View source for Italian cruiser Zara

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{{Short description|Heavy cruiser of the Italian Royal Navy}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= Italian cruiser Zara NH 111457.jpg
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|Ship name= ''Zara''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered= 
|Ship builder= [[Cantiere navale del Muggiano|Odero Terni Orlando, Muggiano]]
|Ship laid down= 4 July 1929
|Ship launched= 27 April 1930
|Ship commissioned= 20 October 1931
|Ship fate=Sunk, 29 March 1941
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class= {{sclass|Zara|cruiser}}
|Ship displacement=
*[[Standard displacement|Standard]]: {{convert|11680|LT|t|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}
*[[Full load]]: {{convert|14300|LT|t|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship length= {{convert|182.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{convert|20.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power= {{convert|95000|shp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught= {{convert|7.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*8 × 3-drum Thornycroft boilers
*2 × Parsons steam turbines
|Ship speed={{convert|33|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|5361|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn}}
|Ship complement=841
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*4 × 2 - [[203 mm /53 Italian naval gun|{{convert|203|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/53 cal. guns]]
*8 × 2 - [[Škoda 10 cm K10#OTO 100.2F47 History|{{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} / 47&nbsp;caliber guns]]
*6 × 1 - [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|Vickers-Terni 40 mm/39]] guns
*8 × [[Breda Model 1931 Machine Gun|13.2 mm]] [[machine gun]]s 
|Ship armor=
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|70|mm|in|abbr=on}} 
*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} 
*[[Gun turret|Turret]] faces: 150&nbsp;mm
*[[Barbette]]s: 150&nbsp;mm
|Ship aircraft=2  
|Ship aircraft facilities= 
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''''Zara''''' was a [[heavy cruiser]] built for the Italian ''[[Regia Marina]]'' (Royal Navy), the [[lead ship]] of the {{Sclass|Zara|cruiser|4}}. Named after the Italian city of Zara (now [[Zadar]], Croatia), the ship was built at the [[Oto Melara|Odero-Terni-Orlando]] shipyard beginning with her [[keel laying]] in July 1928, [[ship launching|launching]] in April 1930, and [[ship commissioning|commissioning]] in October 1931. Armed with a main battery of eight {{convert|8|in|adj=on}} guns, she was nominally within the {{convert|10000|LT|adj=on}} limit imposed by the [[Washington Naval Treaty]], though in reality she significantly exceeded this figure.

''Zara'' saw extensive service during the first two years of Italy's participation in [[World War II]], having taken part in several sorties to catch British convoys in the Mediterranean as the [[flagship]] of the 1st Division. She was present during the [[Battle of Calabria]] in July 1940, the [[Battle of Taranto]] in November 1940, and the [[Battle of Cape Matapan]] in March 1941. In the last engagement, ''Zara'' and her [[sister ship]]s {{ship|Italian cruiser|Fiume||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Pola||2}} were sunk in a close-range night engagement with three British [[battleship]]s. Most of her crew, 783 officers and sailors, including the divisional commander Admiral [[Carlo Cattaneo (admiral)|Carlo Cattaneo]] and the ship's commanding officer [[Luigi Corsi]], were killed in the sinking.

==Design==
{{main|Zara-class cruiser}}
[[File:Zara-class cruiser drawing.jpg|thumb|left|Profile and plan drawing of the ''Zara'' class]]

''Zara'' was {{convert|182.8|m|sp=us}} [[length overall|long overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|20.62|m|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|7.2|m|abbr=on}}. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|14300|LT|lk=on}} at [[full load]], though her displacement was nominally within the {{convert|10000|LT|adj=on}} restriction set in place by the [[Washington Naval Treaty]]. Her power plant consisted of two [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] [[steam turbine]]s powered by eight oil-fired [[Yarrow boiler]]s, which were trunked into two funnels [[amidships]]. Her engines were rated at {{convert|95000|shp|lk=in}} and produced a top speed of {{convert|32|kn|lk=in}}. She had a crew of 841 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=GC292>Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 292</ref>

She was protected with an [[belt armor|armor belt]] that was {{convert|150|mm|abbr=on}} thick amidships. Her main deck was {{convert|70|mm|abbr=on}} thick and there was a secondary deck {{convert|20|mm|abbr=on}} thick over the main one. The gun turrets had 150&nbsp;mm thick plating on the faces and the [[barbette]]s they sat in were also 150&nbsp;mm thick. The main conning tower had 150&nbsp;mm thick sides.<ref name=GC292/>

