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{{Short description|1951 ocean liner}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = StateLibQld 1 169487 United States (ship).jpg
| Ship caption = SS ''United States'' at sea in the 1950s
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship flag = {{Shipboxflag|United States|1960}}
| Ship name = ''United States''
| Ship country = United States
| Ship owner = [[United States Lines]]
| Ship operator = United States Lines
| Ship registry = New York City
| Ship route = *1952: [[Transatlantic crossing|Transatlantic]]: New York – [[Le Havre]] – [[Southampton]] (also [[Bremerhaven]])
*1961: Cruises
| Ship ordered = 1949<ref name="Ujifusa" />
| Ship builder = [[Newport News Shipbuilding]] and Drydock Company<ref name="Ujifusa" />
| Ship original cost = $71.8 million (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|71800000|1951|{{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}|r=2}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{Inflation-fn|US-GDP}})
| Ship yard number = Hull 488<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |first=Brian J. |last=Cudahy |title=Around Manhattan Island and Other Tales of Maritime NY |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RTxzui1OG4C&pg=PA51 |page=51 |date=1997 | access-date = 2012-04-23 |isbn=978-0-8232-1761-8}}</ref>
| Ship way number = 
| Ship laid down = February 8, 1950
| Ship launched = June 23, 1951<ref name="nyt1951">{{cite news |last=Horne |first=George |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/06/24/95804326.html |title=Biggest US Liner 'Launched' in Dock; New Superliner After Being Christened Yesterday |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 24, 1951 | access-date = 2024-08-09 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| Ship completed = 
| Ship christened = June 23, 1951<ref name="nyt1951" />
| Ship maiden voyage = July 3, 1952
| Ship in service = 1952
| Ship out of service = November 14, 1969<ref name="nyt1969">{{cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/11/15/79436843.html |title=Liner ''United States'' Laid Up; Competition From Jets a Factor; The ''United States'' Cancels Voyages and Is Laid Up |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 15, 1969 | access-date = 2024-08-09 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| Ship identification = *{{IMO Number|5373476}}
*[[Callsign]] KJEH 
*{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Juliet}}{{ICS|Echo}}{{ICS|Hotel}}
| Ship notes = 
| Ship nickname = * ''Big U''
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = title
| Ship class = 
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|United States|1960}}
| Ship owner = Various
| Ship operator = 
| Ship registry = 
| Ship acquired = 1978
| Ship maiden voyage = 
| Ship in service = 
| Ship out of service = 
| Ship notes = Multiple owners since 1978<ref>{{cite web |title=Retirement and Layup |url=http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/ship/layup/ |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207034215/http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/ship/layup/ |archive-date=February 7, 2011 |website=SS 'United States' Conservancy |access-date=September 24, 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = title
| Ship class = 
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|United States|1960}}
| Ship owner = [[Okaloosa County, Florida]]
| Ship operator = 
| Ship registry = 
| Ship acquired = October 12, 2024
| Ship maiden voyage = 
| Ship in service = 
| Ship out of service = 
| Ship status = Laid up in [[South Philadelphia]], to be turned into an [[artificial reef]]
| Ship fate = 
| Ship notes = 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = 
| Ship type = [[Ocean liner]]
| Ship tonnage = {{GRT|53329}}, {{NRT|29475}}
| Ship displacement = *45,400 tons (designed)
*47,264 tons (maximum)
| Ship length = *{{cvt|990|ft|m|0}} (overall)
*{{cvt|940|ft|m|0}} (waterline)
| Ship beam = {{cvt|101.5|ft|m}} maximum
| Ship draft = *{{cvt|31|ft|3|in|m}} (design)
*{{cvt|32|ft|4|in|m}} (maximum)
| Ship height = {{cvt|175|ft|m}} (keel to funnel)<ref>{{cite web |title=SS ''United States'' Specifications |url=http://www.ss-united-states.com/spec06.html |website=ss-united-states.com |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419215736/http://www.ss-united-states.com/spec06.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Ship decks = 12<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=16}}
| Ship deck clearance = 
| Ship ramps = 
| Ship power = *{{cvt|240,000|shp|kW|lk=in}} (rated)
*{{cvt|247,785|shp|kW|lk=in}} (trials)
| Ship propulsion = *4 × [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)|Westinghouse]] double-reduction geared [[steam turbine]]s
*8 × [[Babcock & Wilcox]] Type-M boilers at  925 psi and {{cvt|975|F|C}}
*4 × shafts, 2-four blade [[propeller|props]], 2-five blade
| Ship speed = *{{cvt|30|kn|lk=in}} (service)
*{{cvt|38.32|kn}} (trials)
* {{cvt|43|kn}} (claimed)
| Ship capacity = 1,928 passengers
| Ship crew = 1,044 <ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=16}}
| Ship notes = 
}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| embed = yes
| name = SS ''United States'' (Steamship)
| nrhp_type = 
| image = 
| caption = 
| location = Pier 82, [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania
| coordinates = {{coord|39|55|06|N|75|08|11|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Philadelphia#Pennsylvania#USA
| map_width = 300
| area = 
| architect = [[William Francis Gibbs]]
| architecture = 
| added = June 3, 1999
| refnum = 99000609<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
|}

'''SS ''United States''''' is a retired [[ocean liner]] built during 1950 and 1951 for [[United States Lines]]. She is the largest ocean liner [[List of passenger ships built in the United States|constructed entirely in the United States]] and the fastest ocean liner to [[Transatlantic crossing|cross the Atlantic]] in either direction, retaining the [[Blue Riband]] for the highest average speed since her maiden voyage in 1952, a title she still holds.

The ship was designed by American [[naval architect]] [[William Francis Gibbs]] and could have been converted into a [[troopship]] if required by the [[United States Navy|Navy]] in time of war. The ship served as an icon for the nation, transporting numerous celebrities throughout her career between 1952 and 1969. Her design included innovations in steam propulsion, hull form, fire safety, and damage control. Despite her great speed, by the mid 1960s her passenger numbers began to decline as air travel between the US and Europe became more popular.

Following a financial collapse of United States Lines, she was withdrawn from service in a surprise announcement during her annual overhaul at Newport News Shipyard and all work on her was immediately stopped leaving a new paint job on her large red white and blue funnels half finished. A planned around the world cruise was abruptly cancelled, and the vessel was handed over to the US Maritime Administration and laid up at Norfolk International Terminals where she sat tied to a pier for the next 11 years. The ship has been sold several times since the 1970s, with each new owner trying unsuccessfully to make the liner profitable. With plans to convert her into a modern cruise ship, the ship's [[mid-century modern]] interior furnishings were sold at auction in 1984. In the early 1990s she was towed from [[Hampton Roads]] across the Atlantic to a shipyard in Ukraine for asbestos removal leaving her interiors completely gutted by 1994. Two years later, the empty hulk was towed back across the Atlantic to [[Philadelphia]], where she has remained ever since.

Since 2009, the 'SS ''United States'' Conservancy' has been raising funds in an attempt to save the ship from being scrapped. The group purchased her in 2011 and has created several unrealized plans to restore the ship. Due to a rent dispute, she was evicted from her pier in 2024. As no other locations could be found, [[Okaloosa County, Florida]] bought her plans to sink the ship as the world's largest [[artificial reef]] near [[Destin, Florida]] by 2026.

== Development ==

=== William Gibbs ===
When eight-year-old [[William Francis Gibbs|William Gibbs]] watched the launching of the [[SS St. Louis (1894)|SS ''St. Louis'']] in 1894, he became enamored of the sights of ships and dreamed of a massive and grand American ship to trump all others.<ref name="Ujifusa">{{cite book |last=Ujifusa |first=Steven|author-link=Steven Ujifusa |title=A Man and his Ship |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4516-4507-1 |location=New York |page=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=17, 18}}

As an adult, his first project was to lead the redesign and reconstruction of the ocean liner ''[[SS Vaterland (1913)|Leviathan]]'', the largest ship in the world and an American war prize following [[World War I]]. Once complete, his seemingly natural skill was appreciated by the government, media, and other architects, with groups such as the ''[[Pacific Marine Review]]'' referring to him as, ‘America’s foremost naval architect’.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=84-85}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Pacific American Steamship Association |url=https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev2326paci/page/n7/mode/2up?q=transport |title=Pacific marine review |last2=Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |publisher=San Francisco, Calif. : J.S. Hines |others=San Francisco Public Library}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=160}}

The first ship purely of Gibb's design was the ''[[SS Malolo|Malolo]]'', a luxury liner for the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. During her sea trials, the ship was struck directly [[Amidships|amidship]] by a [[Freighter (cargo ship)|freighter]], ripping a massive hole into her engine room. So severe, former Chief of US Navy Construction and Gibb's mentor [[David W. Taylor|David Taylor]] thought the ship would immediately sink, much like the RMS ''[[RMS Empress of Ireland|Empress of Ireland]]'' did in similar circumstances. However, the ship stayed afloat with little damage or casualties. The success was credited to Gibb's meticulous designs, further propelling his fame.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=200}}<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=118-123, 202}}

His work put Gibbs in contact with American officials, to which he pitched his idea for a massive, American-flagged liner. By 1936, the government was looking to replace the aging ''Leviathan'' so a new vessel could operate as a passenger liner during peacetime and as a troop transport during war. Although not the massive ocean liner that Gibbs had envisioned, he was selected to design the new ship, which ultimately became the [[SS America (1939)|SS ''America'']].<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=85-86, 169}}

At the end of the Second World War, Gibbs and his company had designed more than 70% of all American ships used during the conflict, and Gibbs was at the height of his career. With the war over, he believed it was time to realize his vision of an American [[Superliner (passenger ship)|superliner]].<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=202}}  

==Design==
[[File:Colorful SS United States.jpg|thumb| Painting of SS ''United States'' during her [[sea trial]]s]]

=== Military application ===
[[File:William Francis Gibbs.jpg|thumb|355x355px|William Francis Gibbs, whose lifelong goal was the design of what became the ''United States'']]
During the [[Second World War]], many ocean liners, including ''Normandie'' and ''Queen Mary'', were seized or requisitioned and used to transport soldiers between various fronts. In 1945, the US Maritime Commission requested designs for a ship that could handle the role for future conflicts. Gibbs submitted a design of his decades old vision, which eventually won the contract.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|page=186, 203}}

The most promising use of the liner in war would have been as a [[Troopship|troop transport]]. If [[Mobilization|mobilized]], onboard furnishings could have been easily removed to make room for a 14,400-man [[US Army]] [[Division (military)|division]]. Her size and speed meant that she could rapidly deploy a division anywhere in the world without the need to refuel.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=12}}<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|page=215}}

=== Propulsion ===
The power plant of the ship was developed with unusual cooperation with the Navy, leading to a militarized design. The ship never used US Navy equipment, instead opting for civilian variants of various military models. The [[engine room]] arrangement was similar to large warships such as the [[Forrestal-class aircraft carrier|''Forrestal''-class aircraft carriers]], with engineering spaces isolated and various redundancies and backups in onboard systems.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=129, 141}}

In normal service, she could theoretically generate {{convert|310000|lb}} of steam per hour, at {{convert|925|psi|MPa}}  and {{convert|975|F|C}} using eight US Navy-type [[Water-tube boiler#M-type boilers|M-type]] [[boiler]]s, however they were operated only at 54% of their capacity. The boilers were divided among two engine rooms, four in each. While they were designed by [[Babcock & Wilcox]], the company only manufactured the boilers in the forward engine room. The rest were made by [[Foster Wheeler|Foster-Wheeler]] and are located aft.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=129, 132}}

