本文說明如何整合 Credential Manager API 與使用 WebView 的 Android 應用程式。
總覽
在實際執行整合程序之前,請務必瞭解原生 Android 程式碼、在 WebView 中轉譯的特定網頁元件 (用於管理應用程式驗證) 和後端之間的通訊流程。這套流程包含「註冊」(建立憑證) 和「驗證」(取得現有憑證)。
註冊 (建立密碼金鑰)
- 後端會產生初始註冊 JSON,並傳送至在 WebView 中轉譯的網頁。
- 網頁會使用
navigator.credentials.create()
註冊新憑證。在後續步驟中,您將使用插入的 JavaScript 覆寫此方法,將要求傳送至 Android 應用程式。 - Android 應用程式會使用 Credential Manager API 建構憑證要求,並用於
createCredential
。 - Credential Manager API 會將公開金鑰憑證提供給應用程式。
- 應用程式將公開金鑰憑證傳回至網頁,讓插入的 JavaScript 剖析回應。
- 網頁將公開金鑰傳送至後端,驗證並儲存公開金鑰。
驗證 (取得密碼金鑰)
- 後端會產生驗證 JSON 以取得憑證,並傳送至在 WebView 用戶端中轉譯的網頁。
- 網頁使用
navigator.credentials.get
。使用插入的 JavaScript 覆寫此方法,將要求重新導向至 Android 應用程式。 - 應用程式呼叫
getCredential
,使用 Credential Manager API 擷取憑證。 - Credential Manager API 將憑證傳回至應用程式。
- 應用程式取得私密金鑰的數位簽章並傳送至網頁,讓插入的 JavaScript 剖析回應。
- 接著,網頁將該數位簽章傳送至伺服器,使用公開金鑰驗證數位簽章。
同一套流程可以用於密碼或聯合識別資訊系統。
必要條件
如要使用 Credential Manager API,請完成 Credential Manager 指南中「必要條件」一節所述步驟,並確認您已執行下列操���:
JavaScript 通訊
如要讓 WebView 中的 JavaScript 和原生 Android 程式碼互相通訊,您需要在兩個環境之間傳送訊息及處理要求。這可以藉由在 WebView 中插入自訂 JavaScript 程式碼來執行。這樣一來,您就可以修改網頁內容的行為,並與原生 Android 程式碼互動。
JavaScript 插入
下列 JavaScript 程式碼會在 WebView 和 Android 應用程式之間建立通訊。這段程式碼會覆寫 navigator.credentials.create()
和 navigator.credentials.get()
方法,前文描述的註冊和驗證流程就是由 WebAuthn API 使用這兩個方法。
請在應用程式中使用此 JavaScript 程式碼的壓縮版本。
建立密碼金鑰的事件監聽器
設定 PasskeyWebListener
類別,用於處理與 JavaScript 的通訊。這個類別應繼承自 WebViewCompat.WebMessageListener
,會接收來自 JavaScript 的訊息,並在 Android 應用程式中執行必要動作。
Kotlin
// The class talking to Javascript should inherit:
class PasskeyWebListener(
private val activity: Activity,
private val coroutineScope: CoroutineScope,
private val credentialManagerHandler: CredentialManagerHandler
) : WebViewCompat.WebMessageListener
// ... Implementation details
Java
// The class talking to Javascript should inherit:
class PasskeyWebListener implements WebViewCompat.WebMessageListener {
// Implementation details
private Activity activity;
// Handles get/create methods meant for Java:
private CredentialManagerHandler credentialManagerHandler;
public PasskeyWebListener(
Activity activity,
CredentialManagerHandler credentialManagerHandler
) {
this.activity = activity;
this.credentialManagerHandler = credentialManagerHandler;
}
// ... Implementation details
}
在 PasskeyWebListener
中實作要求和回應的邏輯,如以下各節所述。
處理驗證要求
如要處理 WebAuthn navigator.credentials.create()
或 navigator.credentials.get()
作業的要求,請在 JavaScript 程式碼傳送訊息至 Android 應用程式時,呼叫 PasskeyWebListener
類別的 onPostMessage
方法:
Kotlin
class PasskeyWebListener(...)... {
// ...
/** havePendingRequest is true if there is an outstanding WebAuthn request.
