General elections were held in Burma on 6 February 1960 to install a government to take over from General Ne Win's interim administration, established in October 1958. The military-led administration was credited for bringing stability and improving infrastructure in the country, though it suppressed some civil liberties.[1]
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 250 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 126 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The elections were seen as not so much a contest between the Clean AFPFL of U Nu against the Stable AFPFL of Kyaw Nyein and Ba Swe, but a referendum on the policies of the interim military government between 1958 and 1960.[2] The result was a victory for the Clean AFPFL, which won 157 of the 250 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
The elections set a precedent to other Middle Eastern and South Asian leaders, where the military voluntarily handed over to a civilian government and held free elections.[3] However, only two years after his election victory, U Nu was overthrown in a coup d'état led by General Ne Win on 2 March 1962.
Campaign
editThe Clean AFPFL, led by U Nu, and Stable AFPFL, led by U Kyaw Nyein and U Ba Swe, had been formed after a split in the main AFPFL party in June 1958. Until the military took over in October 1958, U Nu relied on the communists to retain a majority in parliament.[4]
Despite the formation of the two parties, there were no major ideological differences between them and their policies were similar, especially with regards to non-alignment, although the Stable faction favoured industrialisation and the Clean faction spoke more of agricultural development.[5] The Stable faction had given the impression it was favoured by the army, but, after realising the army was not as favoured as first thought, distanced itself.[5] It had also argued it represented stability.[6] Meanwhile, the "Clean" faction warned against the "dangers of fascist dictatorship",[7] and criticised the current leaders for their "drinking and womanising".[8] The communist NUF was severely repressed by the caretaker military government and was therefore outside the two main parties.[9]
The Clean AFPFL chose yellow to campaign, as it was the colour worn by monks, while the Stable AFPFL chose red and the National United Front chose blue.[7]
Conduct
editAn estimated 10,000,000 Burmese were eligible to vote.[10] The military largely stayed away on voting day, although it was present at some ballot boxes. Boxes for the "Clean" faction featured pictures of U Nu which the "Stable" faction and other smaller parties alleged confused the voter into thinking they were voting for Nu personally.[9] Polls closed at 6 pm and a crowd estimated at 20,000 gathered at the Sule Pagoda in the capital Rangoon to hear results as they were posted.[5] The "Clean" faction took all 9 seats in the capital including one they were prepared to concede, while the "Stable" faction had some strength in the countryside.[11]
Media coverage of the event was restricted to print media only and vigorously covered, but was largely ignored by the state-run Burma Broadcasting Service which had not aired opposition coverage since before the AFPFL split.[9]
Results
editVoter turnout was the highest in a Burmese election.[12] U Nu, remarking on his victory, said "I guess people like us".[7]
Chamber of Deputies
edit| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clean AFPFL | 158 | New | |||
| Stable AFPFL | 41 | New | |||
| National United Front | 3 | –45 | |||
| Arakanese National Unity Organisation | 6 | 0 | |||
| Shan State United Hill People's Organisation | 6 | –8 | |||
| Kachin National Congress | 3 | +1 | |||
| Mon National Front | 3 | New | |||
| People's Educational and Cultural Development Organisation | 2 | –2 | |||
| Chin National Organisation | 1 | New | |||
| Kayah National United League | 1 | New | |||
| Kayah Democratic League | 1 | New | |||
| All Nationalist Alliance | 0 | New | |||
| All-Shan State Organisation | 0 | –4 | |||
| Buddhist Democratic Party | 0 | New | |||
| Burma Democratic Party | 0 | 0 | |||
| Burma Nationalist Party | 0 | –1 | |||
| Independents and other parties | 10 | – | |||
| Vacant | 15 | – | |||
| Total | 250 | 0 | |||
| Total votes | 6,000,000 | – | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 10,000,000 | 60.00 | |||
| Source: Butwell & Von der Mehden, Nohlen et al. | |||||
Chamber of Nationalities
edit| Party | Seats | |
|---|---|---|
| Clean AFPFL | 53 | |
| Stable AFPFL | 29 | |
| Minority parties | 43 | |
| Total | 125 | |
| Source: Nohlen et al. | ||
References
edit- ^ Bigelow, Lee S (1960). "The 1960 Elections in Burma". Far Eastern Survey. 29 (5). Institute of Pacific Relations: 70–74. doi:10.2307/3024046. JSTOR 3024046.
- ^ Rotberg, Robert I (1998). Burma: prospects for a democratic future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8157-7581-2.
- ^ Butwell, Richard; von der Mehden, Fred (1960). "The 1960 Election in Burma". Pacific Affairs. 33 (2). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia: 144–157. doi:10.2307/2752941. JSTOR 2752941.
- ^ "General Ne Win bows out". The Glasgow Herald. 10 February 1960.
- ^ a b c Grant, Bruce (8 February 1960). "All Asia is watching Burma's democratic election". The Age.
- ^ Associated Press (9 February 1960). "'Foes' of corruption win easily in Burma election". Herald-Journal.
- ^ a b c Associated Press (10 February 1960). "U Nu victory changes trend". The Spokesman-Review.
- ^ Grant, Bruce (9 February 1960). "Burma states her policy". The Age.
- ^ a b c Butwell, Richard (1960). "The new political outlook in Burma". Far Eastern Survey. 29 (2). Institute of Pacific Relations: 21–27. doi:10.2307/3024460. JSTOR 3024460.
- ^ United Press International (7 February 1960). "Burma voters cast ballots for deputies". St. Petersburg Times.
- ^ Associated Press (9 February 1960). "U Nu 'cleans' bidding for sweep in voting". Daytona Beach Morning Journal.
- ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p603 ISBN 0-19-924958-X