null¶

Field.null¶

If True, Django will store empty values as NULL in the database. Default is False.

Avoid using null on string-based fields such as CharField and TextField. If a string-based field has null=True, that means it has two possible values for “no data”: NULL, and the empty string. In most cases, it’s redundant to have two possible values for “no data;” the Django convention is to use the empty string, not NULL. One exception is when a CharField has both unique=True and blank=True set. In this situation, null=True is required to avoid unique constraint violations when saving multiple objects with blank values.

For both string-based and non-string-based fields, you will also need to set blank=True if you wish to permit empty values in forms, as the null parameter only affects database storage (see blank).

blank¶

Field.blank¶

If True, the field is allowed to be blank. Default is False.

Note that this is different than null. null is purely database-related, whereas blank is validation-related. If a field has blank=True, form validation will allow entry of an empty value. If a field has blank=False, the field will be required.

choices¶

Field.choices¶

A mapping or iterable in the format described below to use as choices for this field. If choices are given, they’re enforced by model validation and the default form widget will be a select box with these choices instead of the standard text field.

If a mapping is given, the key element is the actual value to be set on the model, and the second element is the human readable name. For example:

YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = {
    "FR": "Freshman",
    "SO": "Sophomore",
    "JR": "Junior",
    "SR": "Senior",
    "GR": "Graduate",
}

You can also pass a sequence consisting itself of iterables of exactly two items (e.g. [(A1, B1), (A2, B2), …]). The first element in each tuple is the actual value to be set on the model, and the second element is the human-readable name. For example:

YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
    ("FR", "Freshman"),
    ("SO", "Sophomore"),
    ("JR", "Junior"),
    ("SR", "Senior"),
    ("GR", "Graduate"),
]

choices can also be defined as a callable that expects no arguments and returns any of the formats described above. For example:

def get_currencies():
    return {i: i for i in settings.CURRENCIES}


class Expense(models.Model):
    amount = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
    currency = models.CharField(max_length=3, choices=get_currencies)

Passing a callable for choices can be particularly handy when, for example, the choices are:

• the result of I/O-bound operations (which could potentially be cached), such as querying a table in the same or an external database, or accessing the choices from a static file.
• a list that is mostly stable but could vary from time to time or from project to project. Examples in this category are using third-party apps that provide a well-known inventory of values, such as currencies, countries, languages, time zones, etc.

Generally, it’s best to define choices inside a model class, and to define a suitably-named constant for each value:

from django.db import models


class Student(models.Model):
    FRESHMAN = "FR"
    SOPHOMORE = "SO"
    JUNIOR = "JR"
    SENIOR = "SR"
    GRADUATE = "GR"
    YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = {
        FRESHMAN: "Freshman",
        SOPHOMORE: "Sophomore",
        JUNIOR: "Junior",
        SENIOR: "Senior",
        GRADUATE: "Graduate",
    }
    year_in_school = models.CharField(
        max_length=2,
        choices=YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES,
        default=FRESHMAN,
    )

    def is_upperclass(self):
        return self.year_in_school in {self.JUNIOR, self.SENIOR}

Though you can define a choices list outside of a model class and then refer to it, defining the choices and names for each choice inside the model class keeps all of that information with the class that uses it, and helps reference the choices (e.g, Student.SOPHOMORE will work anywhere that the Student model has been imported).

You can also collect your available choices into named groups that can be used for organizational purposes:

MEDIA_CHOICES = {
    "Audio": {
        "vinyl": "Vinyl",
        "cd": "CD",
    },
    "Video": {
        "vhs": "VHS Tape",
        "dvd": "DVD",
    },
    "unknown": "Unknown",
}

The key of the mapping is the name to apply to the group and the value is the choices inside that group, consisting of the field value and a human-readable name for an option. Grouped options may be combined with ungrouped options within a single mapping (such as the "unknown" option in this example).