There is only ever one request outstanding at a time. */
private var havePendingRequest = false
/** pendingRequestIsDoomed is true if the WebView has navigated since
starting a request. The FIDO module cannot be canceled, but the response
will never be delivered in this case. */
private var pendingRequestIsDoomed = false
/** replyChannel is the port that the page is listening for a response on.
It is valid if havePendingRequest is true. */
private var replyChannel: ReplyChannel? = null
/**
* Called by the page during a WebAuthn request.
*
* @param view Creates the WebView.
* @param message The message sent from the client using injected JavaScript.
* @param sourceOrigin The origin of the HTTPS request. Should not be null.
* @param isMainFrame Should be set to true. Embedded frames are not
supported.
* @param replyProxy Passed in by JavaScript. Allows replying when wrapped in
the Channel.
* @return The message response.
*/
@UiThread
override fun onPostMessage(
view: WebView,
message: WebMessageCompat,
sourceOrigin: Uri,
isMainFrame: Boolean,
replyProxy: JavaScriptReplyProxy,
) {
val messageData = message.data ?: return
onRequest(
messageData,
sourceOrigin,
isMainFrame,
JavaScriptReplyChannel(replyProxy)
)
}
private fun onRequest(
msg: String,
sourceOrigin: Uri,
isMainFrame: Boolean,
reply: ReplyChannel,
) {
msg?.let {
val jsonObj = JSONObject(msg);
val type = jsonObj.getString(TYPE_KEY)
val message = jsonObj.getString(REQUEST_KEY)
if (havePendingRequest) {
postErrorMessage(reply, "The request already in progress", type)
return
}
replyChannel = reply
if (!isMainFrame) {
reportFailure("Requests from subframes are not supported", type)
return
}
val originScheme = sourceOrigin.scheme
if (originScheme == null || originScheme.lowercase() != "https") {
reportFailure("WebAuthn not permitted for current URL", type)
return
}
// Verify that origin belongs to your website,
// it's because the unknown origin may gain credential info.
if (isUnknownOrigin(originScheme)) {
return
}
havePendingRequest = true
pendingRequestIsDoomed = false
// Use a temporary "replyCurrent" variable to send the data back, while
// resetting the main "replyChannel" variable to null so it’s ready for
// the next request.
val replyCurrent = replyChannel
if (replyCurrent == null) {
Log.i(TAG, "The reply channel was null, cannot continue")
return;
}
when (type) {
CREATE_UNIQUE_KEY ->
this.coroutineScope.launch {
handleCreateFlow(credentialManagerHandler, message, replyCurrent)
}
GET_UNIQUE_KEY -> this.coroutineScope.launch {
handleGetFlow(credentialManagerHandler, message, replyCurrent)
}
else -> Log.i(TAG, "Incorrect request json")
}
}
}
private suspend fun handleCreateFlow(
credentialManagerHandler: CredentialManagerHandler,
message: String,
reply: ReplyChannel,
) {
try {
havePendingRequest = false
pendingRequestIsDoomed = false
val response = credentialManagerHandler.createPasskey(message)
val successArray = ArrayList<Any>();
successArray.add("success");
successArray.add(JSONObject(response.registrationResponseJson));
successArray.add(CREATE_UNIQUE_KEY);
reply.send(JSONArray(successArray).toString())
replyChannel = null // setting initial replyChannel for the next request
} catch (e: CreateCredentialException) {
reportFailure(
"Error: ${e.errorMessage} w type: ${e.type} w obj: $e",
CREATE_UNIQUE_KEY
)
} catch (t: Throwable) {
reportFailure("Error: ${t.message}", CREATE_UNIQUE_KEY)
}
}
companion object {
const val TYPE_KEY = "type"
const val REQUEST_KEY = "request"
const val CREATE_UNIQUE_KEY = "create"
const val GET_UNIQUE_KEY = "get"
}
}
Java
class PasskeyWebListener implements ... {
// ...
/**
* Called by the page during a WebAuthn request.
*
* @param view Creates the WebView.
* @param message The message sent from the client using injected JavaScript.
* @param sourceOrigin The origin of the HTTPS request. Should not be null.
* @param isMainFrame Should be set to true. Embedded frames are not
supported.
* @param replyProxy Passed in by JavaScript. Allows replying when wrapped in
the Channel.