Steam from the boilers turned four [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]] [[Double reduction gearing|double-reduction]] [[Steam turbine|geared turbines]], each one connected to a [[Drive shaft|shaft]]. Each turbine could generate approximately 60,000 [[shaft horsepower]] (shp), or 240,000 shp total. If at [[flank speed]], initial designs estimated 266,800 shp from {{convert|1100|F|C}} steam at {{convert|1145|psi|MPa}} could be generated.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=17, 134}}

The turbines turned four shafts, each rotating a propeller {{convert|18|ft|m|abbr=off}} in diameter. Owing to the designers' previous military experience, each propeller was made to rotate efficiently in either direction, allowing the ship to efficiently move forward or backwards, and to limit [[cavitation]] and vibrations. A key secret of the design was that the two inboard propellers were five-bladed, while the outboard two had four. This aspect was one of the key concepts allowing for her high speed.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=138–139}}

==== Speed ====
The maximum speed attained by ''United States'' is disputed, as it was once held as a military secret,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOfaAgAAQBAJ&q=SS+United+States+speed+secret&pg=PA72 |title=Aluminum Dreams: The Making of Light Modernity |author=Mimi Sheller |date=2014 |publisher=MIT Press |page=72 |isbn=978-0-262-02682-6}}</ref> and complicated by the alleged leak of a top speed of {{cvt|43|kn|km/h}} attained after her first speed trial.<ref>{{cite journal |title=How fast did it go |journal=Nautilus |publisher=University of Michigan Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department |volume=25 |page=8}}</ref> For example, ''The New York Times'' reported in 1968 that the ship could make {{cvt|42|kn|km/h}} at a maximum power output of {{cvt|240000|hp}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Horne|first1=George|title=Secrets of the Liner United States|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/08/16/90668695.html?pageNumber=35|access-date=16 February 2023|work=The New York Times|date=16 August 1968|page=35|url-access=subscription|quote=The decision to unclassify the superior military qualities of the big ship revealed, among other things, that her propulsion plants developed 240,000 horsepower – nearly 100,000 horses more than the world's biggest liners – and that she could make 42 knots, or better than 48 land-miles an hour.}}</ref> Other sources, including a paper by [[John J. McMullen & Associates]], placed the ship's highest possible sustained top speed at {{cvt|35|kn|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccdott.org/hss_volume2/05_high_speed_hulls_&_propulsors.pdf |title=Hull Form and Propulsor Technology for High Speed Sealift |editor-last=McKesson |editor-first=Chris B. |date=February 13, 1998 |publisher=John J. McMullen Associates, Inc |pages=13–14 |access-date=2009-12-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213084350/http://www.ccdott.org/hss_volume2/05_high_speed_hulls_%26_propulsors.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2005 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The liner's top ''achieved'' speed was later revealed to be {{cvt|38.32|kn|km/h}}, achieved on its full-power trial run on June 10, 1952.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=John R. |date=1978-04-01 |title=The Speed of the SS United States |url=https://onepetro.org/MTSN/article/15/02/119/176570/The-Speed-of-the-SS-United-States |journal=Marine Technology and SNAME News |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=119–143 |doi=10.5957/mt1.1978.15.2.119 |issn=0025-3316}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Braynard |first1=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3OlfC6LtrkC&pg=PA61 |title=S.S. United States |last2=Westover |first2=Robert Hudson |date=2002 |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-56311-824-1 |page=61}}</ref>

===Interior design===
The interiors were designed by [[Dorothy Marckwald]] and Anne Urquhart, the same designers behind the interiors of ''America.'' Their goal was to "create a modern fresh [[Contemporary history|contemporary]] look that emphasized [[simplicity]] over [[palatial]], [with] restrained [[elegance]] over glitz and glitter".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The great lady ship decorators {{!}} S.S. American, S.S. United States sailing on the 'All American' team to Europe |url=http://united-states-lines.org/interior-designpictures-2/ |access-date=2021-05-06|website=united-states-lines.org |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506025827/http://united-states-lines.org/interior-designpictures-2/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=S.S. United States |url=https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF038383/00001/thumbs |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=digital.wolfsonian.org |language=en}}</ref> An additional goal of the interiors was to replicate the smooth lines seen on the exterior and visualize the ship's speed.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=93}}

To achieve the aesthetic, the liner was furnished in [[mid-century modern]] decor, amplified by plentiful use of black [[linoleum]] [[Deck (ship)|decking]] and the silver lining of edges. While visually unique compared to her competition, the simplicity of decorations compared to the expected grandeur of ocean liners saw the interiors described as what would be found on a 'navy transport' by those accustomed to the older style.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=93}}

Interior décor also included a children's playroom designed by [[Edward Meshekoff]].<ref name="Dunlap">{{cite news |last1=Dunlap |first1=David |date=9 March 2016 |title=Beloved Anachronisms, Times Square Mosaics of the City May Be Preserved |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/10/nyregion/beloved-anachronisms-times-square-mosaics-of-the-city-may-be-preserved.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> He was also tasked with the challenge of creating interiors that were completely fireproof. This posed an exceptional difficulty when selecting materials, such as those for usually flammable items such as drapes or carpet.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=93}}
[[File:Steamship Morro Castle Burned out hulk.jpg|thumb|The burned wreck of ''[[SS Morro Castle (1930)|Morro Castle]]'', whose loss influenced strict fire safety on ''United States'']]

==== Fire safety ====
As a result of various maritime disasters involving fire, including {{SS|Morro Castle|1930|6}} and {{SS|Normandie}}, William Gibbs specified that the ship must be fully fire proof, which further compounded his history with safety and excruciating attention to detail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssusc.org/history-design-launch|title=History: Design & Launch – SS ''United States'' Conservancy}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |author=Steven Ujifusa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6KB4q7M938C&q=SS+United+States+Charles+Gilbert&pg=PA252 |title=A Man and His Ship: America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Quest to Build the S.S. United States |date=2013 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-4509-5 |page=252}}</ref>

To minimize the risk of flames, the designers of ''United States'' prescribed using no wood in the ship, aside from the [[Galley (kitchen)|galley]]'s wooden butcher's block. Fittings, including all furniture and fabrics, were custom made in glass, metal, or [[Glass fiber|fiberglass]], to ensure compliance with fireproofing guidelines set by the Navy. [[Asbestos]]-laden paneling was used extensively in interior structures and many small items were made of aluminum. The ballroom's [[grand piano]] was originally designed to be aluminum, but was made from [[mahogany]] and accepted only after a demonstration in which gasoline was poured upon the wood and ignited, without the wood ever catching fire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ssusc.org/news/steinway-baby-grand-piano-from-americas-flagship-now-on-public-display |title=Steinway Baby Grand Piano from America's Flagship Now on Public Display |website=SS United States Conservancy|date=January 29, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/ss-united-states-saved-perhaps-to-sail-once-more|title=SS United States Saved, Perhaps to Sail Once More|website=The Maritime Executive}}</ref>

==== Art ====
To create the onboard art, Marckwald was consulted by [[Hildreth Meière]] and [[Austin Purves Jr.|Austin Purves]]. The artists' goals was to give the ship its own unique 'character' detached from any one [[Style (visual arts)|style]]. As the ship was going to serve as a floating icon of the country, it was decided her 'character' would reflect the ship's namesake. This was achieved by theming spaces around an aspect of the United States, such as the [[Mississippi River]], [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], or American [[fauna]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ocean Liners: S.S. United States: Cabin class lounge wall map – International Hildreth Meière Association Inc. |url=https://www.hildrethmeiere.org/commissions/ss-united-states |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=www.hildrethmeiere.org |language=en}}</ref>

The liner was decorated by hundreds of unique art pieces, ranging from sculptures to [[Relief|relief murals]] and paintings. Aluminum was commonly incorporated into the artworks, allowing pieces to be light, fire proof, and match the black-and-silver color theme. For instance, nearly 200 aluminum sculptures were used in first class stairway, with a large [[Bald eagle#National bird of the United States|eagle]] located on the [[Stairs#Other terms|landing]] of each deck joined by the [[List of U.S. state birds|bird]] and [[List of U.S. state and territory flowers|flower of each state]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=93}}

=== Funnels and superstructure ===
[[File:1951_SS_United_States_Travel_Poster_by_Lester_Thomas_Beall_(1).jpg|thumb|The ship's funnels became an icon due to their unique color, shape, and size (promotional poster pictured)]]
The primary purpose of a ship's [[Funnel (ship)|funnels]] is to [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilate]] the vessel's [[engine room]]s, allowing exhaust to escape. Gibbs believed that funnels also serve to create a unique and iconic character for both the ship and her owners. To create an unforgettable silhouette, Gibbs had the liner topped off with two massive, [[Flag of the United States#colors|red-white-and-blue]], tear-dropped shaped funnels located midship. Standing at {{Convert|55|ft|m}} tall and {{Convert|60|ft|m}} wide a piece, they were the largest funnels ever put to sea.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=246–248}}

The funnel design was a pinnacle of Gibb's experience from designing the ''[[SS Leviathan|Leviathan]]'', ''[[SS America (1939)|America]]'', and ''Santa''-class liners. To prevent [[soot]] from the funnels from coating the deck and passengers, horizontal [[fin]]s located on each side of the funnels deflected the pollutants away from the ship. During the retrofit of the ''Leviathan'' decades earlier, it was discovered that her tall funnels compromised the stability of the entire vessel. To avoid this issue on ''United States'', Gibbs decided that the funnels and the entire superstructure were made out of lightweight aluminum to prevent her from becoming top-heavy and at risk of capsizing. At the time, the ship was the world's largest aluminum construction project and the first major application of aluminum on a ship.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=246–248}}

The main downside to making the funnels and superstructure out of aluminum was that it was extraordinarily hard to mold and handle compared to more conventional metals, making the funnels' fabrication the most complex part of her construction. In addition, special care was needed to prevent [[galvanic corrosion]] of the aluminum when welded to the steel decking. While [[shipyard]] workers were antagonized by the laborious progress, no problems arose during construction and progress continued as planned.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=246–248}}

=== Class system ===
The design by Gibbs incorporated a conventional three-tiered class system for passengers, replicating those found on other classical ocean liners. Each class was segregated, having its own [[dining room]]s, bars, public spaces, services, and recreation areas. Gibbs envisioned having passengers enforce the separation, only intermingling in the [[gym]]nasium, [[Swimming pool|pool]], and [[Theater (structure)|theater]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Rindfleisch |first=James |title=SS United States: An Operational Guide to America's Flagship |publisher=Schiffer |isbn=978-0764366550 |location=[[Atglen, Pennsylvania]] |date=2023 |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=70}} The stark and physical class separations, an idea associated with the [[Old World|old world]], served in contrast to the overall American theme of the ocean liner as the United States was often seen as a [[Socioeconomic mobility in the United States|nation removed from]] the [[old money]] and class distinctions of the [[Old World]].<ref name=":5" />

At maximum capacity, the liner could have carried 894 first, 524 cabin, and 554 tourist-class passengers.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=16}} During a standard season, a first class ticket would start at $350 (${{Inflation|index=US|value=350|start_year=1954|fmt=c}} in 2024), a cabin ticket $220 (${{Inflation|index=US|value=220|start_year=1954|fmt=c}}), and a tourist ticket $165 (${{Inflation|index=US|value=165|start_year=1954|fmt=c}}).<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Maxtone-Graham |first=John |url= |title=SS United States : Red, White & Blue Ribband, Forever |date=2014 |publisher=New York : W. W. Norton & Company |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-393-24170-9 |page=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=138}}