''Zara'' was armed with a [[main battery]] of eight [[203 mm /53 Italian naval gun|{{cvt|203|mm|0}} Mod 29]] 53-[[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] guns in four [[gun turret]]s. The turrets were arranged in [[superfire|superfiring pairs]] forward and aft. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a battery of sixteen [[Škoda 10 cm K10#OTO 100.2F47 History|{{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}]] 47-cal. guns in twin mounts, four [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|Vickers-Terni 40 mm/39]] guns in single mounts and eight {{convert|12.7|mm|abbr=on}} guns in twin mounts. She carried a pair of [[IMAM Ro.43]] [[seaplane]]s for aerial reconnaissance; the hangar was located in under the [[forecastle]] and a fixed [[aircraft catapult|catapult]] was mounted on the [[:wikt:centerline|centerline]] at the bow.<ref name=GC292/><ref>Brescia, p. 76</ref>

''Zara''{{'}}s [[secondary armament|secondary battery]] was revised several times during her career. Two of the 100&nbsp;mm guns and all of the 40&nbsp;mm and 12.7&nbsp;mm guns were removed in the late 1930s, and eight [[Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54 (Breda)|{{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} 54-cal. guns]] and eight [[Breda Model 1931 Machine Gun|{{convert|13.2|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] guns were installed in their place. Two {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}} 15-cal. [[star shell]] guns were added in 1940.<ref name=GC292/>

==Service history==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2008-0214-500, Golf von Neapel, Italienische Kreuzer.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|''Zara'' (second from right) along with ''Fiume'' and ''Pola'' in Naples]]
''Zara''{{'}}s [[keel]] was [[keel laying|laid down]] on 4 July 1928 at the [[Oto Melara|Odero-Terni-Orlando]] (OTO) shipyard at [[Muggiano]], [[Province of La Spezia|La Spezia]]; she was [[ship launching|launched]] on 27 April 1930, and her construction was completed on 20 October 1931, when she was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into active service.<ref name="Whitley p149">Whitley, p. 149</ref> During sea trials, ''Zara'' reached a speed of {{convert|35.23|kn|abbr=on}}, but this was with the ship's machinery forced to give {{convert|120690|shp|abbr=on}}. This was not representative of in-service performance, however, and normal maximum at-sea speed was about {{convert|29|kn|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Whitley p150">Whitley, p. 150</ref>{{#tag:ref|Constructors trials were carried out with the ship's engines forced to such an extreme amount as the Italian Government paid a bonus to shipbuilders for every knot of speed in excess of contracted speed.<ref name="Whitley p129-0">Whitley 1999, pp. 129–130.</ref> This process was stopped after the trials of ''Gorizia'', the third of the ''Zara class''.<ref name="Whitley p150"/>|group=nb}} The ship was presented with her battle flag in her namesake city, now [[Zadar]], Croatia.<ref name=HW18>Hogg & Wiper, p. 18</ref>

In August 1932, ''Zara'' took part in fleet training exercises in the [[Gulf of Naples]]; King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] came aboard the ship on the 13th. She became the [[flagship]] of the First Naval Squadron in September. She took part in a [[naval review]] held for [[Benito Mussolini]] in the Gulf of Naples on 6&ndash;7 July 1933. ''Zara'' participated in another review on 27 November 1936, and Victor Emmanuel III, his son [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto, Prince of Piedmont]], Mussolini, and the Regent of Hungary, [[Miklós Horthy]], all came aboard the ship. Another fleet review was held for the German [[Field Marshal]] [[Werner von Blomberg]], the German minister of defense, on 7 June 1937. On 16 September, the commander of the squadron transferred his flag to the [[battleship]] {{ship|Italian battleship|Conte di Cavour||2}}. A final peacetime naval review took place on 5 May 1938, held for the visit of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name=HW18/>

On 7 March 1939, ''Zara'' and her [[sister ship]]s sortied from [[Taranto]] to intercept a squadron of [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican]] warships&mdash;three cruisers and eight [[destroyer]]s&mdash;attempting to reach the [[Black Sea]]. The Italian ships were ordered not to open fire but merely to try to impede the progress of the Spanish ships and force them to dock at [[Augusta, Sicily]]. The Spanish commander refused and instead steamed to [[Bizerte]] in French Tunisia, where his ships were interned. A month later, from 7 to 9 April, ''Zara'' supported the [[Italian invasion of Albania]] without incident. She was in port in [[Genoa]] for Navy Day on 10 June; she spent the rest of 1939 uneventfully.<ref name=HW18/>

