Gain knowledge about your destination. Learn about local customs, including those around appropriate dress, as well as some key phrases in the local language so that you can communicate. Learning about your destination will make you more aware of risks, help you to be better prepared to deal with emergencies that may occur, and will make your trip a lot easier in general. Check the local guides for advice on relevant crime and security risks, and how to avoid or minimise them.

Before you get in to your destination, you should consider the following:

• Travel advisories – Check foreign ministry travel advisories for your destination. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the UK, the Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade^{[dead link]} in Australia and the Bureau of Consular Affairs in the U.S., are excellent sources even if you are not a citizen of those countries.
• Unfamiliar risks – Learn about natural and other unfamiliar risks that may apply. Road safety and quality of medical services may differ between countries, and some places have unfamiliar dangerous or poisonous plants and animals, or well-known hazards due to weather and other events (for example, tornado, tsunami or earthquake warnings). You might also want to check if some signs (such as those road rules or hazard warnings) are different from those you are familiar with. Whilst many safety signs have been harmonised internationally, you may still encounter regional or local variations and some signs with text only. Knowing how to recognise any regional 'civil protection' or 'emergency' signals is also useful.
• Severe weather – Consider whether you're going to arrive during a good season weather-wise. For example, tropical storms can be a danger in various areas (hurricanes in the Caribbean area and southern United States, typhoons in Asia, especially along the coast from Vietnam to Japan) especially in hot weather, and tornadoes, sometimes called "twisters" can pose a danger to travelers in some parts of the world, especially in the United States, most often in spring and summer. If the climate is very different from what you are used to, be sure to know what you need to cope and what severe weather you need to be prepared for.
• War zones – War zones are generally not suitable for tourists. No one should visit a region in this category without seriously considering the risks and how to mitigate them. Tourists can be just as much a target of hostility as any military force. Indeed, tourists could be regarded as a soft target since they do not have the backup of a large organisation.
• Timing your arrival – When arriving at an unfamiliar destination, try to arrive during the day, if possible, rather than trying to find your way around at night. If the journey is long and you can sleep while travelling, arriving in the morning is a good option.
• Local laws – Consider local laws that may have legal repercussions for you. Be aware that things that are legal and ordinary at home may not always be legal abroad. Clothing, young partners (note local age of consent), homosexuality, alcohol, drugs (even drugs sold over the counter at home), self-defense items and criticizing the ruler are examples of possible issues in some countries. In others, you may be required to report certain incidents, you typically wouldn't at home.
• Local customs – Learn any important local customs. For example mocking firmly held local beliefs can have serious consequences; appropriate (modest) clothing can be important; there may be strict social taboos about touch or eating behavior. Other examples include local customs related to bargaining and negotiation, unfamiliar body language (head shaking in parts of Asia to mean "yes"), and even the local sense of time.
• Emergency numbers – Learn the local number or numbers to call an ambulance, firefighters, or the police in an emergency. In some countries these are all the same number; in others there are a few different numbers to memorize.
• Medical needs and insurance – Consider medical needs and travel insurance. If you have medications, check whether you can bring them into the country, whether you need a doctor's letter, and how you will store and replenish them, if necessary. Only carry them in the original container from the pharmacy. If you might need medical help, then find out how this is charged (if not free), and whether you need to arrange insurance or extend existing insurance, or obtain any kind of paperwork, to cover medical emergencies. If you are bringing valuables with you, consider whether additional insurance is needed in the event of loss or theft. If you plan to do adventurous activities check if you need medical letters or specialist insurance.
• Theft and scams are risks at most tourist destinations. The risks can be lessened in advance by thinking about how you carry your belongings and by including some thoughts on the risks in your planning, such as avoiding late arrivals in unsafe cities.
• Pets, children and people with special concerns – If you plan to travel with pets, children, or anyone with special concerns (such as health issues), be sure their needs are met – stopping points and breaks, accessibility, noise, public transport, accommodation, appropriate food – and that you know of special formal requirements, such as evidence you are allowed to travel with the child or that the pet is treated against certain diseases.

