View source for Portuguese ironclad Vasco da Gama

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{{Short description|Portuguese ironclad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=December 2022}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Portuguese ironclad Vasco da Gama 1895 IWM Q 22436.jpg
|Ship caption=''Vasco da Gama'' at the opening of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Canal]] in 1895
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Portugal]]
|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of Portugal at sea (1830–1910).svg|60px]] [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|60px]]
|Ship name=''Vasco da Gama''
|Ship namesake=[[Vasco da Gama]]
|Ship builder=[[Thames Iron Works]], [[Blackwall, London]]
|Ship laid down=1875
|Ship launched=1 December 1875
|Ship completed=1878
|Ship fate=Broken up in 1935
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship displacement={{Convert|2384|MT|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{Convert|200|ft|abbr=on}} [[length between perpendiculars|pp]]
|Ship beam={{convert|40|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|19|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship sail plan=[[Barquentine]] rig
|Ship power={{convert|3000|ihp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed={{Convert|10.3|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship complement=232 men
|Ship armament=*2 × {{convert|10.2|in|abbr=on}} guns
* 1 × {{convert|5.9|in|abbr=on}} gun
* 4 × 9-pounder guns
|Ship armor=*Belt: {{convert|9|in|abbr=on}}
* Battery: {{convert|10|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship notes=}}
|}
'''''Vasco da Gama''''' was an [[Ironclad warship|ironclad]] of the [[Portuguese Navy]] built in the 1870s by the [[Thames Iron Works]] in [[London]]. Ordered to strengthen the defenses of the Portuguese capital of [[Lisbon]], ''Vasco da Gama'' was [[ship launching|launched]] in 1875 and completed in 1878. She served as the [[flagship]] of the Portuguese fleet for the majority of her long and peaceful career. She was rebuilt and heavily modernized between 1901 and 1903. Her crew was involved in revolts in 1913 and 1914; during the latter event, they bombarded Lisbon and killed around one hundred people. Long-since obsolete by the 1930s, ''Vasco da Gama'' was finally sold for scrapping in 1935.

==Design==
''Vasco de Gama'' was the only [[capital ship]] to be built for the [[Portuguese Navy]]; ordered from a British shipyard, she was intended to defend the capital at [[Lisbon]] from naval attack.{{sfn|Marshall|p=267}}

''Vasco da Gama'' was {{convert|200|ft}} [[length between perpendiculars|long between perpendiculars]], and she had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|40|ft|abbr=on}}, though at the main battery guns, the ship was {{convert|46|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} wide. She had a maximum [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|19|ft|abbr=on}}. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2384|MT|sp=us|lk=on}} as originally built. The ship was propelled by a [[marine steam engine]] driving a single [[screw propeller]], with steam provided by an unknown number of [[boiler]]s vented through a single [[funnel (ship)|funnel]]. Her propulsion system was rated at {{convert|3000|ihp|lk=in}} and produced a top speed of {{convert|10.3|kn}}. She was fitted with a two-[[mast (sailing)|masted]] [[barquentine]] rig to supplement the steam engine. She had a crew of 232 officers and men.{{sfn|Campbell|p=378}}

As built, ''Vasco da Gama'' was armed with a main battery of two {{convert|10.2|in|abbr=on}} guns, placed in an armored, octagonal box [[amidships]]. Each gun had multiple [[gun port]]s, and the box extended beyond the sides of the hull, allowing a measure of end-on fire ahead and astern. She was also equipped with a single {{convert|5.9|in|abbr=on}} gun mounted on her stern, and four 9-pounder guns for close-range defense against [[torpedo boat]]s.{{sfn|Marshall|p=267}}{{sfn|Campbell|p=378}}

She was protected with a complete iron [[belt armor|armored belt]] that was {{convert|4|in}} thick on either end and {{convert|9|in|abbr=on}} thick amidships, where it protected the ammunition [[magazine (artillery)|magazines]] and propulsion machinery spaces. The main battery box was protected by armor plate that ranged in thickness from {{convert|6|to|10|in}}.{{sfn|Campbell|p=378}}

===Modifications===
The ship was extensively reconstructed in 1901. She was cut in half and lengthened by a {{convert|32|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} long section. She was fitted with new engines and more powerful [[water-tube boiler]]s rated at {{convert|6000|ihp|abbr=on}}; this increased her speed to {{convert|15.5|kn|abbr=on}}. Her sailing rig also was removed. Her main battery guns were replaced with new [[EOC 8 inch 40 caliber|{{cvt|8|in|0}} L/40]] guns in [[sponson]]s, the short 5.9-inch gun was replaced by a new long-barreled 5.9-inch L/45 gun, and six 3-pounders augmented her close-range defense. Her iron belt armor was removed and stronger steel armor was installed in its place. The ship's crew increased to 260 officers and men. All of the changes caused her displacement to rise to {{convert|2972|MT|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Campbell|p=378}}

==Service history==
[[File:Portuguese ironclad Vasco da Gama.png|thumb|left|''Vasco da Gama'' c. 1904]]