===World War II===
[[File:Zara on gunnery exercises.jpg|thumb|''Zara'' on gunnery exercises in 1938]]
At Italy's entrance into the Second World War on 10 June 1940, ''Zara'' was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron, as the flagship of [[Rear Admiral]] Matteucci. The division also included her sisters {{ship|Italian cruiser|Gorizia||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Fiume||2}} and the four {{sclass|Oriani|destroyer}}s.<ref>Brescia, p. 42</ref> At the time, the division was based in [[Taranto]]; the ships were immediately sent to patrol off the island of [[Crete]], and on 11&ndash;12 June, the ships were attacked by an unknown [[submarine]], which the destroyers unsuccessfully counterattacked. On 21 June, ''Zara'' and the rest of the division were transferred to [[Augusta, Sicily]] to be better positioned to intercept Allied convoys in the Mediterranean. The following day, the 1st Division joined a patrol with the 2nd and 3rd Divisions, though they failed to find any Allied vessels. ''Zara'' was present at the [[Battle of Calabria]] on 9 July. On 30 July, the 1st Division escorted a convoy to [[Benghazi]] and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in [[Italian Libya]], arriving back in Augusta on 1 August. Gunnery training off [[Naples]] followed on 16 August, and on 29 August the ships left Naples for Taranto, arriving the next day. On the 31st, the 1st Division sortied to intercept the British convoys in [[Operation Hats]], though the Italian fleet broke off the attack without encountering the merchant ships.<ref name=HW18/>

''Zara'' returned to Taranto, and was present during the [[Battle of Taranto]] on the night of 11&ndash;12 November. She was undamaged during the British attack. In the aftermath of the attack, the Italian command decided to disperse the fleet to protect them from further attacks; ''Zara'' was sent to [[La Spezia]] for periodic maintenance on the 12th. The work lasted until 9 December, and she steamed south to Naples the following day. British bombing of the port four days later forced the Italians to again relocate the cruisers, sending them first to [[La Maddalena]] in Sardinia on 15 December and then back to Naples on the 19th. They stayed there for three days before proceeding to Taranto on 22 December.<ref name=HW18/> That month, Admiral [[Carlo Cattaneo (admiral)|Carlo Cattaneo]] came aboard ''Zara'' as the new commander of the division.<ref name=B227>Brescia, p. 227</ref> Training exercises with ''Gorizia'' followed on 29 January and continued into the next month, when ''Pola'' joined them on 13 February. In mid March, ''Zara'', ''Pola'', and ''Fiume'' conducted gunnery training in the Gulf of Taranto. By this time, ''Pola'' had replaced ''Gorizia'' in the 1st Division.<ref name=HW18/>

====Battle of Cape Matapan====
[[File:Battle of Cape Matapan map.gif|thumb|Map of the movements of the Italian and British fleets during the [[Battle of Cape Matapan]]]]

The Italian fleet made another attempt to intercept a British convoy in the eastern Mediterranean south of [[Crete]] in late March. This operation resulted in the [[Battle of Cape Matapan]] on 27&ndash;29 March. For most of the daytime engagement, ''Zara'' and the rest of the 1st Division were stationed on the disengaged side of the Italian fleet, and so did not see action during this phase. ''Vittorio Veneto'' was torpedoed by British aircraft from the carrier {{HMS|Formidable|R67|2}} and was forced to withdraw, and the 1st Division remained on the port side of the Italian fleet to screen against another possible British attack.<ref>Bennett, pp. 121&ndash;124</ref> A second British airstrike later on the 28th failed to locate the retiring ''Vittorio Veneto'' and instead scored a single torpedo strike on ''Pola'', hitting her [[amidships]] on her starboard side. In the confusion of the attack, ''Pola'' had nearly collided with ''Fiume'' and had been forced to stop, which had prevented her from taking evasive action.<ref name="O'Hara, p. 91">O'Hara, p. 91</ref> The damage filled three compartments with water and disabled five of her boilers and the main steam line that fed the turbines, leaving her immobilized.<ref name="O'Hara, p. 91"/><ref>Stephen, p. 61</ref>

