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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{About|the type of fish|the folk song of the same name|John Dory (song)}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Speciesbox 
| name = John Dory
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|34|0|[[Oligocene]] to Present<ref>{{cite journal
 |last=Sepkoski 
 |first=Jack 
 |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera 
 |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology 
 |volume=363
 |pages=1–560 
 |date=2002 
 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class 
 |access-date=2007-12-25 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class 
 |archive-date=2011-07-23 
}}</ref>}}
| image = Zeus.faber.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Zeus faber]]''
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|author=Iwamoto, T. |year=2015 |page=e.T198769A42390771 |title=''Zeus faber''|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Zeus (fish)
| species = faber
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = 
| range_map_caption = 
}}
'''John Dory''', '''St Pierre''', or '''Peter's fish''', refers to fish of the genus ''Zeus'', especially ''Zeus faber'', of widespread distribution. It is an edible [[demersal]] coastal marine fish with a laterally compressed olive-yellow body which has a large dark spot, and long spines on the [[dorsal fin]]. Its large eyes at the front of the head provide it with binocular vision and depth perception, which are important for predators. The John Dory's [[Eyespot (mimicry)|eye spot]] on the side of its body also confuses prey, which are scooped up in its big mouth.<ref name="ref1">[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/coastal-fish/5/1 New Zealand Coastal Fish: John Dory.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bray|first1=Dianne|title=John Dory, Zeus faber|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1492#summary|website=Fishes of Australia|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406175204/http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1492#summary|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[New Zealand]], Māori know it as ''kuparu'', and on the East Coast of the North Island, they gave some to Captain [[James Cook]] on his first voyage to New Zealand in 1769. Several casks of them were pickled.<ref name="ref1" />

==Etymology==
[[File:Muxumartin hondarribia (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|[[Hondarribia]], [[Spain]]]]
The name ''dory'' is attested from 1440, derived from the French ''dorée'' 'gilded', a French name for the fish. The addition of "John" appears in 1609, and probably comes from [[John Dory (song)|a 17th-century song]] about a sea-captain, John Dory. Etymologies claiming it comes from the French ''jaune dorée'' (meaning "golden yellow") which sounds like 'John Dory' in English, or the Italian ''gianitore'' 'janitor' are now rejected.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/john-dory_n?tab=etymology |title=Oxford English Dictionary |date=2019 |pages= |chapter=s.v. 'John Dory', 'dory'}}</ref>

A legend says that the dark spot on the fish's flank is St. Peter's thumbprint.<ref>The legend is noticed in Stéphan Reebs, ''Fish Behavior in the Aquarium and in the Wild'' (Cornell 1991:36); Reebs notes that the fish does not occur in the [[Sea of Galilee]], where Peter fished.</ref> In the north coast of Spain, it is known commonly as San Martiño. The [[Māori language]] name for the fish, {{lang|mi|kuparu}}, appears to be unique to New Zealand, as there are no cognates found in other [[Polynesian languages]].<ref name="Secrets">{{cite Q|Q114871191|pp=188-191}}</ref>

==Morphology==
The John Dory grows to a maximum size of 65&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;ft) and 5&nbsp;kg (12&nbsp;lb) in weight. It has 10 long spines on its dorsal fin and 4 spines on its [[anal fin]]. It has microscopic, sharp scales that run around the body. The fish is an olive green color with a silver white belly and has a dark spot on its side. Its eyes are near the top of its head. It has a flat, round body shape and is a poor swimmer.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Prey and predators==
[[File:Zeus faber (cría). Sala Maremagnum. Aquarium Finisterrae. MC2.jpg|thumb|Jaws extended|left]]
[[File:Pesce San Pietro - John Dory.jpg|thumb|255x255px|John Dory, [[Malta]]]]
The John Dory catches prey by stalking it, then extending its jaw forward in a tube-like structure to suck the fish in with some water. The water then flows out through the gills; the pre-maxillary bone, the only tooth-bearing bone in this fish, is used to grind the food.

The John Dory has a high laterally compressed body – its body is so thin it can hardly be seen from the front. The large eyes at the front of the head provide it with the binocular vision and depth perception it needs to catch prey. This [[Eyespot (mimicry)|eye spot]] also confuses prey, which can then be sucked into its mouth.<ref name=teara>Walrond, Carl (2006) [http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/coastal-fish/5/1 Coastal fish - Fish of the open sea floor], ''Te Ara: Encyclopedia of New Zealand''. Accessed 28 May 2019.</ref>

It primarily eats smaller fish, especially schooling fish such as [[sardine]]s. Occasionally it eats [[squid]] and [[cuttlefish]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Its main predators are sharks such as the [[dusky shark]], and large bony fish.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Habitat==
John Dory are [[Benthopelagic fish|benthopelagic]] [[coastal fish]], found on the coasts of Africa, South East Asia, [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], the coasts of [[Japan]], and on the coasts of [[Europe]]. They live near the seabed, living in depths from {{convert|5|to|360|m|ft|sigfig=2}}. They are normally solitary. John Dory are more commonly found in the waters of the [[North Island]] of New Zealand, than the colder waters surrounding the [[South Island]].<ref name="Secrets"/>

==Reproduction and lifespan==
{{inline citations needed|section|date=June 2024}}
When John Dories are three or four years of age, they are ready to reproduce. This happens around the end of winter. They are substrate scatterers, which means that they release sperm and eggs into the water to fertilize. Typical lifespan is about 12 years in the wild.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

{{Multiple image
| image1            = MatoDIygl.jpg
| image2            = MatoDIygs.jpg
| footer            = Young John Dories
| width             = 200
| align             = center
}}

==As food==
[[File:Le Saint-Pierre de Petit Bateau, Maison Pic, Valence.JPG|thumb|John Dory dish at [[Maison Pic]], [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]], [[France]]]]
Cookery writer [[Eliza Acton]] in her 1845 book ''[[Modern Cookery for Private Families]]'' observed that John Dory "though of uninviting appearance, is considered by some persons as the most delicious fish that appears at table". She recommends simply baking it "very gently", avoiding it drying out in the oven.<ref>{{cite book |author=Acton, Eliza | url=https://archive.org/details/moderncookeryfo00actogoog | title=Modern Cookery for Private Families | publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts | year=1860 | orig-year=1845 |page=[https://archive.org/details/moderncookeryfo00actogoog/page/n125 58]}}</ref>

John Dory is a popular choice among [[professional chef]]s due to the versatility of the fish, though access to home cooks is limited; the [[bycatch]] fish is not typically sold at supermarkets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatbritishchefs.com/how-to-cook/how-to-cook-john-dory|title=How to cook John Dory|work=[[Great British Chefs]]|date=8 December 2014|access-date=22 June 2023|author=Staff}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{nuttall|title=Dory, John}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Dory}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Zeus faber|''Zeus faber''}}
* Article on the British Sea Fishing forum: http://britishseafishing.co.uk/john-dory/
* {{SealifePhotos|127427}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7045}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zeus (fish)]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of the Black Sea]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Extant Oligocene first appearances]]

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