You can also use a sequence, e.g. a list of 2-tuples:

MEDIA_CHOICES = [
    (
        "Audio",
        (
            ("vinyl", "Vinyl"),
            ("cd", "CD"),
        ),
    ),
    (
        "Video",
        (
            ("vhs", "VHS Tape"),
            ("dvd", "DVD"),
        ),
    ),
    ("unknown", "Unknown"),
]

Note that choices can be any sequence object – not necessarily a list or tuple. This lets you construct choices dynamically. But if you find yourself hacking choices to be dynamic, you’re probably better off using a proper database table with a ForeignKey. choices is meant for static data that doesn’t change much, if ever.

For each model field that has choices set, Django will normalize the choices to a list of 2-tuples and add a method to retrieve the human-readable name for the field’s current value. See get_FOO_display() in the database API documentation.

Unless blank=False is set on the field along with a default then a label containing "---------" will be rendered with the select box. To override this behavior, add a tuple to choices containing None; e.g. (None, 'Your String For Display'). Alternatively, you can use an empty string instead of None where this makes sense - such as on a CharField.

from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _


class Student(models.Model):
    class YearInSchool(models.TextChoices):
        FRESHMAN = "FR", _("Freshman")
        SOPHOMORE = "SO", _("Sophomore")
        JUNIOR = "JR", _("Junior")
        SENIOR = "SR", _("Senior")
        GRADUATE = "GR", _("Graduate")

    year_in_school = models.CharField(
        max_length=2,
        choices=YearInSchool,
        default=YearInSchool.FRESHMAN,
    )

    def is_upperclass(self):
        return self.year_in_school in {
            self.YearInSchool.JUNIOR,
            self.YearInSchool.SENIOR,
        }

>>> class Vehicle(models.TextChoices):
...     CAR = "C"
...     TRUCK = "T"
...     JET_SKI = "J"
...
>>> Vehicle.JET_SKI.label
'Jet Ski'

class Card(models.Model):
    class Suit(models.IntegerChoices):
        DIAMOND = 1
        SPADE = 2
        HEART = 3
        CLUB = 4

    suit = models.IntegerField(choices=Suit)

>>> MedalType = models.TextChoices("MedalType", "GOLD SILVER BRONZE")
>>> MedalType.choices
[('GOLD', 'Gold'), ('SILVER', 'Silver'), ('BRONZE', 'Bronze')]
>>> Place = models.IntegerChoices("Place", "FIRST SECOND THIRD")
>>> Place.choices
[(1, 'First'), (2, 'Second'), (3, 'Third')]

class MoonLandings(datetime.date, models.Choices):
    APOLLO_11 = 1969, 7, 20, "Apollo 11 (Eagle)"
    APOLLO_12 = 1969, 11, 19, "Apollo 12 (Intrepid)"
    APOLLO_14 = 1971, 2, 5, "Apollo 14 (Antares)"
    APOLLO_15 = 1971, 7, 30, "Apollo 15 (Falcon)"
    APOLLO_16 = 1972, 4, 21, "Apollo 16 (Orion)"
    APOLLO_17 = 1972, 12, 11, "Apollo 17 (Challenger)"

db_column¶

Field.db_column¶

The name of the database column to use for this field. If this isn’t given, Django will use the field’s name.

If your database column name is an SQL reserved word, or contains characters that aren’t allowed in Python variable names – notably, the hyphen – that’s OK. Django quotes column and table names behind the scenes.

db_comment¶

Field.db_comment¶

The comment on the database column to use for this field. It is useful for documenting fields for individuals with direct database access who may not be looking at your Django code. For example:

pub_date = models.DateTimeField(
    db_comment="Date and time when the article was published",
)

db_default¶

Field.db_default¶

The database-computed default value for this field. This can be a literal value or a database function, such as Now:

created = models.DateTimeField(db_default=Now())

More complex expressions can be used, as long as they are made from literals and database functions:

month_due = models.DateField(
    db_default=TruncMonth(
        Now() + timedelta(days=90),
        output_field=models.DateField(),
    )
)

Database defaults cannot reference other fields or models. For example, this is invalid:

end = models.IntegerField(db_default=F("start") + 50)

If both db_default and Field.default are set, default will take precedence when creating instances in Python code. db_default will still be set at the database level and will be used when inserting rows outside of the ORM or when adding a new field in a migration.

db_index¶

Field.db_index¶

If True, a database index will be created for this field.

db_tablespace¶

Field.db_tablespace¶

The name of the database tablespace to use for this field’s index, if this field is indexed. The default is the project’s DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE setting, if set, or the db_tablespace of the model, if any. If the backend doesn’t support tablespaces for indexes, this option is ignored.

default¶

Field.default¶

The default value for the field. This can be a value or a callable object. If callable it will be called every time a new object is created.