"Quick and quiet" theft of bags is quite common. A trick that may be appropriate in some situations is to buy a short length of very cheap lightweight chain (with welded links) and a small padlock at any hardware store; bags can then be discreetly padlocked shut through the zipper and through the chain around a table-leg or other immovable object. It works very well when sleeping on long train or bus journeys, or in a club, bar, or some hotel rooms.

Many travellers prefer to put precious equipment in a ratty old bag because a nice new bag – especially with a logo for a well-known brand like Apple or Nikon – may attract thieves. If you do not own a suitable bag, you can trawl thrift stores to find one.

Have a separate wallet or purse for small purchases, to minimise risk for pickpockets getting your big money. You can also give this to robbers, hoping they won't ask for more or search you.

Take copies of the information and photo pages of your passport and any other essential documents. This may allow you to leave the originals in a safe place and helps if the originals get stolen. Also keep copies of essential phone numbers and addresses (a few friends, your insurance company, your credit card issuers hotline; your consulate etc.).

Have an additional credit card and some cash separate from your wallet. Split everything up in such a way that if one wallet gets stolen you can still enjoy the trip. Consider a money belt or other concealment. Have a separate purse or wallet with small change and bills for tickets and small purchases (perhaps with enough money to satisfy a robber).

Natural disasters, terrorism and the like are probably well covered by local media. If you are on a package tour, the tour leader will probably take appropriate steps for events they deem relevant, but if you are on your own it makes sense to make sure that you have some good source of relevant local news, especially if you don't know the local languages. For some types of hazards, such as political unrest, travel advisories of some suitable country may have good coverage.

Travelers are subject to the laws of the country they're in, and need to remember that these laws can differ considerably from those of their home country. Moreover, in some cases such as Australia, Canada and the United States, the laws can vary between different parts of the country. As a result, something that might be perfectly acceptable at one destination can land you in jail at another, sometimes for years. This applies particularly to drugs and (in some countries) various kinds of antisocial behavior, and what may be a minor crime or "laugh" between friends at home, or passes for a social afternoon in the comfort of a coffee shop in Amsterdam, may land you in jail in Florida, a 10 year sentence in Sudan, corporal punishment with a rattan cane in some countries, or a place on death row in Singapore. Many Asian countries impose the death penalty for trafficking even minute amounts of illicit drugs. Moreover, attitudes towards drugs vary greatly between cultures; while they are seen as an integral part of youth culture in parts of the West, attitudes towards drugs are strongly negative in many parts of Asia, where they are strongly associated with juvenile delinquency and organised crime.

Be aware that local laws and regulations may differ from those you are used to – and even when you find them ridiculous, that's not a defence when you get caught. Actions that are legal in many countries (such as homosexuality, drinking alcohol, cannabis use) or only minor infractions (jaywalking, littering, drug use, etc.) might earn travellers a major fine, or even a prison or death sentence, in others. As laws and their execution vary a lot between countries, you should try to get advance knowledge about relevant ones; see the Stay safe section of each respective destination.

One area where harsh sentences of some countries can shock visitors is critique of the national religion, head of state, national symbols and similar, and any demeaning actions along those lines.

In some countries sex segregation is strictly enforced by law and customs, and e.g. a moment between four eyes with somebody of the opposite sex can land you – and her, if you are a man – in serious trouble. While assessing the risk can mostly be left to the locals, be sensitive to any signs that a new acquaintance is uneasy with a situation, and be careful if the person is young.

Wikipedia provides a number of reference pages on various aspects of law around the world. Note that these are not guaranteed to be up-to-date. If a legal issue is important for you as a traveller, you will need to do further research yourself and quite possibly to consult a lawyer with appropriate expertise.

• Prostitution law
• LGBT rights by country or territory (see also LGBT travel on Wikivoyage)
• Age of consent (note that many countries have laws that let someone be prosecuted in their home country for child molestation even if the act is legal in the country where it takes place – and sexual activities between unmarried people may be unlawful regardless of age)
• Legality of cannabis by country (see also Cannabis)
• Ayahuasca § Legal status (for other drugs and legal practices worldwide see Drug prohibition law and Drug policy)

See also: Corruption and bribery, Border crossing, Respect#Law enforcement

When abroad, learn to recognize the country's police and other government officers. Some officers wear plain clothes on duty, and private security staff such as nightclub bouncers might have little or no regulation. In some countries, criminals pose as police officers in order to scam travellers; see Common scams#Fake cops.