==== First class ====
{{External media|title=Tour of first-class spaces in current status|video1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYRofcGzi2w|video2=}}
First Class passengers were entitled to the best services and locations the ship had to offer, including the grand [[ballroom]], [[smoking room]], first-class dining room, first-class [[restaurant]]s, observation lounge, main foyer, grand staircase, and promenades. Most of these facilities were located midship, distant from the vibrations and distractions of both the engines and outside.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=59, 64}}

The liner's famous passengers favored first class due to its prestige, priority service, and spacious cabins. Popularized by the [[Edward VIII|Duke]] and [[Wallis Simpson|Duchess of Windsor]], the 'Duck Suite' was the most well known stateroom on board. It was created by combining three first-class [[State room|staterooms]] into one singular suite, containing four beds, three [[bathroom]]s, two [[bedroom]]s and a living room. The name came from the walls, decorated with paintings of various [[waterfowl]]. Up to 14 similar suites could be created in a similar way, establishing a level of stateroom even above that a standard first class ticket would fetch.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=59, 64}} Tickets for the two-bedroom suites started at $930 (${{Inflation|index=US|value=930|start_year=1954|fmt=c}}), aimed at the wealthiest passengers on board. Much like the 'Duck Suite', these rooms reflected a post-war American standard of living, lacking in intricate details and adorned with natural scenes. All suites were spacious and equipped with dimmed lights, items not seen on any other vessels.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|page=262}}

==== Cabin class ====
Cabin class was aimed towards the middle class, striking a key balance between the affordability of tourist and the elegance of first class. Each cabin held four beds and a private bathroom, located primarily aft. While inferior to first class, passengers received service and had access to amenities historically reserved to the highest class on other ocean liners.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=66–67}}The food, pool, and theater were shared with first-class passengers, making cabin class ideal for those who wanted the first-class experience without paying first-class rates.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=A Three Class Ship – United States Lines & The Heydays of Trans-Atlantic Travel |url=https://united-states-lines.org/a-three-class-ship/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=united-states-lines.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Tourist class ====
The class was aimed at those who were unable or unwilling to spend much on a ticket, often booked by immigrants and students.<ref name=":5" /> Cheapest of all tickets, spaces for the tourist class were tucked away to the peripheries of the ship where rocking and noise were most pronounced. These small cabins were shared among passengers, each room containing two bunk beds and simply furnished with little detail. Bathrooms were communal, shared among all tourist class passengers in the same passage. Service from the crew was lacking compared to the others, as the class received the lowest priority. While equivalent to the [[steerage]] or third-class on other vessels, these poorest conditions on the ''United States'' were noticeably better than what was offered on other vessels.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=68, 70}}

=== Gallery of passenger spaces ===
<gallery>
File:S.S. United States. LOC gsc.5a21870.jpg|alt=An onboard stairway, with an aluminum sculpture of the Great Seal of the United States on each landing.: 93|An onboard stairway, with an aluminum sculpture of the [[Great Seal of the United States]] on each landing.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=93}}
File:S.S. United States. LOC gsc.5a21871.jpg|alt=The grand ballroom, containing the piano and a dance floor. The space was reserved for first-class passengers.: 60|The [[Ballroom|grand ballroom]], containing the piano and a dance floor. The space was reserved for first-class passengers.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=60}}
File:S.S. United States. LOC gsc.5a21882.jpg|A passenger hallway whose lack of decoration was described as having decor compared to that of a [[warship]].
File:S.S. United States. LOC gsc.5a21872.jpg|A [[Stairs#Other terms|landing]] showing the ship's motif of black [[linoleum]] flooring and silver lining.
File:S.S. United States. LOC gsc.5a21874.jpg|The Cabin-class lounge with [[Hildreth Meiere|Hildreth Meière]]'s mural ''Mississippi'' in the background.
File:S.S. United States. LOC gsc.5a21876.tif|First-class cabin U 141, showing [[mid-century modern]] furnishings and the lack of detail common throughout the ship. Not shown is the cabin's private bath.<ref>{{Cite book |title=S.S. United States Miniature Deck Plan |publisher=United States Lines}}</ref>
</gallery>

== Construction ==
{{Main article|Revolt of the Admirals}}
[[File:The keel plate of USS United States (CVA-58) being laid in a construction dry dock on 18 April 1948.jpg|thumb|Keel of [[USS United States (CVA-58)|USS ''United States'' (CVA-58)]] at [[Newport News Shipbuilding|Newport News]] Shipbuilding, which was dismantled to allow for construction of the ocean liner]]
Following the end of the Second World War, the newly formed US Department of Defense was at a crossroads about its policy in the nuclear age. Controversy of the issue peaked in regards to the supercarrier [[USS United States (CVA-58)|USS ''United States'' (CVA-58)]], who was ultimately canceled after her keel was laid. The shipyard, looking for a project to fill the void left by the Navy, then agreed to dismantle the aircraft carrier and build the ocean liner (name coincidental) in the same [[dry dock]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ujifusa |first=Steven |title=A Man and His Ship: America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Quest to Build the S.S. United States |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2013 |isbn=978-1451645095 |pages=232-235, 240-241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H-0178-1 The Revolt of the Admirals |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-078/h-078-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301112434/https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-078/h-078-1.html |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |language=en-US}}</ref> allowing her [[keel]] to be [[Keel laying|laid]] on 8 February, 1950. The circumstance also saw her become the first ocean liner built in dry dock, accelerating her construction as parts of the ship could be [[Prefabrication|prefabricated]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dempewolff |first=Richard F. |date=June 1952 |title=America Bids for the Atlantic Blue Ribbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81 |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]] |pages=81–87, 252, 254 |issn=0032-4558 |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref><ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=100}}

Another major issue facing the Navy was its reduction of transport capabilities following the World War II. After the [[Battle of Inchon|Inchon Landings]] during the [[Korean War]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] realized it lacked troop transport capacity and requisitioned the 1/3rd complete ''United States'' to quickly and cheaply fill part of the deficit. Under Navy control, stateroom bathrooms were to be stripped and large spaces divided to make room for [[Weapon mount|gun mounts]], [[wardroom]]s, more lifeboats, and equipment required to support the enlarged passenger count.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|page=240}}

The ship was requisitioned under [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Louis A. Johnson|Louis Johnson]], who believed it was cheaper and easier to convert an existing vessel than it was to build one from scratch. Days after the announcement was made, the secretary was relieved and replaced by [[George C. Marshall|George Marshall]]. After meeting with the Chairman of the [[United States Maritime Administration|Maritime Administration]], Marshall believed that converting ''United States'' would take too long to be of any use during the Korean War. A month after her requisitioning was announced, the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] reversed the decision and returned her to previously scheduled civilian work.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|page=241}}

Months later, she was both [[Baptism#Boats and ships|christened]] and [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 23 June, 1951.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=100}}

Her construction was a joint effort by the [[United States Navy]] and [[United States Lines]] (USL), and was broken into two parts. The cost of her construction was split, with USL contributing 25 million and the US government 20 million. However, the government also paid an additional 25 million for the incorporation of 'national defense features' into her design, which brought her cost to a total of 71.08 million, even though the ship itself was only 44.4 million.<ref name="Ujifusa" /> {{Rp|page=227}}

==History==
===Commercial service (1952–1957)===

==== Maiden voyage ====
[[File:SS United States on maiden voyage from Southampton.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''United States'' photographed from [[Portsmouth]] during her return maiden voyage to New York, summer 1952]]
On her maiden voyage—July 3–7, 1952 —''United States'' broke the eastbound transatlantic speed record that was held by {{RMS|Queen Mary}} for the previous 14 years by more than 10 hours, making the maiden crossing from the [[Lightship Ambrose|Ambrose lightship]] at [[New York Harbor]] to [[Bishop Rock]] off [[Cornwall]], UK in 3 days, 10 hours, 40 minutes at an average speed of {{cvt|35.59|kn}},<ref>{{cite web |last=Driscoll |first=Larry |title=The Race for the Blue Riband |url=http://united-states-lines.org:80/luxury%20liner%20row.htm |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530224727/http://united-states-lines.org/luxury%20liner%20row.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2009 |access-date=March 3, 2018 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> thus winning the coveted [[Blue Riband]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=livlibtda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS101928680&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |title=Atlantic Riband for America |work=The Times |location=London |date=8 July 1952 |page=6 |issn=0140-0460 |via=The Times Digital Archive |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> On her return voyage ''United States'' also broke the westbound transatlantic speed record, also held by ''Queen Mary'', by returning to America in 3 days 12 hours and 12 minutes at an average speed of {{cvt|34.51|kn}}. In New York City her owners were awarded the [[Hales Trophy]], the tangible expression of the Blue Riband competition.<ref>{{cite book |last=NY Times |title=Ship speed trophy is presented here |date=13 November 1952}}</ref>

Her return to the United States was marked with celebration as she was escorted into New York City by bands, [[helicopter]]s, dozens of small boats and met by a crowd of thousands. As a public symbol of the Blue Ribband, a long blue flag was flown from her [[radar mast]] as she approached. Many also noticed that her freshly painted hull paint was worn off, apparently from the high speeds at which she traveled.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=16 July 1952 |title=Port Hails the United States as New Speed Queen |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/07/16/issue.html |work=[[New York Times]] |pages=1, 6}}</ref>

The record was not a reflection of her actual operational speed. Prior to her voyage, many expected a 'race' between the American ''United States'' and British ''[[RMS Queen Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'' for national pride over the Blue Riband. In 1951, Gibbs instructed the crew to, "[Not] beat the record by very much. Beat it by a reasonable amount, such as 32 [[Knot (unit)|knots]]." He hoped that [[Cunard Line]], operator of ''Queen Elizabeth'', would then develop a slightly faster ship. ''United States'' would then soundly beat the intentionally low record, sailing at a much higher speed.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=Larry |date=Summer 2011 |title=SS United States: The Last Speed Queen of the Merchant Marine |journal=PowerShips}}</ref>

Her record-breaking speed was also held back by safety concerns. The line understood that the crew was still inexperienced with their new ship, and ordered them to not take unnecessary risk with extravagant speeds. The memory of ''[[Titanic]]'' influenced USL's caution, an issue personal to several of its leaders. CEO John Franklin was son of [[White Star Line|White Star Line's]] office manager [[Philip Albright Small Franklin|Philip Franklin]] during the disaster, and company director [[Vincent Astor]] [[John Jacob Astor IV#Titanic|lost his father on the ship]]. So concerned about a potential accident, Franklin had pre-written and sealed a message that was only to be made public if there was a disaster during her voyage.<ref name=":8" /> For her regular service, the ship operated at her operational speed (about 30-32 knots) so that the ship could maintain a schedule of 5-night crossings.<ref name=":9" />

==== Later service ====
During the 1950s and early 1960s, ''United States'' was popular for transatlantic travel, sailing between New York, [[Southampton]] and [[Le Havre]], with an occasional additional [[Port of call (nautical term)|call]] at [[Bremerhaven]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=William H. |title=SS United States: Ship of Power, Might, and Indecision |date=2022 |publisher=Fonthill |location=Stroud |isbn=978-1625451156 |page=159 (online) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0BpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT59}}</ref> She attracted frequent repeat celebrity passengers such as [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Cary Grant]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Duke Ellington]], and [[Walt Disney]], who featured the ship in the 1962 film ''[[Bon Voyage! (1962 film)|Bon Voyage!]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tennessean |url=https://www.tennessean.com/restricted/?return=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2021/07/23/ss-united-states-now-docked-pennsylvania-needs-help/7969767002/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www.tennessean.com}}</ref> An unrecognized celebrity on the ship was [[Claude Jones]], a trombonist who had performed with Ellington. He worked as part of the waitstaff and died on board in 1962.<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |date=1992 |publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]] |isbn=0-85112-939-0 |editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]] |edition=First |page=xx}}</ref>