The default can’t be a mutable object (model instance, list, set, etc.), as a reference to the same instance of that object would be used as the default value in all new model instances. Instead, wrap the desired default in a callable. For example, if you want to specify a default dict for JSONField, use a function:

def contact_default():
    return {"email": "to1@example.com"}


contact_info = JSONField("ContactInfo", default=contact_default)

lambdas can’t be used for field options like default because they can’t be serialized by migrations. See that documentation for other caveats.

For fields like ForeignKey that map to model instances, defaults should be the value of the field they reference (pk unless to_field is set) instead of model instances.

The default value is used when new model instances are created and a value isn’t provided for the field. When the field is a primary key, the default is also used when the field is set to None.

The default value can also be set at the database level with Field.db_default.

editable¶

Field.editable¶

If False, the field will not be displayed in the admin or any other ModelForm. They are also skipped during model validation. Default is True.

error_messages¶

Field.error_messages¶

The error_messages argument lets you override the default messages that the field will raise. Pass in a dictionary with keys matching the error messages you want to override.

Error message keys include null, blank, invalid, invalid_choice, unique, and unique_for_date. Additional error message keys are specified for each field in the Field types section below.

These error messages often don’t propagate to forms. See Considerations regarding model’s error_messages.

help_text¶

Field.help_text¶

Extra “help” text to be displayed with the form widget. It’s useful for documentation even if your field isn’t used on a form.

Note that this value is not HTML-escaped in automatically-generated forms. This lets you include HTML in help_text if you so desire. For example:

help_text = "Please use the following format: <em>YYYY-MM-DD</em>."

Alternatively you can use plain text and django.utils.html.escape() to escape any HTML special characters. Ensure that you escape any help text that may come from untrusted users to avoid a cross-site scripting attack.

primary_key¶

Field.primary_key¶

If True, this field is the primary key for the model.

If you don’t specify primary_key=True for any field in your model, Django will automatically add a field to hold the primary key, so you don’t need to set primary_key=True on any of your fields unless you want to override the default primary-key behavior. The type of auto-created primary key fields can be specified per app in AppConfig.default_auto_field or globally in the DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD setting. For more, see Automatic primary key fields.

primary_key=True implies null=False and unique=True. Only one primary key is allowed on an object.

The primary key field is read-only. If you change the value of the primary key on an existing object and then save it, a new object will be created alongside the old one.

The primary key field is set to None when deleting an object.

unique¶

Field.unique¶

If True, this field must be unique throughout the table.

This is enforced at the database level and by model validation. If you try to save a model with a duplicate value in a unique field, a django.db.IntegrityError will be raised by the model’s save() method.

This option is valid on all field types except ManyToManyField and OneToOneField.

Note that when unique is True, you don’t need to specify db_index, because unique implies the creation of an index.

unique_for_date¶

Field.unique_for_date¶

Set this to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField to require that this field be unique for the value of the date field.

For example, if you have a field title that has unique_for_date="pub_date", then Django wouldn’t allow the entry of two records with the same title and pub_date.

Note that if you set this to point to a DateTimeField, only the date portion of the field will be considered. Besides, when USE_TZ is True, the check will be performed in the current time zone at the time the object gets saved.

This is enforced by Model.validate_unique() during model validation but not at the database level. If any unique_for_date constraint involves fields that are not part of a ModelForm (for example, if one of the fields is listed in exclude or has editable=False), Model.validate_unique() will skip validation for that particular constraint.

unique_for_month¶

Field.unique_for_month¶

Like unique_for_date, but requires the field to be unique with respect to the month.

unique_for_year¶

Field.unique_for_year¶

Like unique_for_date and unique_for_month.

verbose_name¶

Field.verbose_name¶

A human-readable name for the field. If the verbose name isn’t given, Django will automatically create it using the field’s attribute name, converting underscores to spaces. See Verbose field names.

validators¶

Field.validators¶

A list of validators to run for this field. See the validators documentation for more information.