When it comes to conflicts with police officers, immigration officers, security guards, or any other government officials, keep calm, serious and courteous. You don't want to create a conflict, and if there is a problem, you really don't want them to be personally upset. Especially in countries where violence is common, the officers may have reason to be worried about their own safety, and it is important that you don't raise any such feelings. Jokes are rarely well received, especially not jokes about bombs, terrorism and similar.

Just like people in general, some police and other government officers are prejudiced and might discriminate against a traveller based on race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, or social class. Be informed about local values, for instance, whether racism, homophobia or other prejudices are prevalent. As well, in some countries, corruption is widespread, such as when a police officer or government official requests a cash bribe for providing service or even threatens to detain someone who does not pay. It pays to be aware of the local attitude towards corruption and act accordingly.

While you have a right to consular assistance from your embassy or consulate when arrested in a foreign country, this is limited to a very narrow definition; in other words, they can provide you with a list of lawyers and translators, contact your family if you wish, give you an overview of the host country's judicial system, and do their best to ensure that you get treated fairly by the host country, including any possibility to apply for international prisoner transfer, but in general, cannot do anything beyond that. In particular, your embassy cannot pay fines, get you out of jail, try to get you preferential treatment over what a local might get, and most certainly cannot interfere in the judicial process of the host country.

Should you be suspected of a crime but leave the country before the issue is fully dealt with (questioned, charged or prosecuted), that country may, at its own discretion, request that the country you are in return you to face the justice system you have left. This is known as extradition. As a general rule, you may contest extradition requests through the courts, but keep in mind that a lower burden of proof is generally required for extradition than for a criminal conviction. Still, most countries have strict criteria for when somebody can be extradited, especially concerning their own citizens. Some countries with historically close relationships, such as Australia and New Zealand or Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, have a separate "backing of warrants" system, where one country endorses ("backs") an arrest warrant issued by the other and hands over suspects without going through the courts. Consult a lawyer if you are subject to an extradition request.

In many cases defending oneself by force may be dangerous. By threatening with force you raise the stakes, and somebody who really wants your wallet will have to neutralise you first, in whatever way. Where robbers may be armed you put your life at risk. If you do not leave the attacker a chance to retreat (keeping his face), you may even force him to "defend" himself against your self-defence. Self-defense equipment, such as pepper spray, may be prohibited; knives and firearms certainly are prohibited for foreigners in most parts of the world, even where commonly carried by residents.

Most countries have laws allowing you to use physical force to defend yourself when necessary, though the precise definition of what constitutes self-defence varies from country to country. In most countries, you are restricted to using a reasonable amount of force to deal with the threat; this is often coupled with a duty to retreat, meaning that you are required to get away from the situation instead if it is a reasonable alternative to using force. The "reasonable amount" can be judged both in relation to what was needed and to the alternative: to hurt someone to save some money may be deemed unreasonable. In other jurisdictions – famously most U.S. states, but also Germany – there is a "castle doctrine", "stand-your-ground law", or the idea that "justice does not have to retreat in the face of injustice" that gives someone defending their right, safety or property a lot of leeway even when retreat would be an option. In the U.S. in particular, this sometimes leads to well-publicized incidents of (sometimes erroneous) self-defence with a deadly outcome.

In jurisdictions without a stand-your-ground law, using more force than is reasonable is excessive self-defence; this is a partial defence, meaning you will still be criminally liable but you may be charged with a lesser offence (e.g. manslaughter instead of murder) and receive a shorter sentence.

Claiming self-defence is not a get-out-of-jail-free card. In most cases, it is up to you to prove in court that your actions, on the balance of probabilities, constituted self-defence and therefore you should be found not guilty or should get a shorter sentence. It is highly recommended that you seek legal advice before making any claim of self-defence.

Be wary of possible threats wherever you are; relaxing on a warm beach and newfound friends can provide a false sense of security.

Distraction is a common theft technique – a person drops something, or asks you something, or creates a disturbance, and an accomplice quickly performs the theft during the few seconds of momentary distraction.