''United States'' proved exceedingly well as the most popular liner in the North Atlantic, as the ship's fame provided her with a reliable clientele. Such a success, United States Lines (USL) began drafting plans to crate a 'running mate' for the ship. Much like [[Cunard Line|Cunard Line's]] ''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'' and ''[[RMS Queen Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'', the idea was to operate two liners in tandem with each other. In 1958, this idea eventually evolved into the SS ''President Washington'', a superliner with a very similar design to ''United States''. ''President Washington'' was planned to replacing the aging USL liner ''[[SS America (1939)|America]]'', and was to instead operate on the [[West Coast of the United States|American West Coast]] and sail the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. However, the idea failed to fruition as [[United States Congress|Congress]] did not allocate any funds to the project.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=William H. |url=http://archive.org/details/ssunitedstatesst0000mill |title=SS United States : the story of America's greatest ocean liner |date=1991 |publisher=New York : W.W. Norton |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-393-03030-3}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=169–170}}

=== Decline (1957–1969) ===
[[File:SS_United_St.ates_1969_ad.jpg|thumb|A pamphlet for a New Year's cruise onboard ''United States.'' As USL's profit dropped, the ship began offering cruises to exotic locations in an attempt to recover passenger counts. Like several other voyages, the trip was canceled following her layup in 1969]]
For the first time ever in 1957, [[Piston engine|piston-powered]] aircraft carried more passengers across the Atlantic than ocean liners. This trend escalated over the next several years as the advent of [[Jet airliner|jet-propelled airliners]] provided [[Transatlantic flight|trans-Atlantic routes]] that were only hours long, compared to days on the fastest ocean liners. The competition threatened to redirect the customers of USL and other shipping conglomerates, even as the economic threat of aircraft was initially brushed off as a '[[fad]]'.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=167–169}}

Throughout the 1960s, the liner's reputation was permanently altered during strikes by the [[International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots|Masters, Mates, and Pilots Union]]. The strikes forced the cancellation of voyages and the reassignment of passengers. A ticket no longer guaranteed a trip aboard, and both passengers and the company began to grow weary of the spotty service.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=170}}

Together, the cancellations and competition from [[airline]]s slowly drew away customers. In 1960, USL refused to release their yearly passenger count, due to how low it had become. The issue further compounded in 1961, when the [[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]] announced the ship would no longer be used to carry US military personnel or their families. It was believed that liners were, "Sitting ducks for Soviet [[bomber]]s" and that air transport was the better option. The loss of the contract was a major blow to the company, and the stark decline in ridership made it clear change was needed.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=171}}

To increase ticket sales, USL set out to convert the liner ''America'' to a cruise ship, dropping trans-Atlantic service for vacation spots around North America. Similar plans were drafted for ''United States'', with her operating as a [[cruise ship]] during the less busy winter seasons. To facilitate her new role, she was to have her cabin-class lounge replaced by a swimming pool and every stateroom fitted with a bathroom to attract vacationers. However, the cash-strapped company was wary of any new projects and soon dropped the idea, as the refit was priced at $15 million. Nevertheless, the new corporate strategy was joined by a major [[Advertising|advertisement]] campaign. These ads were aimed at reinventing the allure of ocean liners in the age of jet aircraft by showing off the speed, luxury, reputation, or another aspect of ''United States''.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=171}}

By 1961, conditions had not improved. For the first time, a voyage was canceled as only 350 people bought tickets. The US Government was subsidizing USL under the condition that trans-Atlantic service must be maintained, no matter the profitability. After enough pressure from the company, the rule was repealed. With USL now able to set unique itineraries, and hoping to cash into a new market, ''United States'' made her first cruises in the [[Caribbean]] the next year. These vacations sailed from New York and docked in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]], [[Trinidad]], [[Curaçao]], and [[Cristóbal, Colón|Cristobal]]. She was the largest ship in the region and operated with a temporary pool on her aft deck and no tourist-class passengers.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=|pages=172–173}}

Despite the new itinerary, she was the most expensive liner to operate and was further losing passengers to newer ships such as ''[[SS France (1960)|France]]''. By 1963, anxiety about her future reached crew members and corporate leaders alike, with many unsure of how long the ship would be left in service. Two years later, another strike forced the cancellation of all summer voyages, losing the ship 9,000 passengers and the company $3 million.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=178–179}}

In 1968, the Atlantic liner routes were dying, with only ''United States'', ''France'', and ''[[RMS Queen Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'' conducting sailings. To distinguish herself from the competition, she began offering much longer voyages to distant ports in Europe, Africa, and South America. She once again became the most popular ship in the Atlantic, but USL was bought out in 1968. Her new owner was Walter Kidd & Co, who believed the age of ocean liners had passed. Making matters worse, government subsidies for the ship were curtailed as there were not enough passengers to justify the cost.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=175–177}}

Throughout her service, the liner regularly brought in between 16 and 20 million dollars, however her expenses ballooned from an initial 18 million to a total of 26 million. In one of her first years of operation, she made USL a profit of 3 million; in 1960, she began running at a 2 million dollar loss, and by the 1968 [[fiscal year]], she cost her line 4 million despite stable revenue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Michael |title=Historic American Engineering Record SS United States HAER No. PA-647 |publisher=Historic American Engineering Record |year=2012 |pages=12}}</ref>

Due to strike-related costs and union dues increasing, government subsidies decreasing, a rise in alleged corporate mismanagement, and general passenger disinterest, the ship was overdue for retirement. On 25 October 1969, ''United States'' returned from her 400th voyage. After arriving, she was ordered to start a scheduled yearly overhaul in [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]] early. This move canceled a planned 21-day cruise, although bookings were still being made for future voyages.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=178–179}}

=== Layup in Virginia (1969–1996) ===
After her last voyage, she sailed to [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]] for a scheduled annual overhaul. While there, USL announced a surprise decision to withdraw her from service on November 11. The ship was sealed up, with all furniture, fittings, and crew uniforms left in place. Her funnels were left half-painted when work suddenly halted, which can still be seen today.<ref name=":2" /> While many saw her layup as a looming inevitability, the decision came as a shock to passengers and crew. With no warning, newly unemployed crewmembers had only days to finalize work while passengers' awaiting baggage was loaded onto the ''[[SS Leonardo da Vinci (1958)|Leonardo Da Vinci]]'' for a new cruise.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=184–185}} At the time of her withdrawal, she had made a total of 800 transatlantic crossings (400 round trips), steamed a total of 2,772,840 nautical miles, and carried a total of 1,025,691 passengers.<ref>https://totalnavy.com/ssunitedstates.htm</ref>

In June 1970, the ship was relocated across the [[James River]] to the [[Virginia Port Authority#Norfolk International Terminals|Norfolk International Terminal]] in [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. In 1973, USL transferred ownership of the vessel to the [[United States Maritime Administration]]. In 1976, [[Norwegian Cruise Line|Norwegian Caribbean Cruise Line]] (NCL) was reported to be interested in purchasing the ship and converting her into a Caribbean cruise ship, but the U.S. Maritime Administration refused the sale due to the classified naval design elements of the ship, forcing NCL to purchase the former ''[[SS Norway|France]]'' instead. The Navy finally declassified the ship's design features in 1977.<ref name=":2" />

The same year, a group headed by Harry Katz sought to purchase the ship and dock her in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], for use as a [[hotel]] and [[casino]]. However, nothing came of the plan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times Daily |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19770721&id=ZhcsAAAAIBAJ&pg=2245,3405463 |access-date=2016-02-04}}</ref> By 1978, the Maritime Administration deemed the ship as worthless to the government, and allowed her to be sold.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=363}}

==== Hospital ship (1970s) ====
By the 1970s, the US Navy had retired all of its [[hospital ship]]s. The now-laid up ''United States'' was studied for potential conversion in 1983 as her size and speed would allow her to rapidly deploy to address any crisis around the world. Under the name USNS ''United States'', it was planned that she would have a capacity of about 1,600 [[hospital bed]]s, be fitted with an aft [[helicopter deck]], a bow [[vertical replenishment]] deck, and a refurbished interior that would have included up to 23 [[operating theater]]s and a full set of specialist rooms comparable to any major hospital on land. The plan was spearheaded by the Department of Defense, who wished that she would be based in the Indian Ocean. The Navy believed the plan was too expensive and impractical, opting to take no action on the matter.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=194–196}}[[File:SS_United_States_HDR_off_Bow.jpg|thumb|SS ''United States'' in a deteriorated condition]]

==== Stripping and deterioration (1980-1996) ====
In 1980, the vessel was sold for $7 million to a group headed by Seattle developer Richard H. Hadley, who hoped to revitalize the liner in a floating condominium. Under Hadley's ownership, the ship was neglected and her interiors become thoroughly ruined with [[rust]].<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=363}}

In 1984, to pay creditors, the ship's fittings and furniture, which had been left in place since 1969, were sold at auction in [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. After a week-long auction between October 8 and 14, 1984, about 3,000 bidders paid $1.65 million for objects from the ship.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Reif |first=Rita |date=1984-10-15 |title=S.S. United States Fans Buy Pieces of History at Ship Auction |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/15/us/ss-united-states-fans-buy-pieces-of-history-at-ship-auction.html |access-date=2021-05-06 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On March 4, 1989, the vessel was relocated, and was towed across Hampton Roads to the [[CSX Transportation|CSX]] coal pier in [[Newport News]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Braynard |first1=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3OlfC6LtrkC&dq=%22ss+united+states%22+newport+news+1989&pg=PA165 |title=S.S. United States |last2=Westover |first2=Robert Hudson |year=2002 |isbn=9781563118241 |pages=165|publisher=Turner Publishing Company}}</ref>

Richard Hadley's plan of a time-share style cruise ship eventually failed financially, and the ship, which had been seized by [[United States Marshals Service|US marshals]], was put up for auction by the U.S. Maritime Administration on April 27, 1992. At auction, Marmara Marine Inc purchased the ship for $2.6 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1241&dat=19920429&id=E0dTAAAAIBAJ&pg=4914,5905786 |title=S.S. United States Sold to Turkish-Backed Group |work=Daily News |date=April 29, 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/04/28/26-million-bid-wins-ss-united-states-international-group-plans-renovation/ |title=$2.6 million bid wins SS United States International group plans renovation |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=April 28, 1992}}</ref> The company planned to have the ship refurbished and run alongside the lone ''Queen Elizabeth 2'' as a continuation of transatlantic service.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=363}}

On June 4, 1992, she was towed to Ukraine. In [[Sevastopol Shipyard]], the liner underwent asbestos removal which lasted from 1993 to 1994.<ref>{{cite news |last=Richtun |first=Tatiana |title=Асбестовый след корабля 'Юнайтед Стейтс' |trans-title=Asbestos footprint of the ship ''United States'' |url=http://sevastopol.press/2007/07/12/asbestovyj-sled-korablja-junajted-stejts/ |date=July 12, 2007 |newspaper=Sevastopol Gazette |language=ru |access-date=February 22, 2022}}</ref> There, the interior of the ship was almost completely stripped down to the [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]]. The open lifeboats, which would have violated [[SOLAS Convention|SOLAS]] regulations if the ship sailed again, were removed alongside their [[davit]]s. In the US, no plans were finalized for re-purposing the vessel, and in June 1996, she was towed back across the Atlantic to southern [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Famed Liner's Moving, But There's No Money Yet For A Huge Fixup Will Ship Make City Seasick? |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=August 15, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810195303/http://articles.philly.com/1996-08-15/news/25643434_1_cruise-ship-ss-united-states-commodore-cruise-lines |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1996-08-15/news/25643434_1_cruise-ship-ss-united-states-commodore-cruise-lines}}</ref> Marmara Marine's plan fell through and the company went bankrupt, leaving the ship without an owner and abandoned.<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|pages=363}}