AutoField¶

class AutoField(**options)¶

An IntegerField that automatically increments according to available IDs. You usually won’t need to use this directly; a primary key field will automatically be added to your model if you don’t specify otherwise. See Automatic primary key fields.

BigAutoField¶

class BigAutoField(**options)¶

A 64-bit integer, much like an AutoField except that it is guaranteed to fit numbers from 1 to 9223372036854775807.

BigIntegerField¶

class BigIntegerField(**options)¶

A 64-bit integer, much like an IntegerField except that it is guaranteed to fit numbers from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. The default form widget for this field is a NumberInput.

BinaryField¶

class BinaryField(max_length=None, **options)¶

A field to store raw binary data. It can be assigned bytes, bytearray, or memoryview.

By default, BinaryField sets editable to False, in which case it can’t be included in a ModelForm.

BinaryField.max_length¶

Optional. The maximum length (in bytes) of the field. The maximum length is enforced in Django’s validation using MaxLengthValidator.

BooleanField¶

class BooleanField(**options)¶

A true/false field.

The default form widget for this field is CheckboxInput, or NullBooleanSelect if null=True.

The default value of BooleanField is None when Field.default isn’t defined.

CharField¶

class CharField(max_length=None, **options)¶

A string field, for small- to large-sized strings.

For large amounts of text, use TextField.

The default form widget for this field is a TextInput.

CharField has the following extra arguments:

CharField.max_length¶

The maximum length (in characters) of the field. The max_length is enforced at the database level and in Django’s validation using MaxLengthValidator. It’s required for all database backends included with Django except PostgreSQL, which supports unlimited VARCHAR columns.

Note

If you are writing an application that must be portable to multiple database backends, you should be aware that there are restrictions on max_length for some backends. Refer to the database backend notes for details.

Changed in Django 4.2:

Support for unlimited VARCHAR columns was added on PostgreSQL.

CharField.db_collation¶

Optional. The database collation name of the field.

Note

Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be portable across multiple database backends.

Oracle

Oracle supports collations only when the MAX_STRING_SIZE database initialization parameter is set to EXTENDED.

DateField¶

class DateField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)¶

A date, represented in Python by a datetime.date instance. Has a few extra, optional arguments:

DateField.auto_now¶

Automatically set the field to now every time the object is saved. Useful for “last-modified” timestamps. Note that the current date is always used; it’s not just a default value that you can override.

The field is only automatically updated when calling Model.save(). The field isn’t updated when making updates to other fields in other ways such as QuerySet.update(), though you can specify a custom value for the field in an update like that.

DateField.auto_now_add¶

Automatically set the field to now when the object is first created. Useful for creation of timestamps. Note that the current date is always used; it’s not just a default value that you can override. So even if you set a value for this field when creating the object, it will be ignored. If you want to be able to modify this field, set the following instead of auto_now_add=True:

• For DateField: default=date.today - from datetime.date.today()
• For DateTimeField: default=timezone.now - from django.utils.timezone.now()

The default form widget for this field is a DateInput. The admin adds a JavaScript calendar, and a shortcut for “Today”. Includes an additional invalid_date error message key.

The options auto_now_add, auto_now, and default are mutually exclusive. Any combination of these options will result in an error.

DateTimeField¶

class DateTimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)¶

A date and time, represented in Python by a datetime.datetime instance. Takes the same extra arguments as DateField.

The default form widget for this field is a single DateTimeInput. The admin uses two separate TextInput widgets with JavaScript shortcuts.

DecimalField¶

class DecimalField(max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, **options)¶

A fixed-precision decimal number, represented in Python by a Decimal instance. It validates the input using DecimalValidator.

Has the following required arguments:

DecimalField.max_digits¶

The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. Note that this number must be greater than or equal to decimal_places.

DecimalField.decimal_places¶

The number of decimal places to store with the number.

For example, to store numbers up to 999.99 with a resolution of 2 decimal places, you’d use:

models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)

And to store numbers up to approximately one billion with a resolution of 10 decimal places:

models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)

The default form widget for this field is a NumberInput when localize is False or TextInput otherwise.