* @return The message response.
*/
@UiThread
public void onPostMessage(
@NonNull WebView view,
@NonNull WebMessageCompat message,
@NonNull Uri sourceOrigin,
Boolean isMainFrame,
@NonNull JavaScriptReplyProxy replyProxy,
) {
if (messageData == null) {
return;
}
onRequest(
messageData,
sourceOrigin,
isMainFrame,
JavaScriptReplyChannel(replyProxy)
)
}
private void onRequest(
String msg,
Uri sourceOrigin,
boolean isMainFrame,
ReplyChannel reply
) {
if (msg != null) {
try {
JSONObject jsonObj = new JSONObject(msg);
String type = jsonObj.getString(TYPE_KEY);
String message = jsonObj.getString(REQUEST_KEY);
boolean isCreate = type.equals(CREATE_UNIQUE_KEY);
boolean isGet = type.equals(GET_UNIQUE_KEY);
if (havePendingRequest) {
postErrorMessage(reply, "The request already in progress", type);
return;
}
replyChannel = reply;
if (!isMainFrame) {
reportFailure("Requests from subframes are not supported", type);
return;
}
String originScheme = sourceOrigin.getScheme();
if (originScheme == null || !originScheme.toLowerCase().equals("https")) {
reportFailure("WebAuthn not permitted for current URL", type);
return;
}
// Verify that origin belongs to your website,
// Requests of unknown origin may gain access to credential info.
if (isUnknownOrigin(originScheme)) {
return;
}
havePendingRequest = true;
pendingRequestIsDoomed = false;
// Use a temporary "replyCurrent" variable to send the data back,
// while resetting the main "replyChannel" variable to null so it’s
// ready for the next request.
ReplyChannel replyCurrent = replyChannel;
if (replyCurrent == null) {
Log.i(TAG, "The reply channel was null, cannot continue");
return;
}
if (isCreate) {
handleCreateFlow(credentialManagerHandler, message, replyCurrent));
} else if (isGet) {
handleGetFlow(credentialManagerHandler, message, replyCurrent));
} else {
Log.i(TAG, "Incorrect request json");
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
如要瞭解 handleCreateFlow
和 handleGetFlow
,請參閱 GitHub 上的範例。
處理回應
如要處理從原生應用程式傳送至網頁的回應,請在 JavaScriptReplyChannel
內新增 JavaScriptReplyProxy
。
Kotlin
class PasskeyWebListener(...)... {
// ...
// The setup for the reply channel allows communication with JavaScript.
private class JavaScriptReplyChannel(private val reply: JavaScriptReplyProxy) :
ReplyChannel {
override fun send(message: String?) {
try {
reply.postMessage(message!!)
} catch (t: Throwable) {
Log.i(TAG, "Reply failure due to: " + t.message);
}
}
}
// ReplyChannel is the interface where replies to the embedded site are
// sent. This allows for testing since AndroidX bans mocking its objects.
interface ReplyChannel {
fun send(message: String?)
}
}
Java
class PasskeyWebListener implements ... {
// ...
// The setup for the reply channel allows communication with JavaScript.
private static class JavaScriptReplyChannel implements ReplyChannel {
private final JavaScriptReplyProxy reply;
JavaScriptReplyChannel(JavaScriptReplyProxy reply) {
this.reply = reply;
}
@Override
public void send(String message) {
reply.postMessage(message);
}
}
// ReplyChannel is the interface where replies to the embedded site are
// sent. This allows for testing since AndroidX bans mocking its objects.
interface ReplyChannel {
void send(String message);
}
}
請務必從原生應用程式找出所有錯誤並傳回至 JavaScript 端。
與 WebView 整合
本節說明如何設定 WebView 整合程序。
初始化 WebView
在 Android 應用程式的活動中,初始化 WebView
並設定隨附的 WebViewClient
。WebViewClient
會處理與插入至 WebView
的 JavaScript 程式碼之間的通訊。
設定 WebView 並呼叫 Credential Manager:
Kotlin
val credentialManagerHandler = CredentialManagerHandler(this)
// ...