===Layup in Philadelphia (beginning 1996)===
In November 1997, Edward Cantor{{Who|date=September 2024}} purchased the ship for $6 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=S.S. United States, The Turkish Years 1992–1996: What Might Have Been |work=maritimematters.com |url=http://maritimematters.com/2013/02/s-s-united-states-the-turkish-years-1992-1996-what-might-have-been/}}</ref> Two years later, the SS ''United States'' Foundation and the SS ''United States'' Conservancy (then known as the SS ''United States'' Preservation Society, Inc.) succeeded in having the ship placed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris"/>
[[File:SS United States stripped interior cropped.jpg|thumb|The ship's first-class restaurant, stripped of [[asbestos]] and furnishings. The entire ship is in a similar state]]

====Norwegian Cruise Line (2003–2009)====
In 2003, [[Norwegian Cruise Line]] (NCL) purchased the ship at auction from Cantor's estate after his death. NCL's intent was to restore the ship to service for [[NCL America]], a newly announced American-flagged [[Hawaii]]an passenger service. ''United States'' was one of the few ships eligible to enter such service because of the [[Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886|Passenger Service Act]], which requires that any vessel engaged in domestic commerce be built and flagged in the U.S. and operated by a predominantly American crew.<ref>{{cite news |title=S.S. United States may get chance to relive glory days |first=Gerard |last=Deflitch |date=September 28, 2003 |url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/ae/s_156463.html#axzz3HlbhFN9F |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]}}</ref> NCL began an extensive technical review in late 2003 which determined that the ship was in sound condition, and cataloged over 100 boxes of the ship's blueprints.<ref>{{cite web |title=Return of 'Big U' delayed by problems with Pride of America |url=http://www.professionalmariner.com/February-2007/Return-of-226-128-152Big-U-delayed-by-problems-with-Pride-of-America/ |website=professionalmariner.com |author=David Tyler |publisher=Navigator Publishing LLC |date=February 28, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030231006/http://www.professionalmariner.com/February-2007/Return-of-226-128-152Big-U-delayed-by-problems-with-Pride-of-America/ |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2004, NCL commenced feasibility studies regarding retrofitting the vessel, and in 2006, company owner [[Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay]] stated that ''United States'' would be retrofitted.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615222630/http://www.maritimematters.com/shipnews.html |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |url=http://www.maritimematters.com:80/shipnews.html |title=Those Three Two Stackers |work=Maritime Matters |date=May 24, 2006 |access-date=March 14, 2018 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

By 2009, NCL changed its tone towards the ship. She cost the company about $800,000 yearly to keep afloat, and was made redundant once {{Ship|2=Pride of America|4=2}}, {{Ship|2=Pride of Aloha|4=2}}, and {{Ship|2=Pride of Hawaii|4=2}} started operating for NCL America. The company then began taking bids for her scrapping.<ref>{{cite web |last=Niemelä |first=Teijo |date=February 11, 2009 |title=SS United States may be offered for sale |url=http://cruisebusiness.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=214%3Ass-united-states-may-be-offered-for-sale&catid=43%3Alatest-news-catecory&Itemid=111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313184657/http://cruisebusiness.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=214%3Ass-united-states-may-be-offered-for-sale&catid=43%3Alatest-news-catecory&Itemid=111 |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=2018-03-07 |work=Cruise Business Online |publisher=Cruise Media Oy Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 10, 2009 |title=United States impending sale? |url=http://www.maritimematters.com/shipnews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219132435/http://maritimematters.com/shipnews.html |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=2009-02-11 |work=Maritime Matters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ujifusa |first=Steven B. |date=2010-03-03 |title=SS United States now in grave peril |url=http://planphilly.com/ss-united-states-grave-peril |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307063256/http://planphilly.com/ss-united-states-grave-peril |archive-date=2010-03-07 |access-date=2020-01-17 |work=PlanPhilly}}</ref>

====Potential scrapping (2009–2010)====
The SS ''United States'' Conservancy was created in 2009 to try to save the ship by raising funds to purchase her.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706182200/http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/SSUS/About.html |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |url=http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/SSUS/About.html |title=Our History |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> On July 30, 2009, [[H. F. Lenfest]], a Philadelphia media entrepreneur and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]], pledged a matching grant of $300,000 to help the Conservancy purchase the vessel from NCL's parent company.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/20090730_Phila__philanthropist_to_aid_purchase_of_iconic_ship.html |title=Phila. philanthropist to aid purchase of iconic ship |access-date=2009-07-30 |last=Moran |first=Robert |date=July 30, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |publisher=Philadelphia Newspapers LLC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803091952/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/20090730_Phila__philanthropist_to_aid_purchase_of_iconic_ship.html |archive-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> While Lenfest did not see the project as economically feasible, he was sympathetic to the ship as his father was one of the [[Naval architecture|naval architects]] who helped build her, and himself was a [[Captain (United States O-6)|US Navy captain]].<ref name="Ujifusa" />{{Rp|page=374}} Former US president [[Bill Clinton]] also endorsed rescue efforts to save the ship, having sailed on her himself in 1968.<ref name="film-history">{{cite web |title=Life and Times of the SS United States |url=http://www.ssunitedstates-film.com/history.html |access-date=2012-09-22 |work=The Big U: The Story of the SS United States |publisher=ssunitedstates-film.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324045944/http://www.ssunitedstatestrust.org/ |archive-date=March 24, 2010 |url=http://www.ssunitedstatestrust.org/ |title=SS United States: America's Ship of State |publisher=SS United States Trust |date=July 4, 2009 |access-date=2010-07-02}}</ref>

In November 2010, the Conservancy announced a plan to develop a "multi-purpose waterfront complex" with hotels, restaurants, and a casino along the [[Delaware River]] in [[South Philadelphia]] at the proposed location of the stalled [[Foxwoods Casino Philadelphia|Foxwoods Casino]] project. A detailed study of the site was revealed in late November 2010 in tandem with a plan aimed at [[Harrah's Entertainment]] taking over the project. The deal collapsed in December when the state [[Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board|Gaming Control Board]] voted to revoke the casino's license.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/article_a0410938-093d-11e0-ad91-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Gambling panel revokes license for proposed Foxwoods casino project in Philadelphia |access-date=2010-12-17 |last=Wittkowski |first=Donald |date=December 16, 2010 |work=[[The Press of Atlantic City]] |publisher=The Press of Atlantic City Media Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219212431/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/article_a0410938-093d-11e0-ad91-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=December 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref>

====Conservation (2010–2015)====
The Conservancy bought ''United States'' from NCL in February 2011 for a reported $3 million with Lenfest's assistance.<ref>{{cite web |author=Julie Shaw |date=January 29, 2016 |title=Is SS United States shipping out for New York? |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160129_SS_United_States_appears_bound_for_New_York_City.html |access-date=March 12, 2018 |publisher=Philly.com}}</ref> The group had funds to last 20 months that went to de-toxification and plans to make the ship financially independent, possibly as a hotel or other development project.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |last=Pesta |first=Jesse |date=July 1, 2010 |title=Famed Liner Steers Clear of Scrapyard |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704334604575339053837359296?mod=googlenews_wsj |access-date=2010-07-02}} {{subscription required|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cox |first=Martin |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Preservationists Perched To Buy SS United States  |url=http://maritimematters.com/2010/06/preservationists-perched-to-buy-ss-united-states/ |access-date=2010-07-02 |work=Maritime Matters}}</ref> Conservancy executive director Dan McSweeney stated that possible locations for the ship included Philadelphia, New York City, and Miami.<ref name="wsj" /><ref>{{cite web |date=Fall 2010 |title=Powersips |url=http://sshsa.org/steamboat-bill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128234249/http://sshsa.org/steamboat-bill |archive-date=November 28, 2010 |access-date=2018-03-07 |publisher=Steamship Historical Society of America}}</ref>

[[File:SS United States Philly 2012-2.JPG|thumb|''United States'' in 2012]]
The Conservancy assumed ownership of ''United States'' on February 1, 2011.<ref name="sos">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/ss-united-states-purchased-58-million/story?id=12805918 |title=Save Our Ship: Passionate Preservationists Buy a National Treasure |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=February 1, 2011 |first=John |last=Griffin | access-date = 2012-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311034621/http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/news/_/2011/2/video-of-february-1-title-transfer-event/ |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |url=http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/news/_/2011/2/video-of-february-1-title-transfer-event/ |title=Video of February 1 Title Transfer Event |date=February 9, 2011 |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Talks about where to locate the ship lasted months. In New York City, negotiations with a developer were underway for the ship to become part of ''Vision 2020'', a waterfront redevelopment plan costing $3.3 billion. In Miami, [[Ocean Group International|Ocean Group]] was interested in putting the ship in a slip on the north side of [[American Airlines Arena]].<ref name="mm2011-03">{{cite web |url=http://maritimematters.com/2011/03/ss-united-states-in-miami |title=SS United States Latest |date=March 16, 2011 |first=Peter |last=Knego |work=Maritime Matters |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> With an additional $5.8 million donation from Lenfest, the Conservancy had about 18 months from March 2011 to make the ship a public attraction.<ref name="mm2011-03" /> On August 5, 2011, the Conservancy announced that after several studies, Philadelphia was, "Not likely to work there for a variety of reasons". Discussions to locate the ship at her original home port of New York, as a stationary attraction, were ongoing.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002024102/http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/news/_/2011/8/an-update-from-conservancy-executive-director-dan-mcsweeney/ |archive-date=October 2, 2011 |url=http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/news/_/2011/8/an-update-from-conservancy-executive-director-dan-mcsweeney/ |title=An Update From Conservancy Executive Director Dan McSweeney |date=August 5, 2011 |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> The Conservancy's grant specifies that the refit and restoration must be done in the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] for the benefit of the Philadelphia economy, regardless of her eventual mooring site.