DurationField¶

class DurationField(**options)¶

A field for storing periods of time - modeled in Python by timedelta. When used on PostgreSQL, the data type used is an interval and on Oracle the data type is INTERVAL DAY(9) TO SECOND(6). Otherwise a bigint of microseconds is used.

EmailField¶

class EmailField(max_length=254, **options)¶

A CharField that checks that the value is a valid email address using EmailValidator.

FileField¶

class FileField(upload_to='', storage=None, max_length=100, **options)¶

A file-upload field.

Has the following optional arguments:

FileField.upload_to¶

This attribute provides a way of setting the upload directory and file name, and can be set in two ways. In both cases, the value is passed to the Storage.save() method.

If you specify a string value or a Path, it may contain strftime() formatting, which will be replaced by the date/time of the file upload (so that uploaded files don’t fill up the given directory). For example:

class MyModel(models.Model):
    # file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads
    upload = models.FileField(upload_to="uploads/")
    # or...
    # file will be saved to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads/2015/01/30
    upload = models.FileField(upload_to="uploads/%Y/%m/%d/")

If you are using the default FileSystemStorage, the string value will be appended to your MEDIA_ROOT path to form the location on the local filesystem where uploaded files will be stored. If you are using a different storage, check that storage’s documentation to see how it handles upload_to.

upload_to may also be a callable, such as a function. This will be called to obtain the upload path, including the filename. This callable must accept two arguments and return a Unix-style path (with forward slashes) to be passed along to the storage system. The two arguments are:

Argument	Description
instance	An instance of the model where the FileField is defined. More specifically, this is the particular instance where the current file is being attached. In most cases, this object will not have been saved to the database yet, so if it uses the default AutoField, it might not yet have a value for its primary key field.
filename	The filename that was originally given to the file. This may or may not be taken into account when determining the final destination path.

For example:

def user_directory_path(instance, filename):
    # file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/user_<id>/<filename>
    return "user_{0}/{1}".format(instance.user.id, filename)


class MyModel(models.Model):
    upload = models.FileField(upload_to=user_directory_path)

FileField.storage¶

A storage object, or a callable which returns a storage object. This handles the storage and retrieval of your files. See Managing files for details on how to provide this object.

The default form widget for this field is a ClearableFileInput.

Using a FileField or an ImageField (see below) in a model takes a few steps:

1. In your settings file, you’ll need to define MEDIA_ROOT as the full path to a directory where you’d like Django to store uploaded files. (For performance, these files are not stored in the database.) Define MEDIA_URL as the base public URL of that directory. Make sure that this directory is writable by the web server’s user account.
2. Add the FileField or ImageField to your model, defining the upload_to option to specify a subdirectory of MEDIA_ROOT to use for uploaded files.
3. All that will be stored in your database is a path to the file (relative to MEDIA_ROOT). You’ll most likely want to use the convenience url attribute provided by Django. For example, if your ImageField is called mug_shot, you can get the absolute path to your image in a template with {{ object.mug_shot.url }}.

For example, say your MEDIA_ROOT is set to '/home/media', and upload_to is set to 'photos/%Y/%m/%d'. The '%Y/%m/%d' part of upload_to is strftime() formatting; '%Y' is the four-digit year, '%m' is the two-digit month and '%d' is the two-digit day. If you upload a file on Jan. 15, 2007, it will be saved in the directory /home/media/photos/2007/01/15.

If you wanted to retrieve the uploaded file’s on-disk filename, or the file’s size, you could use the name and size attributes respectively; for more information on the available attributes and methods, see the File class reference and the Managing files topic guide.

The uploaded file’s relative URL can be obtained using the url attribute. Internally, this calls the url() method of the underlying Storage class.

Note that whenever you deal with uploaded files, you should pay close attention to where you’re uploading them and what type of files they are, to avoid security holes. Validate all uploaded files so that you’re sure the files are what you think they are. For example, if you blindly let somebody upload files, without validation, to a directory that’s within your web server’s document root, then somebody could upload a CGI or PHP script and execute that script by visiting its URL on your site. Don’t allow that.