Keep your eyes open. If the area feels unsafe, is quiet, or if the area is heavily vandalized and there are groups of young people hanging around, avoid unnecessary risks and move on.

Trust your instincts. If a situation just doesn't seem right to you, it probably isn't.

To avoid crime, it can help to think like a criminal; understand whom a criminal might target. Criminals tend to target people from whom they believe they will most easily be able to get what they want, whether because the person appears submissive, physically vulnerable, distracted, or because they stick out for other reasons. Flashing valuables is seldom advisable.

Although you may want to make local friends, always be extremely cautious with anyone who tries to assertively befriend you, or situations you are encouraged into by people you don't know. Scammers usually want to appeal to your sense of friendship or community. People you seek up by yourself in places not commonly frequented by scammers – including random strangers – are much less likely to be scammers.

While many are nervous about flying and some are afraid of other means of transport, accidents are seldom a major risk in travel between countries: the companies involved need to be cautious not to lose their reputation, and international transport is mostly heavily regulated.

However, there are risks related to airports, train stations – and with crossing borders. Any crowded places where people can sneak in and out, and where there is an abundance of confused wealthy (by local standards) travellers, are prime locations for theft and scams.

At borders, a main risk is people trying to use you to carry their contraband, especially drugs, which can give profit also in small amounts. Never carry luggage for another person unless you trust them absolutely. This includes somebody leaving their suitcase next to you when you are waiting in line, as drug-sniffing dogs could be used at any time without notice. Also watch out for somebody putting a package in your pocket (or in your bag). You could find yourself being used as a drug carrier without your knowledge, which will land you in a great deal of trouble. Some countries have exceedingly draconian punishments even for first time drug offenses; these can include prison sentences of over 10 years or death.

Don't let your bags out of your sight. Unattended bags are a target for theft and can also attract attention from authorities wary of bomb threats.

The safest mode of transport depends on the country, and the trip particulars, and it can be very difficult to do a fair comparison. Statistics comparing forms of travel are usually given by distance travelled and not by time, and are crowded by urban mythology. Still, on a per-distance basis, buses are safer than cars as they are operated by drivers with far more experience and more stringent licensing. Trains are often safer than both but may be less safe where infrastructure is run down. Commercial aviation has a high global safety standard but some airlines are limited to their home country precisely because they have a history of safety violations. Private aviation is statistically less safe than commercial aviation, again because less experienced hobby pilots are held to lower standards than commercial pilots who fly for a living.

See also: Pickpockets, Computers#Stay safe, Luggage

• Store bags in reputable places.
• Consider using locks for bag zippers.
• As much as possible, try to avoid looking like someone that a thief would target (remember, think like a criminal). To that end, don't flash wads of cash, an expensive camera or an expensive smartphone, don't wear or carry expensive jewellery or valuables (keep those in the hotel safe). Avoid wearing clothes that make you stand out as a stranger from a rich country.
• Take steps to protect yourself against pickpockets, who are a hazard in many tourist destinations. Don't left luggage unattended.
• Leave your passport in the hotel safe if that is available and permitted. Carry a photo copy instead. If you need your passport, have copies at the hotel.
• Have your separate purse or wallet for local transport and small purchases. When you carry both your credit cards, carry them separate.

Although you may see locals gathering to protest about a cause you are passionate about, as a visitor, the general rule to follow would be to stay away from such gatherings, or if you are caught up in one, to leave as quickly as possible. Mass protests are very volatile situations that can potentially escalate into a riot, something that you almost certainly do not want to get involved in.

As a foreigner, you are less well equipped to anticipate the developments, and if you get arrested you don't have the contacts and the familiarity with the legal system you might need to deal with the situation. Some countries have laws that specifically prohibit foreigners from participating in protests, so just because it is legal for the locals does not mean it is legal for you. It is also entirely possible that authorities want to use you as a political pawn or make an example of you. Last but not least, being seen as a foreigner who meddles in domestic issues can make locals angry with you — sometimes even if they share your views. In the European Union there is an emerging "European" citizenry and protests organised by pan-European groups frequently occur in Brussels and Strasbourg. However, you'll still face local police and local laws while there – and they may not speak English or particularly care for the nuances of your cause.