[[File:S.S. United States. LOC gsc.5a21870.jpg|thumb|Photo of an onboard stairway landing, taken soon after the ship left service]]
[[File:SS United States stairway landing 2024.jpg|thumb|A similar (or same) landing, taken in 2024 after the interiors were stripped]]
On February 7, 2012, preliminary work began on restoration to prepare the ship for a complete reconstruction, although a contract had not yet been signed.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211031439/http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/news/_/2012/2/work-begins-to-prepare-the-ss-united-states-for-future-redevelopment/ |archive-date=February 11, 2012 |url=http://www.ssunitedstatesconservancy.org/news/_/2012/2/work-begins-to-prepare-the-ss-united-states-for-future-redevelopment/ |title=Work Begins to Prepare the SS United States for Future Redevelopment |date=February 7, 2012 |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> In July 2012, the Conservancy launched a new online campaign called "Save the ''United States''" - a blend of social networking and micro-fundraising that allowed donors to sponsor square inches of a virtual ship for redevelopment while allowing them to upload photos and stories about their experience with the ship. The Conservancy announced that donors to the virtual ship would be featured in an interactive "Wall of Honor" aboard the future SS ''United States'' museum.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.ssusc.org/news/_/2012/7/new-online-campaign-launches-to-save-the-united-states/ |title=New Online Campaign Launches to Save the United States |access-date=2012-07-17 |date=July 11, 2012 |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716065356/http://www.ssusc.org/news/_/2012/7/new-online-campaign-launches-to-save-the-united-states/ |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://savetheunitedstates.org |title=Save the United States |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref>

By the end of 2012, a developer was to be chosen, who was to put the ship in a selected city by 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/7055-ss-united-states-to-be-repurposed.html |title=SS United States To be "Repurposed" |publisher=Cruise Industry News |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> In November, she underwent a months-long "below-the-deck" makeover in order to make the ship more appealing to developers as an attraction. The Conservancy was warned that if its plans were not realized quickly, the ship may be scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201033224/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ss-united-states-being-prepared-new-life |archive-date=December 1, 2013 |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ss-united-states-being-prepared-new-life |title=SS United States is being prepared for a new life |agency=Associated Press |date=November 28, 2013 |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> In January 2014, obsolete pieces of the ship were sold to keep up with $80,000-a-month maintenance costs. Enough money was raised to keep the ship going for another six months, with the hope of finding someone committed to the project, with New York City still being the most likely location.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110093731/http://articles.philly.com/2014-01-06/news/45885447_1_william-francis-gibbs-ss-united-states-conservancy-pier-82 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |url=http://articles.philly.com/2014-01-06/news/45885447_1_william-francis-gibbs-ss-united-states-conservancy-pier-82 |title=Will the SS United States find new life in 2014? |work=philly.com |date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref>

In August, the ship was still moored in Philadelphia and costs for the ship's rent amounted to $60,000 a month. It was estimated that it would take $1 billion to return ''United States'' to service, although a 2016 estimate for restoration as a luxury cruise ship placed the most at $700 million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/8/12/americaa-s-flagshipadmirersofssunitedstatessendansos.html |title=America's flagship: Admirers of SS United States send an S.O.S. |work=america.aljazeera.com |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=2014-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160208-ss-united-states-ocean-liner-cruise-ship-photos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209094244/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160208-ss-united-states-ocean-liner-cruise-ship-photos/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 9, 2016 |title=The World's Fastest Ocean Liner May Be Restored to Sail Again |date=2016-02-08 |website=National Geographic News |access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> On September 4, 2014, a final push was made to have the ship bound for New York City. A developer interested in re-purposing the ship as a major waterfront destination made an announcement regarding the move. The Conservancy had only weeks to decide if the ship needed to be sold for scrap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Backwell |first=George |url=http://www.marinelink.com/news/supporters-united-states376366.aspx |title=SS United States Supporters Push for NY Return |website=Marine Link |date=September 4, 2014 |access-date=2014-09-09}}</ref> On December 15, 2014, preliminary agreements in support of the redevelopment of ''United States'' were announced. The agreements included providing three months of carrying costs, with a timeline and more details to be released sometime in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maritimematters.com/2014/12/encouraging-new-ss-united-states-developments/ |title=Encouraging New SS United States Developments |work=maritimematters.com |date=December 15, 2014 |access-date=2015-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2014/12/16/agreement-reached-to-redevelop-ss-united-states.html |title=Agreement reached to redevelop SS United States |work=www.bizjournals.com |date=December 16, 2014 |access-date=2015-01-04}}</ref> In February 2015, another $250,000 was received by the Conservancy from an anonymous donor towards planning an onboard museum.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503095053/http://articles.philly.com/2015-02-11/news/59010270_1_ss-united-states-conservancy-ship-vessel |archive-date=May 3, 2015 |url=http://articles.philly.com/2015-02-11/news/59010270_1_ss-united-states-conservancy-ship-vessel |title=SS United States gains $250,000 donation |work=[[Philly.com]] |date=February 11, 2015 |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref>

In October 2015, the Conservancy explored potential bids to scrap her, as the group began to exhaust funds. Attempts to re-purpose the ship continued. Ideas included using the ship for hotels, restaurants, or office space. One idea was to install computer servers in the lower decks and link them to software development businesses in office space on the upper decks. No firm plans were announced. The Conservancy said that if no progress was made by October 31, 2015, they would have no choice but to sell the ship to a "responsible recycler".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/08/business/friends-of-the-ss-united-states-send-out-a-last-sos.html?hp&WT.nav=top-news&module=CloseSlideshow&region=SlideShowTopBar&version=SlideCard-5&action=click&contentCollection=Business%20Day&pgtype=imageslideshow |title=Friends of the S.S. United States Send Out a Last S.O.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 7, 2015 |access-date=2015-10-07}}</ref> As the deadline passed it was announced that $100,000 had been raised in October 2015, sparing the ship from immediate danger. By November 23, 2015, it was reported that over $600,000 in donations had been received for care and upkeep, buying time well into the coming year for the Conservancy to press ahead with a plan to redevelop the vessel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/donations-help-the-ss-united-states-fend-off-the-scrapyard/ar-BBnmzBf?li=BBnb7Kz |title=Donations Help the S.S. United States Fend Off the Scrapyard |publisher=msn.com |access-date=2016-02-04}}</ref>

====Crystal Cruises (2016–2018)====
On February 4, 2016, [[Crystal Cruises]] announced that it had signed a purchase option for ''United States''. Crystal covered docking costs for nine months while it conducted a feasibility study on returning the ship to service as a cruise ship based in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145059/http://www.philly.com/philly/business/homepage/20160205_Report__Cruise_ship_company_in_deal_to_buy_SS_United_States.html |archive-date=September 23, 2017 |url=http://mobile.philly.com/news/breaking/?wss=/philly/news/breaking&id=367636361&betaPreview=redesign |title=Can the SS United States again sail the seas? |date=February 4, 2016 |publisher=philly.com |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/business/ss-united-states-historic-ocean-liner-of-trans-atlantic-heyday-may-sail-again.html |title=S.S. United States, Historic Ocean Liner of Trans-Atlantic Heyday, May Sail Again |date=February 4, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2016-02-04}}</ref> On April 9, 2016, it was announced that 600 artifacts from ''United States'' would be returned to the ship from the Mariners' Museum and other donors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/dp-nws-mariners-museum-donation-20160409-story.html |title=SS United States getting artifact donations from Mariners' Museum, others |publisher=Dailypress |access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref>

On August 5, 2016, the plan was formally dropped, with Crystal Cruises citing many technical and commercial challenges. The cruise line made a donation of $350,000 to help preservation effort through the end of the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crystal Drops SS United States Project |url=http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/15658-crystal-drops-ss-united-states-project.html |access-date=6 August 2016 |publisher=Cruise Industry News |date=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/business/ss-united-states-ocean-liner.html |title=The S.S. United States Won't Take to the Seas Again After All |first=Jesse |last=Pesta |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 August 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/08/abandoned_ship_deal_to_save_ss_united_states_too_c.html |title=Abandoned ship: Deal to save SS United States 'too challenging' |first=Greg |last=Adomaitis |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |publisher=NJ.com}}</ref> The Conservancy continued to receive donations, which included one for $150,000 by cruise industry executive Jim Pollin.<ref name="Reef">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelagentcentral.com/cruises/ss-united-states-gets-last-minute-reprieve |title=SS United States Gets Last-Minute Reprieve |work=www.travelagentcentral.com |author=Adam Leposa |date=July 19, 2017 |access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> In January 2018, the Conservancy made an appeal to US president [[Donald Trump]] to take action.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/travel/once-majestic-cruise-ship-the-s-s-united-states-could-be-americas-flagship-once-again |title=Once-majestic cruise ship, the S.S. United States, could be 'America's Flagship' once again |publisher=[[Fox News]] |author=Trina Thompson |date=January 26, 2018 |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> If the group ran out of money, alternative plans for the ship include sinking her as an [[artificial reef]] rather than scrapping her were made.<ref name="Reef" />

[[File:A559, SS United States, Pier 82, Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2017.jpg|thumb|SS ''United States'' docked at Pier 82 in [[Columbus Boulevard (Philadelphia)|Columbus Boulevard]], Philadelphia, on July 16, 2017]]
On September 20, 2018, the Conservancy consulted with Casper van Hooren and [[Damen Group|Damen Ship Repair & Conversion]] about redevelopment of ''United States''. Casper van Hooren had previously converted the former ocean liner and cruise ship {{SS|Rotterdam}} into a hotel and mixed-use development.<ref name="damen">{{cite web |url=https://www.wearetheunitedstates.org/single-post/2018/09/20/damen-ship-repair-and-conversion-welcomed-by-conservancy |title=Leading Rotterdam Ship Repair & Conversion Firm Welcomed by Conservancy |website=wearetheunitedstates.org |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |date=September 20, 2018 |access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref>

====RXR Realty (beginning 2018)====
On December 10, 2018, the Conservancy announced an agreement with the commercial real estate firm [[RXR Realty]] to explore options for restoring and redeveloping the ocean liner.<ref name=rxr1>{{cite web |url=https://www.wearetheunitedstates.org/single-post/2018/12/10/Breaking-News-New-Agreement-with-RXR-Realty |title=Breaking News: New Agreement with RXR Realty |author=Susan Gibbs |website=wearetheunitedstates.org |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |date=December 10, 2018 |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> The Conservancy requires that any redevelopment plan must preserve the ship's profile and exterior design, and include approximately {{cvt|25000|sqft|sigfig=4}} for an onboard museum.<ref name=damen /> RXR's press release about ''United States'' stated that multiple locations would be considered, depending on the viability of restoration plans.<ref name=rxr1 /><ref name="rxr2">{{cite web |author=Jacob Adelman |date=December 12, 2018 |title=NYC developer with Manhattan pier project in deal to explore reviving SS United States |url=http://www2.philly.com/real-estate/commercial/ss-united-states-rxr-realty-columbus-boulevard-ikea-20181212.html |access-date=December 13, 2018 |website=philly.com |publisher=Philly.com/Philadelphia Media Network (Digital), LLC}}</ref>

In March 2020, RXR Realty announced its plans to repurpose the ocean liner as a permanently-moored {{cvt|600000|sqft|sigfig=4}} "hospitality and cultural space" and requested expressions of interest from a number of major US waterfront cities including [[Boston]], New York, Philadelphia, Miami, [[Seattle]], San Francisco, Los Angeles, and [[San Diego]].<ref name=rxr3>{{cite web |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/u-s-cities-offered-ss-united-states-as-cultural-space |title=U.S. Cities Offered SS United States as Cultural Space |author=The Maritime Executive |date=March 11, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2020}}</ref>

In 2023, a more detailed plan for her redevelopment was released by RXR Realty and [[MCR Hotels]]. According to this plan, the ship would serve as a 1,000 room hotel, museum, event venue, public park, and a dining location. New York City was highlighted as the best location for the ship, ideally along the [[Hudson River]] and moored to a specially built pier. New York City was selected as the best location due to existing infrastructure and the nearby [[Javits Center|Javits Convention Center]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Transformative Plan Unveiled to Save America's Flagship |url=https://www.ssusc.org/news/2023/11/2/transformative-plan-unveiled-to-save-americas-flagship-the-ss-united-states |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102193621/https://www.ssusc.org/news/2023/11/2/transformative-plan-unveiled-to-save-americas-flagship-the-ss-united-states |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=SS United States Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref>