Also note that even an uploaded HTML file, since it can be executed by the browser (though not by the server), can pose security threats that are equivalent to XSS or CSRF attacks.

FileField instances are created in your database as varchar columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you can change the maximum length using the max_length argument.

from django.core.files import File

# Open an existing file using Python's built-in open()
f = open("/path/to/hello.world")
myfile = File(f)

from django.core.files.base import ContentFile

myfile = ContentFile("hello world")

FilePathField¶

class FilePathField(path='', match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, max_length=100, **options)¶

A CharField whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain directory on the filesystem. Has some special arguments, of which the first is required:

FilePathField.path¶

Required. The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this FilePathField should get its choices. Example: "/home/images".

path may also be a callable, such as a function to dynamically set the path at runtime. Example:

import os
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models


def images_path():
    return os.path.join(settings.LOCAL_FILE_DIR, "images")


class MyModel(models.Model):
    file = models.FilePathField(path=images_path)

FilePathField.match¶

Optional. A regular expression, as a string, that FilePathField will use to filter filenames. Note that the regex will be applied to the base filename, not the full path. Example: "foo.*\.txt$", which will match a file called foo23.txt but not bar.txt or foo23.png.

FilePathField.recursive¶

Optional. Either True or False. Default is False. Specifies whether all subdirectories of path should be included

FilePathField.allow_files¶

Optional. Either True or False. Default is True. Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Either this or allow_folders must be True.

FilePathField.allow_folders¶

Optional. Either True or False. Default is False. Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. Either this or allow_files must be True.

The one potential gotcha is that match applies to the base filename, not the full path. So, this example:

FilePathField(path="/home/images", match="foo.*", recursive=True)

…will match /home/images/foo.png but not /home/images/foo/bar.png because the match applies to the base filename (foo.png and bar.png).

FilePathField instances are created in your database as varchar columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you can change the maximum length using the max_length argument.

FloatField¶

class FloatField(**options)¶

A floating-point number represented in Python by a float instance.

The default form widget for this field is a NumberInput when localize is False or TextInput otherwise.

GeneratedField¶

class GeneratedField(expression, output_field, db_persist=None, **kwargs)¶

A field that is always computed based on other fields in the model. This field is managed and updated by the database itself. Uses the GENERATED ALWAYS SQL syntax.

There are two kinds of generated columns: stored and virtual. A stored generated column is computed when it is written (inserted or updated) and occupies storage as if it were a regular column. A virtual generated column occupies no storage and is computed when it is read. Thus, a virtual generated column is similar to a view and a stored generated column is similar to a materialized view.

GeneratedField.expression¶

An Expression used by the database to automatically set the field value each time the model is changed.

The expressions should be deterministic and only reference fields within the model (in the same database table). Generated fields cannot reference other generated fields. Database backends can impose further restrictions.

GeneratedField.output_field¶

A model field instance to define the field’s data type.

GeneratedField.db_persist¶

Determines if the database column should occupy storage as if it were a real column. If False, the column acts as a virtual column and does not occupy database storage space.

PostgreSQL only supports persisted columns. Oracle only supports virtual columns.

GenericIPAddressField¶

class GenericIPAddressField(protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **options)¶

An IPv4 or IPv6 address, in string format (e.g. 192.0.2.30 or 2a02:42fe::4). The default form widget for this field is a TextInput.

The IPv6 address normalization follows RFC 4291#section-2.2 section 2.2, including using the IPv4 format suggested in paragraph 3 of that section, like ::ffff:192.0.2.0. For example, 2001:0::0:01 would be normalized to 2001::1, and ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a to ::ffff:10.10.10.10. All characters are converted to lowercase.

GenericIPAddressField.protocol¶

Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol. Accepted values are 'both' (default), 'IPv4' or 'IPv6'. Matching is case insensitive.

GenericIPAddressField.unpack_ipv4¶

Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ::ffff:192.0.2.1. If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to 192.0.2.1. Default is disabled. Can only be used when protocol is set to 'both'.

If you allow for blank values, you have to allow for null values since blank values are stored as null.

ImageField¶

class ImageField(upload_to=None, height_field=None, width_field=None, max_length=100, **options)¶

Inherits all attributes and methods from FileField, but also validates that the uploaded object is a valid image.