AndroidView(factory = {
WebView(it).apply {
settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
// Test URL:
val url = "https://credman-web-test.glitch.me/"
val listenerSupported = WebViewFeature.isFeatureSupported(
WebViewFeature.WEB_MESSAGE_LISTENER
)
if (listenerSupported) {
// Inject local JavaScript that calls Credential Manager.
hookWebAuthnWithListener(this, this@MainActivity,
coroutineScope, credentialManagerHandler)
} else {
// Fallback routine for unsupported API levels.
}
loadUrl(url)
}
}
)
Java
// Example shown in the onCreate method of an Activity
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
WebView webView = findViewById(R.id.web_view);
// Test URL:
String url = "https://credman-web-test.glitch.me/";
Boolean listenerSupported = WebViewFeature.isFeatureSupported(
WebViewFeature.WEB_MESSAGE_LISTENER
);
if (listenerSupported) {
// Inject local JavaScript that calls Credential Manager.
hookWebAuthnWithListener(webView, this,
coroutineScope, credentialManagerHandler)
} else {
// Fallback routine for unsupported API levels.
}
webView.loadUrl(url);
}
建立新的 WebView 用戶端物件,並將 JavaScript 插入至網頁:
Kotlin
// This is an example call into hookWebAuthnWithListener
val passkeyWebListener = PasskeyWebListener(
activity, coroutineScope, credentialManagerHandler
)
val webViewClient = object : WebViewClient() {
override fun onPageStarted(view: WebView?, url: String?, favicon: Bitmap?) {
super.onPageStarted(view, url, favicon)
// Handle page load events
passkeyWebListener.onPageStarted();
webView.evaluateJavascript(PasskeyWebListener.INJECTED_VAL, null)
}
}
webView.webViewClient = webViewClient
Java
// This is an example call into hookWebAuthnWithListener
PasskeyWebListener passkeyWebListener = new PasskeyWebListener(
activity, credentialManagerHandler
)
WebViewClient webiewClient = new WebViewClient() {
@Override
public void onPageStarted(WebView view, String url, Bitmap favicon) {
super.onPageStarted(view, url, favicon);
// Handle page load events
passkeyWebListener.onPageStarted();
webView.evaulateJavascript(PasskeyWebListener.INJECTED_VAL, null);
}
};
webView.setWebViewClient(webViewClient);
設定網路訊息事件監聽器
如要在 JavaScript 和 Android 應用程式之間發布訊息,請使用 WebViewCompat.addWebMessageListener
方法設定網路訊息事件監聽器。
Kotlin
val rules = setOf("*")
if (WebViewFeature.isFeatureSupported(WebViewFeature.WEB_MESSAGE_LISTENER)) {
WebViewCompat.addWebMessageListener(
webView, PasskeyWebListener.INTERFACE_NAME, rules, passkeyWebListener
)
}
Java
Set<String> rules = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("*"));
if (WebViewFeature.isFeatureSupported(WebViewFeature.WEB_MESSAGE_LISTENER)) {
WebViewCompat.addWebMessageListener(
webView, PasskeyWebListener.INTERFACE_NAME, rules, passkeyWebListener
)
}
網路整合
如要瞭解如何建構網路整合程序,請參閱「為無密碼登入建立密碼金鑰」和「透過表單自動填入功能使用密碼金鑰登入」。
測試與部署
在受監控的環境中完整測試整個流程,確保 Android 應用程式、網頁和後端之間能夠順利通訊。
將整合後的解決方案部署至實際工作環境,確保後端可處理傳入的註冊和驗證要求。後端程式碼應產生註冊 (create) 和驗證 (get) 程序的初始 JSON,並處理從網頁接收的回應驗證作業。
確認實作方式是否與使用者體驗建議相符。
重要注意事項
- 使用提供的 JavaScript 程式碼處理
navigator.credentials.create()
和navigator.credentials.get()
作業。 PasskeyWebListener
類別是 Android 應用程式和 WebView 中 JavaScript 程式碼之間的橋樑。這個類別可處理訊息傳遞、通訊,以及執行必要動作。- 根據專案結構、命名慣例以及任何可能的特定需求,調整提供的程式碼片段。
- 找出原生應用程式端的錯誤並傳回至 JavaScript 端。
按照本指南的說明,將 Credential Manager API 整合至使用 WebView 的 Android 應用程式,就能為使用者提供安全順暢且支援密碼金鑰的登入體驗,同時有效管理使用者憑證。