The 2023 plan also included several rendered images of the redesigned ''United States''. These images depict the ship docked along [[West Side (Manhattan)|Manhattan's West Side]] at a public pier located in the [[Hudson River Park]]. In addition, aspects of the hotel were depicted. A key element of the hotel would be one of the ship's funnels, with the top removed and exposed to the sky. This would act as a skylight, illuminating the hotel and event spaces. In addition, the plan also consist of hotel rooms held in the lifeboat [[davit]]s, a pool between the funnels, and an aft mix interior-exterior ballroom to provide spaces for both hotel and venue operations.<ref name=":3" />

==== Pier 82 rent increase (2021–2024) ====
Philadelphia's [[Pier]] 82, where the ship is located, is owned by the company Penn Warehousing. In 2021, Penn Warehousing increased the ship's rent from $850 to $1,700 per day, requested $160,000 in back rent, and terminated the contract with the Conservancy. The company stated the change was due to the ''United States'' slowly damaging the pier and the Conservancy refusing to maintain a previous agreement to cover possible damages.<ref>{{cite news |last=Conde |first=Ximena |date=January 31, 2023 |title=The SS United States is in a rent dispute that could leave it without a berth |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/ss-united-states-conservancy-pier-82-rent-penn-warehousing-20230131.html |access-date=February 1, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Conde |first=Ximena |date=2024-06-14 |title=SS United States must leave its South Philadelphia berth by mid-September, judge rules |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/ss-united-states-south-philadelphia-ruling-20240614.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en}}</ref>

The Conservancy responded by stating the rent hike violated an agreement made in 2011, and refused to pay. They accused their landlord of illegally wanting to oust the ship so that the pier could be used for more profitable activities. This led to both groups suing each other.<ref name=":7" />

==== Eviction ====
A [[civil trial]] took place in [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal court]] from January 17–18, 2024. Judge [[Anita B. Brody|Anita Brody]] issued a final judgment on June 14.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=22-2285 - PENN WAREHOUSING & DISTRIBUTION, INC. v. SS UNITED STATES CONSERVANCY |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-paed-2_22-cv-02285/USCOURTS-paed-2_22-cv-02285-0 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.govinfo.gov |language=en}}</ref> She dismissed Penn Warehousing's financial demands, but found that because the 2011 berthing agreement was of indefinite duration, it was terminable at will by either party upon reasonable notice. Consequently, she ordered the ship to be removed within 90 days (by September 12).<ref name=":11" /> With such a tight deadline, the Conservancy was unsure how the liner can be moved or where it could go.{{r|ME 2024-06-14}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conde |first=Ximena |date=2024-01-17 |title=SS United States is 'every landlord's nightmare,' pier's lawyer says as rent dispute goes to trial |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/ss-united-states-penn-warehousing-trial-20240117.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Guilhem |first=Matt |date=March 11, 2024 |title=The Fastest Ocean Liner to Cross the Atlantic Faces Eviction from Pier |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/11/1237529064/the-fastest-ocean-liner-to-cross-the-atlantic-faces-eviction-from-pier?fbclid=IwAR0cpPWCJt451bBsDWAK7k78IF2Xmb7cUB3piVZ08JW3jDR5arge-RtB7Kk |publisher=NPR.org}}</ref> Six days later, the Conservancy began a new donation drive and requested $500,000 to help relocate her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=Symbol of the Nation Evicted: Nonprofit Sending Out An Urgent Call to Help Save America's Flagship |url=https://www.ssusc.org/news/2024/06/19/symbol-of-the-nation-evicted |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=SS United States Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of October, the Conservancy stated that, in addition to necessary surveys, [[Tugboat|tugboats]], [[insurance]], and other preparations, the [[2024 Atlantic hurricane season]] complicated efforts to relocate the ship before the deadline, with the main difficulty finding a port willing to host the ship.<ref name="ME 2024-06-14">{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Iconic Ocean Liner SS United States Ordered to Leave Berth by September |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/iconic-ocean-liner-ss-united-states-order-to-leave-berth-by-september |work=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Statement from the SS United States Conservancy |url=https://www.ssusc.org/news/2024/08/21/statement-from-the-ss-united-states-conservancy |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=SS United States Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Artificial reef ===
{{Further|Sinking ships for wreck diving sites}}
On 30 August, Florida's [[Okaloosa County, Florida|Okaloosa County]] announced its plan to buy the ship and sink her as the world's largest [[artificial reef]] off [[Crestview–Fort Walton Beach–Destin metropolitan area|Destin-Fort Walton]] Beach at a cost of $1 million. The county has identified several locations close to the shore, hoping tourism and diving expeditions would bring in revenue to pay off the project. The county had previously sunk the aircraft carrier [[USS Oriskany|USS ''Oriskany'']] as part of a similar plan, believing the two ships would work in tandem to attract visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Jared |date=2024-08-30 |title=Okaloosa County to acquire SS United States for world's largest artificial reef off Destin-Fort Walton Beach |url=https://www.getthecoast.com/okaloosa-county-to-acquire-ss-united-states-for-worlds-largest-artificial-reef-off-destin-fort-walton-beach/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Get The Coast |language=en-US}}</ref> 

The Conservancy clarified the same day that the agreement with Okaloosa County was a [[contingent contract]] and would only proceed if the Conservancy had no other options to keep the ship afloat. It would go through should no other alternatives be found before the eviction deadline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Newsletter Archive |url=https://www.ssusc.org/enewsletter-archive |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=SS United States Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 12 September, the date ''United States'' was ordered to be evicted, the Conservancy accused Penn Warehousing of illegally scheming to sell the ship off themselves. The Conservancy alleged that the company blocked an initial agreement with [[Okaloosa County, Florida|Okaloosa County]], then planned to seize the ship and sell her off for profit, thus 'extorting' the nonprofit and Okaloosa County out of millions. The Conservancy then brought the issue back to court and demanded an extension to the eviction notice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=SS United States Conservancy claims pier landlord blocked sale of historic ship despite eviction |url=https://6abc.com/post/eviction-day-ss-united-states-future-historic-ocean-liner-south-philadelphia-remains-unknown/15294478/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=6abc Philadelphia |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:SS United States before towing.jpg|thumb|Signs expressing sadness over the ship's imminent departure in Autumn 2024]]
In court, the eviction deadline was temporarily suspended. The company defended itself, saying that it added $3 million to the sale of ''United States'' as she had not vacated before the deadline. In addition, blame was placed on Okaloosa County for not responding to the company's "negotiations", with her sale now under the judge's supervision. The company stated that it wants to remove the ship so that the pier could be used to support the [[Economy of Philadelphia|local economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conde |first=Ximena |date=2024-09-13 |title=SS United States and landlord head to mediation amid ongoing rent dispute |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/ss-us-conservancy-penn-warehousing-mediation-20240913.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en}}</ref>

Under court supervision, Okaloosa County formally agreed to purchase the ship and estimated the project would take about 1.5 years and $10 million, taking control of her on the 12th{{clarify|clarify date here|date=November 2024}} during an onboard ceremony. Part of the money would be used to create a museum for the ship on land and to tow her to [[Mobile, Alabama]] for her to be prepared for scuttling. The museum would consist of several re-created onboard spaces, her radar mast, and at least one funnel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Alexandra |date=2024-10-02 |title=Okaloosa County, Florida approves tentative agreement to acquire SS United States - CBS Philadelphia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/okaloosa-county-florida-tentative-agreement-acquire-ss-united-states/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Historic ship could soon become the world's largest artificial reef |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-states-historic-ship-artificial-reef-florida-c9a58bd7182b2f576706598a88338bc1 |newspaper=AP News |date=1 October 2024 |first=Kate |last=Payne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Dispute Between the SS United States Conservancy and Penn Warehousing Settled; Plans Announced for Next Chapter |url=https://www.ssusc.org/news/2024/10/11/dispute-between-the-ss-united-states-conservancy-and-penn-warehousing-settled-plans-announced-for-next-chapter |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=SS United States Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SS United States Title Transferred, Work Starts to Move Ship - Cruise Industry News {{!}} Cruise News |url=https://cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/2024/10/ss-united-states-title-transferred-work-starts-to-move-ship/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=cruiseindustrynews.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holden |first=Joe |last2=Specht |first2=Ed |date=2024-10-28 |title=SS United States' departure from Philadelphia's Pier 82 delayed due to possible storm in Caribbean - CBS Philadelphia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/ss-united-states-departure-philadelphia-delayed/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

She is expected to be relocated to Alabama on November 15, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohan |first=Jess |title=Philly bridges to close as historic SS United States moves Friday from South Philly |url=https://www.phillyburbs.com/story/news/local/2024/11/11/philly-bridges-closing-friday-for-historic-ships-final-sail-walt-whitman-bridge-ss-united-states/76195327007/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=PhillyBurbs |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Modern photos ===
Below are several photos on the ship taken in 2024. <gallery>
File:SS United States Pool 2024.jpg|The drained ship's [[Swimming pool|pool]].
File:SS United State's 1st Class Dining Room from Minstrels' Gallery, 2024.jpg|The [[Minstrels' gallery|Minstrel's Gallery]], looking down onto the 1st-class [[dining room]] one deck below. 
File:SS United States Enclosed Promenade 2024.jpg|The 1st-class enclosed [[promenade]], which runs for most of the ship's length.
File:SS United States 1st Class Cabins, 2024.jpg|A [[Hallway|passageway]] with the footprint of 1st-class [[State room|staterooms]] on the left. 
File:SS United States Bow 2024.jpg|The rusting ship's name and bow.
</gallery>

==Artifacts==

===Artwork===
[[File:NMAH-2009-2237.jpg|thumb|''The Currents'', a painted mural originally for ''United States'' displayed at the [[Smithsonian Institution]]]]
The [[Mariners' Museum and Park|Mariners' Museum of Newport News]] holds many objects from ''United States'', including ''Expressions of Freedom'' by Gwen Lux, a main dining room sculpture purchased during the 1984 auction.<ref name=":1" />

Artwork designed by Charles Gilbert — including glass panels etched with sea creatures from the first-class ballroom — were purchased by [[Celebrity Cruises]] and was incorporated on board the {{Ship|Celebrity|Infinity|4=2}} in her ''United States''-themed restaurant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-10 |title=S.S. United States – Celebrity Infinity |url=http://www.cruisetotravel.com/2014/05/11/s-s-united-states-celebrity-infinity/ |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=Cruise to Travel |language=en-US}}</ref> Other onboard memorabilia, including original [[porcelain]] and a ship model, were moved to the entrance of the ship's [[casino]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sloan |first=Gene |title=Celebrity Cruises to jettison history-filled restaurants |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/cruises/2015/10/09/celebrity-cruises-restaurant-makeover/73640978/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-10 |title=S.S. United States – Celebrity Infinity |url=http://www.cruisetotravel.com/2014/05/11/s-s-united-states-celebrity-infinity/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=CruiseToTravel |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the [[National Museum of American History]], mural ''The Current'' by Raymond John Wendell is on display.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mural Painting, The Currents |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1342690 |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=National Museum of American History |language=en}}</ref> Two works by [[Hildreth Meiere|Hildreth Meière]]—[[mural]]s ''Mississippi'' and ''Father of Waters''—were also brought to the museum and are not on display.<ref name=":0" />

===Propellers and fittings===
[[File:Prop with bridge.jpg|thumb|One of the ship's propellers near [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] in New York]]
One of the five-bladed propellers is mounted at Pier 76 in New York City, while the other is mounted outside the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy|American Merchant Marine Museum]] at the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] in [[Kings Point, New York|Kings Point]], New York. The starboard-side five-bladed propeller is mounted near the waterfront at [[State University of New York Maritime College|SUNY Maritime College]] in [[Fort Schuyler]], New York, while the port side is at the entrance of the [[Mariners' Museum and Park|Mariner's Museum]] in Newport News, Virginia, fitted on an original {{cvt|63|ft}} long [[drive shaft]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The SS United States' Preserved Propellers |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5df6b4db88a9697f28878602/t/5dfc19f461d2a378c660a3e9/1576802810374/SSUSPropellers.pdf |publisher=SS United States Conservancy |date=June 2014}}</ref>