''Vasco da Gama'' was laid down at the [[Thames Iron Works]] shipyard in [[London]], Britain in 1875,{{sfn|Campbell|p=378}}{{sfn|Mason|p=658}} and was launched on 1 December 1875.<ref name=Times021275>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Launch of an Ironclad |date=2 December 1875 |page=9 |issue=28488 |column=F }}</ref> The ship was completed in 1878.{{sfn|Robinson & Leyland|p=293}} She served as part of the coastal defense force that protected Lisbon, the Portuguese capital, and the mouth of the river [[Tagus]].{{sfn|Campbell|p=378}}{{sfn|Paloczi-Horvath|p=46}} On 26 June 1897, ''Vasco da Gama'' participated in the [[Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)|Fleet Review]] at [[Spithead]] celebrating [[Queen Victoria]]'s Diamond Jubilee. At the time, the ship was commanded by Captain Augusto Barreto de Vascomellos.{{sfn|The London Gazette|p=1617}} In 1901, ''Vasco da Gama'' was taken into drydock at Orlando shipyard in [[Livorno]], Italy, for a major reconstruction. Work on ''Vasco da Gama'' was completed by 1903.{{sfn|Campbell|p=378}} On 27 August 1907, a gas explosion aboard the ship injured several crewmen.{{sfn|Palmer|p=447}}

''Vasco da Gama'' remained the [[flagship]] of the Portuguese Navy at least into the 1910s, as the Portuguese naval budget was insufficient to fund a suitable replacement vessel.{{sfn|Paloczi-Horvath|p=80}} During this period, the Portuguese Navy played a major role in domestic politics. Amid political unrest in April 1913, part of the crew of ''Vasco da Gama'' had to be removed from the ship, as they had been involved in a planned ultra-Radical [[coup d'état]] against the [[First Portuguese Republic]]. On [[May 14 Revolt|14 May 1915]], the crew again participated in unrest; they mutinied and killed the ship's captain and bombarded Lisbon, killing around one hundred people.{{sfn|Chisholm|pp=130–131}}

The [[Portuguese Army]] launched a [[December 1917 coup d'état|coup against the government]] in December 1917, and the navy retaliated on 8 January 1918 to restore the republican government. ''Vasco da Gama'', still the fleet flagship, and the destroyers {{ship|NRP|Douro|1913|2}} and {{ship|NRP|Guadiana||2}} anchored in [[Lisbon]], where army [[field artillery]] took the ships under fire. ''Vasco da Gama'' traded shots with the artillery, but after about twenty-five minutes of shooting, abandoned the effort and flew a [[white flag]], prompting ''Douro'' and ''Guadiana'' to do the same. None of the ships were damaged in the incident.{{sfn|Paine|p=192}}

Thoroughly obsolete, she remained in the Portuguese fleet until 1935, when she was sold for scrapping.{{sfn|Sturton|p=372}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|24em}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Vasco da Gama (ship, 1875)}}
* {{cite book
  |last=Campbell
  |chapter=Portugal
  |pages=377–379
  |first=N. J. M.
  |editor-last=Gardiner
  |editor-first=Robert
  |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
  |year=1979
  |location=London
  |publisher=Conway Maritime Press
  |isbn=978-0-85177-133-5
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2
  |ref={{sfnref|Campbell}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |editor-last=Chisholm
  |editor-first=Hugh
  |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica
  |volume=XXXII
  |year=1912
  |location=London
  |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
  |ref={{sfnref|Chisholm}}
  }}
* {{cite journal|year=1973|title=Ironclads Vasco da Gama and Andes|journal=Warship International|publisher=Naval Records Club|location=Toledo|volume=X|issue=1|pages=106–08}}
* {{cite book 
  |editor-last=Marshall
  |editor-first=Chris
  |title=The Encyclopedia of Ships: The History and Specifications of Over 1200 Ships
  |year=1995
  |publisher=Blitz Editions
  |location=Enderby
  |isbn=978-1-85605-288-7
  |ref={{sfnref|Marshall}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |editor-last=Mason
  |editor-first=Herbert B.
  |title=Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping
  |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediash01masogoog
  |year=1908
  |location=London
  |publisher=The Shipping Encyclopedia Ltd.
  |ref={{sfnref|Mason}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Paine
  |first=Ralph D.
  |year=1920
  |title=The Corsair in the War Zone
  |location=Boston
  |publisher=Houghton Mifflin
  |oclc=248818030
  |ref={{sfnref|Paine}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | editor-last =Palmer
  | editor-first =W.
  | year = 1908
  | journal = Hazell's Annual
  | publisher = Hazell, Watson & Viney, LD
  | location = London
  |ref={{sfnref|Palmer}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Paloczi-Horvath 
  |first=George
  |title=From Monitor to Missile Boat: Coast Defence Ships and Coastal Defence Since 1860
  |year=1996
  |location=London
  |publisher=Conway Maritime Press
  |isbn=978-0-85177-650-7
  |ref={{sfnref|Paloczi-Horvath}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | last1=Robinson
  | first1=C. N.
  | last2=Leyland
  | first2=John
  | title=Part II: Tables of British and Foreign Ships
  | editor-last = Brassey
  | editor-first = Thomas A.
  | year = 1905
  | journal = [[Brassey's Naval Annual]]
  | publisher = J. Griffin & Co.
  | location = Portsmouth
  |ref={{sfnref|Robinson & Leyland}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Sturton
  |first=Ian
  |chapter=Portugal
  |pages=372–374
  |editor1-last=Gardiner
  |editor1-first=Robert
  |editor2-last=Gray
  |editor2-first=Randal
  |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
  |year=1985
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |isbn=978-0-87021-907-8
  |ref={{sfnref|Sturton}}
  | url=https://archive.org/details/allworldsfightin00rgre
  }}
* {{cite book
  |title=The London Gazette Extraordinary: Celebrations of Her Majesty's Diamond Jubilee, 1897
  |year=1898
  |location=London
  |publisher=London Gazette
  |oclc=931128604
  |ref={{sfnref|The London Gazette}}
  }}

{{1913 shipwrecks}}
{{May 1915 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasco da Gama}}
[[Category:Naval ships of Portugal]]
[[Category:Ships built in Leamouth]]
[[Category:1875 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1907]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1913]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1915]]

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