1984) [https://books.google.com/books?id=uyfMmw66tJAC&q=GEORGE+WASHINGTON+AND+GEORGE+MARSHALL:+SOME+REFLECTIONS+ON+THE+AMERICAN+MILITARY+TRADITION. online].
* Hopkins, Michael F. "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson." ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies'' 6.3 (2008): 290–304.
* Jordan, Jonathan W., ''American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II'' (NAL/Caliber 2015).
* Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel. ''The China Mission: George Marshall's Unfinished War, 1945-1947'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2018) [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53461 online review]
* May, Ernest R. [http://www.marshallfoundation.org/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/01/May-2002.pdf "1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. Out of War in China"]. ''Journal of Military History'' 2002 66(4): 1001–10. {{ISSN|0899-3718}}
* Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria." ''Diplomatic History'' 1979 3(4): 349–375. {{ISSN|0145-2096}}
* Marshall, George C. ''Selected Speeches and Statements''. Ed. [[Harvey A. DeWeerd]] (Infantry Journal, 1945).
* Munch, P. G. "General George C. Marshall and the Army staff: A study in the effectiveness of staff leadership". ''Military Review.'' (1994). 74:14–23
* Nelsen, J. T. "General George C. Marshall: Strategic leadership and the challenges of reconstituting the Army, 1939–1941" in ''Professional Readings in Military Strategy'' (Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1993) 7: 1–95.
* Olsen, Howard A. "George C. Marshall, emergence of a politician, 1 September 1939 to 6 December 1941" (Army Command And General Staff College, 1990) [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA227429.pdf online]
* Parrish, Thomas. ''Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War'' .(W. Morrow, 1989). 608
* Perry, Mark. ''Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace.'' (Penguin Press, 2007)
* [[Forrest Pogue]], Viking, (1963–87) Four-volume authorized biography: complete text is online
** ''[http://marshallfoundation.org/library/collection/pogue-biographies/volume1-education-of-a-general/#!/collection=272 George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939]''
** ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235644/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/poguecollection.htm George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1943]''
** ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235644/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/poguecollection.htm George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943–1945]''
** ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235644/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/poguecollection.htm George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945–1959]''
* Pops, Gerald. "The ethical leadership of George C. Marshall." ''Public Integrity'' 8.2 (2006): 165–185. [https://academic.udayton.edu/RichardGhere/POL%20318/Pops.pdf Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230232603/https://academic.udayton.edu/RichardGhere/POL%20318/Pops.pdf |date=30 December 2019 }}
* Puryear Jr., Edgar F. ''19 Stars: A Study in Military Character and Leadership.'' (Presidio Press, 2003)
*  Roberts, Andrew. ''[https://archive.org/details/masterscommander00andr Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War In the West, 1941-1945]'' (Harper, 2009) (Online free to borrow)
* Steele, Richard W. ''The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy''. (Indiana University Press, 1973)
* Stoler, Mark C. ''George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century. ''(Twayne, 1989) 252
* Taaffe, Stephen R. ''Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II.'' (University Press of Kansas, 2011) [https://www.amazon.com/Marshall-His-Generals-Commanders-Studies/dp/0700618120/ excerpt]
* Thompson, Rachel Yarnell. ''Marshall: A Statesman Shaped in the Crucible of War.'' (George C. Marshall International Center, 2014). {{ISBN|978-0615929033}}
* Unger, Debi and Irwin with Stanley Hirshson. ''George Marshall: a Biography.'' (Harper, 2014). {{ISBN|978-0060577193}}
* Weissman, Alexander D. "Pivotal politics—The Marshall Plan: A turning point in foreign aid and the struggle for democracy." ''History Teacher'' 47.1 (2013): 111–129. [http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/THT-NHDWeissman.pdf online], for middle and high school students
* Widener, Jeffrey M. "From General to Diplomat: The Success and Failure of George C. Marshall's Mission to China after World War II." ''Chinese Historical Review'' 27.1 (2020): 32–49.

===Primary sources===
* ''The Papers of George Catlett Marshall:'' (Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds.) [https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/collection/marshall-papers/#!/collection=7 online edition]
** Vol. 1: "The Soldierly Spirit," December 1880 – June 1939. (1981)
** Vol. 2: "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941. (1986)
** Vol. 3: "The Right Man for the Job," December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943. (1991)
** Vol. 4: "Aggressive and Determined Leadership," June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944. (1996)
** Vol. 5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947. (2003)
** Vol. 6: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949. (2012)
** Vol. 7: "The Man of the Age," October 1, 1949 – October 16, 1959. (2016)
* Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, ed. ''George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945 – January 1947.'' Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1998. 661
* Marshall, George C. ''George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue.'' Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1991. 698 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130901032122/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/pogue.html online edition]

==External links==
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [http://www.marshallfoundation.org/ The Marshall Foundation]
* [https://www.georgecmarshall.org The George C. Marshall International Center]
* [http://www.marshallcenter.org/ George C. Marshall Center, Garmisch Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117201610/http://www.marshallcenter.org/ |date=January 17, 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110128132654/http://marshallfoundation.org/library/index_av.html The Marshall Plan Speech MP3]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718154030/http://www.marshallfilms.org/ The Marshall Films Collection]
* [http://www.marshallscholarship.org/ Marshall Scholarships]
* [https://archive.today/20070927213054/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/lt/speeches/marshall_plan.cfm/ The Marshall Plan Speech]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623142321/http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/marshall/marsh2.htm "George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace"] ([[Smithsonian Institution]])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828141439/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FMarshall%2C+George Annotated bibliography for George Marshall] from the [[Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, Chapter XIX, General of the Army George C. Marshall, Special Military Funeral, 16 – October 20, 1959] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126062650/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm |date=November 26, 2011 }} by B.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Mossman and M.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Stark. [[United States Army Center of Military History]], 1991. CMH Pub 90–1.
* The George C. Marshall Index at the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]], [http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box3/folo43.html Part 1] and [http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box4/folo44.html Part 2]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425043331/http://www.jackson.army.mil/IRR/TFM.htm Task Force Marshall Information Page]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html Joint Committee on The Investigation of Pearl Harbor, 79th Congress]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.2569675|name=Big Picture: The General Marshall Story}}
* {{IMDb name|550895}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011959}}
* [https://generals.dk/general/Marshall/George_Catlett/USA.html Generals of World War II]
* [https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_M01.html#Marshall_GC United States Army Officers 1939–1945]
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