In democracies it is not uncommon for people to travel long distances to attend a protest – either to protest in the capital to raise the profile or to support a case locally. Being on your own in a strange place can be daunting even without the added excitement of demonstrations and the police presence. If you're not going with friends you knew before the protest anyway, it might help to build an "affinity group" of maybe half a dozen people – make sure you are on the same page (e.g. regarding what you want to do at the protest and where you draw the line), and that each one looks out for the others and makes sure everyone gets home in one piece or steps are taken if one does not. People who subscribe to the "no names, no structures" approach might suggest giving your affinity group a name and calling out that name, not the names of any of the group's members when you're searching for them.

The right to assemble and protest is not universally acknowledged nor respected. In many countries — including some Western countries — the authorities might deal with protests with violence, even deadly force.

Large-scale protests also involve the risks of any mass gatherings.

Any mass gathering, including a place just being busy, involves some risks. Dense crowds are a risk factor for pickpocketing, molestation and other crime, as well as infectious diseases.

If you are a group, there is a risk of getting separated. Especially if your group includes children or otherwise vulnerable people, or people unused to travel, make sure you have a plan for the event of someone getting lost.

When the crowd interrupts car traffic, especially if the traffic isn't properly shut down, some drivers may get irritated and try to get through the crowd without due carefulness, some may even get aggressive, especially if the crowds are due to causes not shared by everybody (protests or celebrations by a minority).

A dense crowd suddenly moving for any reason may cause severe danger, as those pushing from behind often aren't aware of people getting packed too tight ahead. In the worst case people get trampled or crushed against obstacles. An outbreak of panic can result in stampedes. Try to stay in places where you have control and can get away if needed.

Seeing the sights of the area will require you to get out of your hotel room and onto the streets, which in some areas carries a risk of violent crime.

• Natural hazards are not always indicated by signs and fences. Assess the risks of cliffs and rivers before venturing too close.

See also: Water safety

Water scooters, snowmobiles, quad bikes and all-terrain vehicles are dangerous modes of transport, although popular at many tourist destinations. Skiing, waterskiing, segway and parasails are moderately dangerous, but also popular tourist activities. Horse riding, surfing, bungee jumping, ziplines and shallow water diving are moderately safe with equipment and instruction, but take precautions. Don't go unless you think that you can trust the instructor or equipment rental.

To buy anything, you'll need money, which may make you a target for theft. To reduce your risks:

• Follow local advice as to safe areas.
• Don't flash wads of cash; have a separate wallet or purse for small purchases.
• When paying in crowded areas, or anywhere where pickpocketing is a hazard, don't make it easy to snatch your wallet.
• Be aware of common scams. They fall into three categories: overcharging you, deceiving you or coercing you into paying for a service you don't want, and outright theft.

In some areas, it is necessary to bargain with merchants to avoid being grossly overcharged.

See also: Travellers' diarrhea, Water

• Find out whether the water quality is suitable for visitors to drink, from an authoritative source and before you arrive. Locals can often drink water with no ill-effects that will see you laid up for a week. If you can't drink the water:
  • Drink bottled water (ensuring the seal hasn't been broken) or boil water vigorously for 2 minutes or use a filter and UV steriliser.
  • Avoid ice cubes in drinks.
  • Avoid salads that have been washed.
  • Avoid juices and drinks that may have been diluted or reconstituted. Try to drink direct from the can or bottle.
  • Use bottled or boiled water to clean your teeth.
• Use your best judgement about restaurants. If the place looks dodgy, eat somewhere else.
• Make sure food is fully cooked, especially meat, poultry, seafood, shellfish and eggs.
• Avoid dairy products, unless you know they have been pasteurized.
• Wash your hands with soap and water before eating. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand gel (with at least 60% alcohol).
• Don't eat plants or fungi that you find in the wild, unless you really know what you're doing. Some poisonous species in some parts of the world closely resemble edible species in other parts of the world. There also may be a risk they have been sprayed with pesticide or herbicide that can make you sick.