In addition to the special attributes that are available for FileField, an ImageField also has height and width attributes.

To facilitate querying on those attributes, ImageField has the following optional arguments:

ImageField.height_field¶

Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the height of the image each time the model instance is saved.

ImageField.width_field¶

Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the width of the image each time the model instance is saved.

Requires the Pillow library.

ImageField instances are created in your database as varchar columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you can change the maximum length using the max_length argument.

The default form widget for this field is a ClearableFileInput.

IntegerField¶

class IntegerField(**options)¶

An integer. Values from -2147483648 to 2147483647 are safe in all databases supported by Django.

It uses MinValueValidator and MaxValueValidator to validate the input based on the values that the default database supports.

The default form widget for this field is a NumberInput when localize is False or TextInput otherwise.

JSONField¶

class JSONField(encoder=None, decoder=None, **options)¶

A field for storing JSON encoded data. In Python the data is represented in its Python native format: dictionaries, lists, strings, numbers, booleans and None.

JSONField is supported on MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQLite (with the JSON1 extension enabled).

JSONField.encoder¶

An optional json.JSONEncoder subclass to serialize data types not supported by the standard JSON serializer (e.g. datetime.datetime or UUID). For example, you can use the DjangoJSONEncoder class.

Defaults to json.JSONEncoder.

JSONField.decoder¶

An optional json.JSONDecoder subclass to deserialize the value retrieved from the database. The value will be in the format chosen by the custom encoder (most often a string). Your deserialization may need to account for the fact that you can’t be certain of the input type. For example, you run the risk of returning a datetime that was actually a string that just happened to be in the same format chosen for datetimes.

Defaults to json.JSONDecoder.

To query JSONField in the database, see Querying JSONField.

PositiveBigIntegerField¶

class PositiveBigIntegerField(**options)¶

Like a PositiveIntegerField, but only allows values under a certain (database-dependent) point. Values from 0 to 9223372036854775807 are safe in all databases supported by Django.

PositiveIntegerField¶

class PositiveIntegerField(**options)¶

Like an IntegerField, but must be either positive or zero (0). Values from 0 to 2147483647 are safe in all databases supported by Django. The value 0 is accepted for backward compatibility reasons.

PositiveSmallIntegerField¶

class PositiveSmallIntegerField(**options)¶

Like a PositiveIntegerField, but only allows values under a certain (database-dependent) point. Values from 0 to 32767 are safe in all databases supported by Django.

SlugField¶

class SlugField(max_length=50, **options)¶

Slug is a newspaper term. A slug is a short label for something, containing only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens. They’re generally used in URLs.

Like a CharField, you can specify max_length (read the note about database portability and max_length in that section, too). If max_length is not specified, Django will use a default length of 50.

Implies setting Field.db_index to True.

It is often useful to automatically prepopulate a SlugField based on the value of some other value. You can do this automatically in the admin using prepopulated_fields.

It uses validate_slug or validate_unicode_slug for validation.

SlugField.allow_unicode¶

If True, the field accepts Unicode letters in addition to ASCII letters. Defaults to False.

SmallAutoField¶

class SmallAutoField(**options)¶

Like an AutoField, but only allows values under a certain (database-dependent) limit. Values from 1 to 32767 are safe in all databases supported by Django.

SmallIntegerField¶

class SmallIntegerField(**options)¶

Like an IntegerField, but only allows values under a certain (database-dependent) point. Values from -32768 to 32767 are safe in all databases supported by Django.

TextField¶

class TextField(**options)¶

A large text field. The default form widget for this field is a Textarea.

If you specify a max_length attribute, it will be reflected in the Textarea widget of the auto-generated form field. However it is not enforced at the model or database level. Use a CharField for that.

TextField.db_collation¶

Optional. The database collation name of the field.

Note

Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be portable across multiple database backends.

Oracle

Oracle does not support collations for a TextField.

TimeField¶

class TimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)¶

A time, represented in Python by a datetime.time instance. Accepts the same auto-population options as DateField.

The default form widget for this field is a TimeInput. The admin adds some JavaScript shortcuts.