Admiral Iachino, the fleet commander, was unaware of ''Pola''{{'}}s plight until 20:10; upon learning of the situation he detached ''Zara'', ''Fiume'', and four destroyers to protect ''Pola''. At around the same time, the British cruiser {{HMS|Orion|85|6}} detected ''Pola'' on her radar and reported her location.<ref>O'Hara, p. 92</ref> The British fleet, centered on the battleships {{HMS|Valiant|1914|2}}, {{HMS|Warspite|03|2}}, and {{HMS|Barham|04|2}}, was at this point only {{convert|50|nmi|abbr=on}} away.<ref>Smith, p. 138</ref> The British ships, guided by radar, closed in on the Italians; at 22:10, ''Pola'' was about {{convert|6|nmi}} from ''Valiant''. Lookouts on the crippled Italian cruiser spotted shapes approaching and assumed them to be friendly vessels, so they fired a red flare to guide them. Almost twenty minutes later, the British illuminated first ''Zara'' and then ''Fiume'' with their searchlights; the British battleships obliterated ''Zara'', ''Fiume'', and two destroyers in a point-blank engagement.<ref>O'Hara, pp. 93&ndash;94</ref> ''Zara'' had been hit by four [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]]s from ''Warspite'' and five more from ''Valiant'' in the span of just a few minutes. The destroyer {{HMAS|Stuart|D00|6}} launched torpedoes at the crippled ''Zara'' and scored at least one hit. The destroyer {{HMS|Havock|H43|2}} launched four more torpedoes with unknown results.<ref>Bennett, p. 129</ref>

The British battleships then turned away to avoid a torpedo attack from the remaining destroyers. ''Zara'', by now burning furiously, remained afloat and drifted near the immobilized ''Pola''. ''Zara''{{'}}s commander decided at 02:00 that his ship could not be saved, and so ordered the crew to [[scuttling|scuttle]] the ship.<ref name=HW19/> At around the same time, the destroyer {{HMS|Jervis||2}} arrived on the scene and fired three torpedoes at ''Zara''.<ref>Bennett, p. 131</ref> The demolition charges exploded in the magazines at 02:30, and within ten minutes, the ship capsized and sank.<ref name=HW19/> Most of her crew, some 783 men including Cattaneo, were killed in the sinking.<ref name=B227/><ref>O'Hara, p. 97</ref> ''Zara'' was formally stricken from the [[naval register]] on 18 October 1946.<ref name=HW19>Hogg & Wiper, p. 19</ref>

==Footnotes==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Geoffrey|title=Naval Battles of World War II|year=2003|location=Barnsley|publisher=Pen & Sword|isbn=0-85052-989-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Brescia|first=Maurizio|title=Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regia Marina 1930–1945|year=2012|publisher=Seaforth|location=Barnsley|isbn=978-1-84832-115-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hogg|first1=Gordon E.|last2=Wiper|first2=Steve|others=Flowers, T. A. (illustrator)|title=Warship Pictorial 23: Italian Heavy Cruisers of World War II|year=2004|location=Tucson|publisher=Classic Warships Publishing|isbn=0-9710687-9-8  |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Gardiner|editor-first1=Robert|editor-last2=Chesneau|editor-first2=Roger|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|location=Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1980|isbn=0-87021-913-8  |name-list-style=amp}}
*{{cite book|last=O'Hara|first=Vincent P.|year=2009|title=Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|isbn=978-1-59114-648-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter Charles|title=The Great Ships: British Battleships in World War II|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8117-3514-8|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=Mechanicsburg}}
* {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Martin|title=Sea Battles in Close-up: World War 2, Volume 1|year=1988|editor-last=Grove|editor-first=Eric|location=Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-556-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/seabattlesinclos00mart}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|year=1999|publisher=Brockhampton Press|location=London|isbn=1-86019-874-0}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
  |last1=Brescia
  |first1=Maurizio
  |last2=de Toro
  |first2=Augusto
  |title=Italian Heavy Cruisers: From Trento to Bolzano 
  |year=2022
  |location=Barnsley
  |publisher=Seaforth Publishing
  |isbn=978-1-68247-871-4
  }}
*{{cite book|last=Fraccaroli|first=Aldo|title=Warship Profile 17: RN Zara/Heavy Cruiser 1929–41|year=1972|publisher=Profile Publications|location=Windsor, UK}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer|title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|year=2005|isbn=1-59114-119-2}}

{{coord|35|20|N|20|57|E|display=title}}

==External links==
* [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/TUVZ/zara.aspx Zara (1930)] Marina Militare website

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zara}}
[[Category:Zara-class cruisers]]
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[[Category:Scuttled vessels]]

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Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/e (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/i (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Italian cruiser Zara.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Zara"