See also: Alcoholic beverages

Taking part in a city's nightlife can be the highlight of a trip; however, nighttime is when the shady people of the city come out, so extra vigilance is necessary. If the nightlife isn't your thing back home, don't feel obligated to go out when travelling; the safest place to be at night is in your hotel room. If you do decide to go out, here are some tips:

• Try to avoid walking the streets alone after dark, or at least try to stay in well-lit areas.
• Dress down to the degree acceptable where you are going, and don't flaunt your wealth.
• Try not to get too drunk. The risk of being a victim of violent crime and sexual assault increases if you are intoxicated.
• Avoid accepting drinks, meals or gifts purchased for you. It can create an expectation in the giver, and can also expose you to drink spiking etc.
• Avoid following a new acquaintance to their house, a hotel, or any other location. Do not invite them to your lodging either, unless you have enough of your own friends there to be safe. If you wish to socialize in this way, ensure you have a familiar, public, and safe location that you can nominate. See also Common scams#Clip joints.
• Don't purchase illegal drugs. The transaction is often a pretext for robbery, scams or worse.
• Don't drive under the influence. Consider entrusting another person to drive on your behalf, or take public transportation or a taxi.

Hotels can be dangerous places in case of fire. Check that there are two ways of escape from your room. Maps and instructions can be out of date. Some hotels and venues have specific fire alarm tones. Ask if you are unsure you will recognise them.

If possible, check that emergency exits are in fact usable. In China, for example, it is quite common to use bicycle padlocks on most of the exits from a building for "security", which the management apparently think means only maintaining tight control over all entry to and exit from the building. Locked or blocked exits are often death traps. If lawful, consider carrying a crowbar in case you need to bust a padlock. Even in places like Finland and Sweden (generally having and following rules) an emergency exit can be (temporarily or less so) blocked by furniture.

Main article: Stay healthy

• See your doctor before you travel, at least if it is a long journey, if the destination has risk factors, or you have a medical condition or a disability. Ensure that you are healthy enough to do what you have planned, and check regarding disease exposure in the areas you will be visiting, and take appropriate precautions, such as getting vaccinated.
• If you decide to have new sexual relationships, always follow safe sex practices, and use a condom. The prevalence of infections such as AIDS varies between countries, but it exists everywhere, and unsafe sex will always be a lottery. The availability and quality of contraceptives (condoms, pills, etc.) varies from country to country. When in doubt, bring adequate supplies from home.
• Be aware of the potential hazards from pests (including tick or insect bites) in the places you are travelling to (e.g., dengue, malaria, Lyme disease), and take precautions to lessen the chance of being bitten.
• If you were exposed to any dodgy water or food during your trip, consider getting tested for parasites when you get home. Some types of parasites can remain in your system for years without your knowing about them, and may eventually harm you.
• Be aware of air pollution and smog.

• Let someone back home know where you are, and when you will next be in touch.
• Leave copies of your passport and travel insurance details with someone at home, it's also a good idea to carry a copy of your passport and any visas on you, ideally separate from your passport. This will ease your troubles with authorities if you lose it, and handing over a photocopy to potentially corrupt officials is a good way to deal with a potential blackmail situation.
• Also consider taking a digital scan of your passport and important travel documents and storing it electronically – this can be as simple as emailing it to yourself.
• Consider carrying a mobile communication method that will work at your destination. Check if your mobile phone will roam, and if there is coverage at your destination. Even a non-roaming phone can be used for emergency calls on a compatible network. Consider renting a satellite phone for remote areas.
• Register with your embassy or relevant government department. Some countries provide an online facility for doing this.

See also: Crime, Theft, Pickpockets, Begging, Common scams

At many destinations, there are dishonest people who try to prey on travellers' money; illegally, or within legal loopholes. A traveller can also be a victim of violence, molestation, vandalism, or other crime.

If you are a victim of a fraud or scam, consider your circumstances carefully before aggressively confronting the scammer. A small monetary loss could escalate to something worse.

Don't attempt to fight off a thief.

• Dangerous animals
• Earthquake safety
• Pests
• Severe weather
• Travel basics
• Tsunami
• Volcano safety
• Water safety
• Wildfires
• Winter driving
• War zone safety