The ship's bell is kept in the clock tower on the campus of [[Christopher Newport University]] in Newport News, Virginia. It is used to celebrate special events, including being rung by incoming [[freshman]] and by outgoing graduates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditions – Who We Are |url=https://cnu.edu/whoweare/traditions/ |publisher=Christopher Newport University |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref>

One of the ship's horns that stood on display for decades above a hardware store in [[Revere, Massachusetts]] was sold to a private collector in Texas for $8,000 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=Journal |title=Rent-A-Tool to Close April 25 After 63 Years in Business |url=https://reverejournal.com/2017/04/22/rent-a-tool-to-close-april-25-after-63-years-in-business/ |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=reverejournal.com |date=April 22, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A large collection of dining room furniture and other memorabilia that had been purchased during the 1984 auction was incorporated at the Windmill Point Restaurant in [[Nags Head, North Carolina|Nags Head]], North Carolina. Following the restaurant's closing, the items were donated to the [[Mariners' Museum and Park|Mariners' Museum]] and Christopher Newport University in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-02 |title=Windmill Point set to go out in a blaze of glory |url=https://www.outerbanksvoice.com/2011/03/01/windmill-point-set-to-go-out-in-a-blaze-of-glory/ |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=The Outer Banks Voice |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Speed records==
[[File:HoverSpeed Great Britain.jpg|thumb|''Hoverspeed Great Britain'', which won the Hales Trophy from ''United States'']]
With both the eastbound and westbound speed records, SS ''United States'' obtained the [[Blue Riband]] which marked the first time a US-flagged ship had held the record since {{SS|Baltic|1850|6}} claimed the prize 100 years earlier. ''United States'' maintained a {{cvt|30|kn|0}} crossing speed on the North Atlantic in a service career that lasted 17 years, where she was unchallenged. Due to the decline of ocean liners during the same time frame, many regard the story of the Blue Riband as having ended with ''United States''.<ref name="Kludas">{{cite book |first=Arnold |last=Kludas |title=Record Breakers of the North Atlantic: The Blue Riband Liners, 1838–1952 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QOaaU5UwRcC |access-date=2010-10-03 |date=April 2002 |publisher=Brassey, Inc |page=136 |isbn=978-1-57488-458-6}}</ref>

Her east-bound record has [[Virgin Atlantic Challenge Trophy|since been broken]] several times (first in 1986, by ''Virgin Atlantic Challenger II''), and her west-bound record [[Columbus Atlantic Trophy|was broken in 1990]] by ''[[Destriero]]'', but these vessels were not passenger-carrying ocean liners. The [[Hales Trophy]] was lost in 1990 to ''[[Hoverspeed Great Britain]]'', which set a new eastbound speed record for a commercial vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HSC HOVERSPEED GREAT BRITAIN (1990) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/hoverspeed_great_britain_1990.htm |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.faktaomfartyg.se}}</ref>

==In film==
Due to her association with luxury and fame, several movies have featured the ship prominently during her time in and out of service. She is a major plot point in films such as 1953's [[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film)|''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes'']], 1955's ''[[Gentlemen Marry Brunettes]]'' and 1962's ''[[Bon Voyage! (1962 film)|Bon Voyage!]]''<ref>{{Citation |last=Neilson |first=James |title=Bon Voyage! |date=1962-05-17 |type=Adventure, Comedy, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055807/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |others=Fred MacMurray, Jane Wyman, Michael Callan |publisher=Walt Disney Productions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Conservancy |first=SSUS |date=2017-10-25 |title=SS United States on Screen: Gentlemen Marry Brunettes (1955) |url=https://www.wearetheunitedstates.org/single-post/2017/10/21/ss-united-states-film-gentlemen-marry-brunettes |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=we-are-the-us |language=en}}</ref> More recently, she was used as a set and featured in the 2013 [[Thriller film|thriller]] ''[[Dead Man Down]]'' while docked in Philadelphia''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-19 |title=January 19, 2013 - Upcoming Hollywood Thriller Filmed On Board SS United States |url=https://www.ssusc.org/news/upcoming-hollywood-thriller-filmed-on-board-ss-united-states |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=SS United States Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref> Numerous documentaries have been made about the ship itself, such as ''[[SS United States: Lady in Waiting]], SS United States: Made in America,'' and ''The SS United States: From Dream to Reality.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Radler |first=Robert |title=SS United States: Made in America |date=2013-03-01 |type=Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2850770/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |others=Walter Cronkite, William H. Miller, Mark B. Perry |publisher=Big Ship Films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Documentary Film: Lady in Waiting |url=https://www.ssusc.org/documentary-film-lady-in-waiting |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=SS United States Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The SS United States: From Dream to Reality |url=https://store.titanichistoricalsociety.org/product/the-ss-united-states-from-dream-to-reality/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Titanic Historical Society, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref>  She also appears in the opening sequence of the 1961 film adaptation of [[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conservancy |first=SSUS |date=2017-10-17 |title=VIDEO: SS United States in opening credits of West Side Story (1961) |url=https://www.wearetheunitedstates.org/single-post/2017/10/15/watch-ss-united-states-opening-credits-west-side-story |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=we-are-the-us |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Philadelphia}}

* [[John W. Anderson (sailor)|John W. Anderson]] and [[Harry Manning|Commodore Harry Manning]], captains of the ''United States''

=== Other U.S. passenger ships ===
*[[SS Leviathan|SS ''Leviathan'']]
*[[SS California (1927)|SS ''California'' (1927)]]
*[[SS Brazil (1928)|SS ''Virginia'' (1928)]]
*[[SS Argentina (1929)|SS ''Pennsylvania'' (1929)]]
*[[SS Manhattan (1931)|SS ''Manhattan'' (1931)]]
*[[SS Washington|SS ''Washington'' (1932)]]
*[[SS The Emerald|SS ''Santa Rosa'' (1958)]]
*[[Pride of America|MS ''Pride of America'' (2002)]]

=== Restored ocean liners ===
* [[Minghua (ship)|MV ''Minghua'']] 
* [[MV Doulos Phos|SS ''Doulos Phos'']]
* [[Hikawa Maru|SS ''Hikawa Maru'']]
* [[MV Funchal|MV ''Funchal'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<!-- ==Notes==
{{notelist}} Unused now -->

==Bibliography ==
*''A Man and His Ship: America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Quest to Build the S.S. United States'', Steven Ujifusa, Simon & Schuster; Reprint ed.,  (2013), {{ISBN|1451645090}}
*''Crossing on Time: Steam Engines, Fast Ships, and a Journey to the New World,'' [[David Macaulay]], Roaring Brook Press (2019), {{ISBN|978-1596434776}}
*''Picture History of the SS United States'', William H. Miller, Dover Publications (2012), {{ASIN|B00A73FIMK}}
*''SS United States: An Operational Guide to America's Flagship'', James Rindfleisch, Schiffer; (2023), {{ISBN|978-0764366550}}
*''SS United States: America's Superliner'', Les Streater, Maritime Publishing Co. (2011), {{ISBN|0953103560}}
*''S.S. United States: The Story of America's Greatest Ocean Liner'', William H. Miller, W.W. Norton & Company (1991), {{ISBN|0393030628}}
*''S.S. United States: Fastest Ship in the World'', Frank Braynard & Robert Hudson Westover, Turner Publishing Company (2002), {{ISBN|1563118246}}
*''SS United States'', Andrew Britton, The History Press (2012), {{ISBN|0752479539}}
*''SS United States: Red, White, and Blue Riband, Forever'', John Maxtone-Graham, W.W. Norton & Company; 1st ed. (2014), {{ISBN|039324170X}}
*''SS United States: Speed Queen of the Seas'', William H. Miller, Amberley Publishing (2015), {{ASIN|B00V76G2O4}}
*''SS United States: Ship of Power, Might, and Indecision,'' William H. Miller, Fonthill Media, (2022), {{ISBN|1625451156}}
*''Superliner S.S. United States'', Henry Billings, The Viking Press (1953)
*{{Cite book |last=Braynard |first=Frank O. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745439004 |title=The big ship : the story of the S.S. United States |year=2011 |orig-year=1981|publisher=Turner |isbn=978-1596527645 |edition=New|location=New York |oclc=745439004}}
*''The Last Great Race, The S.S. United States and the Blue Riband'', Lawrence M. Driscoll, The Glencannon Press; 1st ed., (2013) {{ISBN|978-1889901596}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite news |last=Pesta |first=Jesse |date=2024-08-09 |title=Can This Woman Save the United States? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/09/us/ss-united-states-philadelphia.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|United States (ship, 1952)}}

=== Documents ===
* [http://www.ssusc.org/ SS ''United States'' Conservancy<!-- ship name not italicized at org's website -->], current owner of SS ''United States''
* {{HAER |survey=PA-647 |id=pa4126 |title=SS ''United States''}}
* [https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF076954/00001/thumbs First Class Deck Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173132/https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF076954/00001/thumbs |date=October 24, 2021 }}
* [https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF038423/00001/thumbs Cabin Class Deck Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173134/https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF038423/00001/thumbs |date=October 24, 2021 }}
* [https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF076955/00001/thumbs Tourist Class Deck Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173133/https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF076955/00001/thumbs |date=October 24, 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080602110151/http://united-states-lines.org/ssunited.htm SS ''United States''], archive of various stories from the ''united-states-lines.org'' website

=== Artwork ===
* {{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/fiction/poetry/2007/04/16/070416po_poem_williams |title=Poetry – The ''United States'' |first=C. K. |last=Williams |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=April 16, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110092236/http://www.newyorker.com/fiction/poetry/2007/04/16/070416po_poem_williams |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}
* [https://www.hildrethmeiere.org/commissions/ss-united-states SS ''United States'' Onboard Artwork: Hildreth Meière], images of several onboard pieces

=== Video ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuBKewWTag0&ab_channel=BrightSunFilms Inside the Abandoned S.S. ''United States''], 2021 YouTube tour video

=== Other ===
* [http://ss-united-states.com/ SS ''United States''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702193222/http://www.ss-united-states.com/ |date=July 2, 2020 }}, the defunct website of the Conservancy
* [https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/UNITED-STATES-IMO-5373476-MMSI-0 Information on SS ''United States'' from vesselfinder.com] This page gives a list of registered owners of the ship

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
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}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Holder of the [[Blue Riband]] (eastbound record)
| years = 1952–present
}}
{{s-aft
| rows = 2
| after = None<!--<ref>The story of the Blue Riband is regarded by many as having ended with the ''United States'' (see Kludas p136). The east-bound record has been broken several times (first time in 1980), and west-bound record in 1990, but these vessels were not passenger-carrying ocean liners</ref>-->
}}
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| title = [[Blue Riband]] (westbound record)
| years = 1952–present
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|-
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{{s-ttl
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{{s-end}}{{Ocean liners designed by William Francis Gibbs}}{{Philadelphia}}{{National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania}}{{Registered Historic Places}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United States}}
[[Category:Ocean liners]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Blue Riband holders]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Ships built in Newport News, Virginia]]
[[Category:Ships of the United States Lines]]
[[Category:Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1951 ships]]
[[Category:Troop ships]]
[[Category:Ships on the National Register of Historic Places]]

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