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[[Pol Pot]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]] were supported for many years by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and its chairman, [[Mao Zedong]];{{efn|See:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTlMDwAAQBAJ&q=Maha+lout+ploh&pg=PT77 |title=Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot |last=Chandler |first=David P. |year=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-98161-6}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Strangio |first=Sebastian |date=16 May 2012 |title=China's Aid Emboldens Cambodia |url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217133253/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=26 November 2019 |website=[[Yale University]]}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory |title=The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure |date=13 December 2018 |website=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025336/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hood |first=Steven J. |year=1990 |title=Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk? |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=977–991 |doi=10.2307/2644784 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644784}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/chinacambodia/relation.html|title=China-Cambodia Relations |publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]] |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025422/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/chinacambodia/relation.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/cambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past/|title=China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History|last=Levin|first=Dan|date=2015-03-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-26|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520075847/https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/cambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which the Khmer Rouge received came from China, including at least US$1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid in 1975 alone.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq8sAcvg-AgC&q=ben+kiernan+pol+pot+regime+$1+billion+China+1975|title=The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14299-0}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54iUDwAAQBAJ&q=By+mid-september+China+was+prepared+to+extend+to+Cambodia+a+total+of+US$1+billion&pg=PA84|title=ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State|last=Laura|first=Southgate|year=2019|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-5292-0221-2}}</ref> After it seized power in April 1975, the Khmer Rouge wanted to turn the country into an agrarian [[socialist republic]], founded on the policies of ultra-[[Maoism]] and influenced by the [[Cultural Revolution]].{{efn|See:<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":32"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Karl D|title=Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02541-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h27D3EYGwzgC&pg=PA219 219]|year=1989}}</ref><ref>Ervin Staub. ''The roots of evil: the origins of genocide and other group violence.'' [[Cambridge University Press]], 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC&pg=PA202 p. 202]</ref><ref name="autogenerated1983">{{cite book|title=Revolution and its Aftermath|editor=David Chandler & Ben Kiernan|location=New Haven|year=1983 |publisher=Yale University Southeast Asia Studies |isbn=9780938692058}}</ref>}} Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge officials met with Mao in Beijing in June 1975, receiving approval and advice, while high-ranking CCP officials such as [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]] member [[Zhang Chunqiao]] later visited Cambodia to offer help.{{efn|See:<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":32"/><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2016_12_30.pdf|title=2016: 张春桥幽灵|last=Wang|first=Youqin|publisher=The University of Chicago|language=zh|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625142035/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2016_12_30.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}} To fulfill its goals, the Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and
The massacres ended when the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded in 1978]] and toppled the Khmer Rouge regime.{{sfn|Mayersan|2013|p=182}} By January 1979, 1.5 to 2 million people had died due to the Khmer Rouge's policies, including 200,000–300,000 [[Chinese Cambodian]]s, 90,000–500,000{{efn|Estimates may vary according to scholars:<ref name=mit>Ben Kiernan, Wendy Lower, Norman Naimark, Scott Straus et al. ''The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 3. Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020.'' [[Cambridge University Press]], 2023. [https://mitpressbookstore.mit.edu/book/9781108487078]</ref> {{br}} * 90,000 deaths ~ 36% (Kiernan's 1982 estimate). {{br}} * 500,000 to 560,000 deaths ~ 71,4% to 80% of total Cham population ([[Documentation Center of Cambodia|DC-Cam]] and [[UN]] estimates).{{sfn|Kiernan|2003b}}<ref name="Bruckmayr">{{Cite journal |last=Bruckmayr |first=Philipp |date=1 July 2006 |title=The Cham Muslims of Cambodia: From Forgotten Minority to Focal Point of Islamic Internationalism |journal=American Journal of Islam and Society |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.35632/ajis.v23i3.441}}</ref>}} [[Cham people|Cambodian Cham]] (who are mostly [[Muslim]]),<ref name=UoM>{{Cite web |url=https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia|title=Cambodia: Holocaust and Genocide Studies |website=College of Liberal Arts. [[University of Minnesota]] |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106192538/https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/cambodia/the-genocide/ |title=Genocide in Cambodia |website=[[Holocaust Memorial Day Trust]] |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502030939/https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/cambodia/the-genocide/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-in-cambodia-guide/|title=Genocide in Cambodia|website=[[Holocaust Museum Houston]]|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613210822/https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-in-cambodia-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 20,000 [[Vietnamese Cambodians]].<ref name=":8"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Zhifeng |date=25 April 2014 |script-title=zh:华侨忆红色高棉屠杀：有文化的华人必死 |url=http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0425/c372327-24944481.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124074157/http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0425/c372327-24944481.html |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]] |language=zh}}</ref> 20,000 people passed through the [[Security Prison 21]], one of the 196 prisons the Khmer Rouge operated,<ref name="Locard"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/MappingKillingField.htm |title=Mapping the Killing Fields |work=Documentation Center of Cambodia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326190928/http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/MappingKillingField.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=6 June 2018 |quote=Through interviews and physical exploration, DC-Cam identified 19,733 mass burial pits, 196 prisons that operated during the Democratic Kampuchea (DK) period, and 81 memorials constructed by survivors of the DK regime.}}</ref> and only seven adults survived.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq8sAcvg-AgC&q=464 |title=The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79 |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-300-14299-0 |page=464 |quote=Like all but seven of the twenty thousand Tuol Sleng prisoners, she was murdered anyway.}}</ref> The prisoners were taken to the [[Khmer Rouge Killing Fields|Killing Fields]], where they were executed (often with [[pickaxes]], to save bullets)<ref>Landsiedel, Peter, [http://p-eworldtour.com/2017/03/27/the-killing-fields/ "The Killing Fields: Genocide in Cambodia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421173838/https://p-eworldtour.com/2017/03/27/the-killing-fields/|date=21 April 2023}}, ''P&E World Tour'', 27 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2019</ref> and buried in [[mass graves]]. Abduction and indoctrination of children was widespread, and many were persuaded or forced to commit atrocities.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/features/blogs/cambodiablog/blog6_cambodia_southerland-20060720.html |title=Cambodia Diary 6: Child Soldiers – Driven by Fear and Hate |last=Southerland |first=D. |date=20 July 2006 |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105641/https://www.rfa.org/english/features/blogs/cambodiablog/blog6_cambodia_southerland-20060720.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2009, the [[Documentation Center of Cambodia]] has mapped 23,745 mass graves containing approximately 1.3 million suspected victims of execution. Direct execution is believed to account for up to 60% of the genocide's death toll,{{sfn|Seybolt|Aronson|Fischoff|2013|p=238}} with other victims succumbing to starvation, exhaustion, or disease.
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