URLField¶

class URLField(max_length=200, **options)¶

A CharField for a URL, validated by URLValidator.

The default form widget for this field is a URLInput.

Like all CharField subclasses, URLField takes the optional max_length argument. If you don’t specify max_length, a default of 200 is used.

UUIDField¶

class UUIDField(**options)¶

A field for storing universally unique identifiers. Uses Python’s UUID class. When used on PostgreSQL and MariaDB 10.7+, this stores in a uuid datatype, otherwise in a char(32).

Universally unique identifiers are a good alternative to AutoField for primary_key. The database will not generate the UUID for you, so it is recommended to use default:

import uuid
from django.db import models


class MyUUIDModel(models.Model):
    id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
    # other fields

Note that a callable (with the parentheses omitted) is passed to default, not an instance of UUID.

ForeignKey¶

class ForeignKey(to, on_delete, **options)¶

A many-to-one relationship. Requires two positional arguments: the class to which the model is related and the on_delete option.

To create a recursive relationship – an object that has a many-to-one relationship with itself – use models.ForeignKey('self', on_delete=models.CASCADE).

If you need to create a relationship on a model that has not yet been defined, you can use the name of the model, rather than the model object itself:

from django.db import models


class Car(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
        "Manufacturer",
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    )
    # ...


class Manufacturer(models.Model):
    # ...
    pass

Relationships defined this way on abstract models are resolved when the model is subclassed as a concrete model and are not relative to the abstract model’s app_label:

from django.db import models


class AbstractCar(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey("Manufacturer", on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

from django.db import models
from products.models import AbstractCar


class Manufacturer(models.Model):
    pass


class Car(AbstractCar):
    pass


# Car.manufacturer will point to `production.Manufacturer` here.

To refer to models defined in another application, you can explicitly specify a model with the full application label. For example, if the Manufacturer model above is defined in another application called production, you’d need to use:

class Car(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
        "production.Manufacturer",
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    )

This sort of reference, called a lazy relationship, can be useful when resolving circular import dependencies between two applications.

A database index is automatically created on the ForeignKey. You can disable this by setting db_index to False. You may want to avoid the overhead of an index if you are creating a foreign key for consistency rather than joins, or if you will be creating an alternative index like a partial or multiple column index.

ManyToManyField¶

class ManyToManyField(to, **options)¶

A many-to-many relationship. Requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related, which works exactly the same as it does for ForeignKey, including recursive and lazy relationships.

Related objects can be added, removed, or created with the field’s RelatedManager.

OneToOneField¶

class OneToOneField(to, on_delete, parent_link=False, **options)¶

A one-to-one relationship. Conceptually, this is similar to a ForeignKey with unique=True, but the “reverse” side of the relation will directly return a single object.

This is most useful as the primary key of a model which “extends” another model in some way; Multi-table inheritance is implemented by adding an implicit one-to-one relation from the child model to the parent model, for example.

One positional argument is required: the class to which the model will be related. This works exactly the same as it does for ForeignKey, including all the options regarding recursive and lazy relationships.

If you do not specify the related_name argument for the OneToOneField, Django will use the lowercase name of the current model as default value.

With the following example:

from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models


class MySpecialUser(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(
        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    )
    supervisor = models.OneToOneField(
        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name="supervisor_of",
    )

your resulting User model will have the following attributes:

>>> user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> hasattr(user, "myspecialuser")
True
>>> hasattr(user, "supervisor_of")
True

A RelatedObjectDoesNotExist exception is raised when accessing the reverse relationship if an entry in the related table doesn’t exist. This is a subclass of the target model’s Model.DoesNotExist exception and can be accessed as an attribute of the reverse accessor. For example, if a user doesn’t have a supervisor designated by MySpecialUser:

try:
    user.supervisor_of
except User.supervisor_of.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist:
    pass

Additionally, OneToOneField accepts all of the extra arguments accepted by ForeignKey, plus one extra argument:

OneToOneField.parent_link¶

When True and used in a model which inherits from another concrete model, indicates that this field should be used as the link back to the parent class, rather than the extra OneToOneField which would normally be implicitly created by subclassing.

See One-to-one relationships for usage examples of OneToOneField.