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{{Short description|International US-owned broadcaster}}
{{redirect|VOA|other uses|Voice of America (disambiguation)|and|VOA (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the television series that was known during development as The Voice of America|The Voice (American TV series){{!}}''The Voice'' (American TV series)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = Voice of America
| logo                = File:VOA logo.svg
| type                = International state-funded broadcaster
| abbreviation        = VoA
| leader_title        = Director
| leader_name         = [[John Lippman]] (acting, since October 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/7290167.html|title=Yolanda López Stepping Down as Acting VOA Director|date=September 29, 2023|website=Voice of America}}</ref>
| founded             = {{start date and age|1942|2|1}}
| headquarters        = [[Wilbur J. Cohen Federal Building]]
| location_city       = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| location_country    = United States
| budget              = US$267.5 million<ref name="usagm.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usagm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/USAGM-VOA-OneSheet-02-10-23-1.pdf|title="The Voice of America, the largest U.S. international broadcaster, provides a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news, tells America's story and presents a balanced and comprehensive projection of significant American thought and institutions."}}</ref>
| budget_year         = [[Fiscal year]] 2023
| staff               = 961<ref name="BuSt">{{Cite web |title=VOA |url=https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009032532/https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/ |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=[[U.S. Agency for Global Media]] |language=en}}</ref>
| staff_year          = 2021
| website             = {{official URL}}
}}
'''Voice of America''' ('''VOA''' or '''VoA''') is an [[international broadcasting]] [[state media]] network funded by the federal government of the [[United States|United States of America]]. It is the largest and oldest of the U.S. international broadcasters.<ref name=":0">*{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2020 |title=RCFP urges Congress to protect Voice of America's editorial independence |url=https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/voice-of-america-independence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032040/https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/voice-of-america-independence/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=[[Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press]]}}
*{{Cite web|date=June 16, 2020|title=Voice of America directors resign|url=https://aib.org.uk/voice-of-america-directors-resign/|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=[[Association for International Broadcasting]]|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423205238/https://aib.org.uk/voice-of-america-directors-resign/|url-status=live}} by
*{{Cite web|last1=Wright|first1=Kate|last2=Scott|first2=Martin|last3=Bunce|first3=Mel|date=June 25, 2020|title=Voice of America struggle for independence highlights issue of state role in government-backed media|url=https://theconversation.com/voice-of-america-struggle-for-independence-highlights-issue-of-state-role-in-government-backed-media-141326|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|archive-date=June 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627075435/https://theconversation.com/voice-of-america-struggle-for-independence-highlights-issue-of-state-role-in-government-backed-media-141326|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heil |first=Alan L. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |title=Voice of America: A History |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |jstor=10.7312/heil12674 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627020703/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |title=Trump appointee sweeps aside rule that ensured 'firewall' at Voice of America |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-firewall-michael-pack-trump/2020/10/27/02a4fbae-1854-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622003949/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-firewall-michael-pack-trump/2020/10/27/02a4fbae-1854-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> VOA produces digital, TV, and radio content in 48 languages, which it distributes to affiliate stations around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-01 |title=VOA Launches Programming in Sindhi |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6641147.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708021455/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6641147.html |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=Inside VOA |language=en-US}}</ref> Its targeted and primary audience is non-American outside of the US borders. As of November 2022, its reporting reached 326 million adults per week across all platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-s-weekly-audience-grows-by-14-million/6835938.html|title=VOA's Weekly Audience Grows by 14 Million|date=November 15, 2022|website=Voice of America}}</ref> It is financed by the U.S. Agency for Global Media after approval by Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM |url=https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=USAGM |language=en-US}}</ref>

VOA was established in 1942, and the VOA charter was signed into law in 1976 by U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]].<ref name="VOA Mission">{{Cite news |title=Mission and Values |work=insidevoa.com |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/p/5831.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019095816/https://www.insidevoa.com/p/5831.html |archive-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg823.pdf 90 Stat. 823] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009220829/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg823.pdf |date=October 9, 2017 }}, [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-108/pdf/STATUTE-108-Pg4299.pdf 108 Stat. 4299] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009220829/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg823.pdf |date=October 9, 2017 }}</ref> It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and overseen by the [[U.S. Agency for Global Media]] (USAGM), an [[independent agency of the U.S. government]].<ref name="VOA Charter">{{Cite web |last=VOA Public Relations |title=VOA Charter |url=http://www.insidevoa.com/p/5728.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161120165209/http://www.insidevoa.com/p/5728.html |archive-date=November 20, 2016 |website=Inside VOA |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> Funds are appropriated annually under the budget for embassies and consulates. As of 2022, VOA had a weekly worldwide audience of approximately 326 million (up from 237 million in 2016) and employed 961 staff with an annual budget of $267.5&nbsp;million.<ref name="usagm.gov"/><ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |last=Borchers |first=Callum |date=January 26, 2017 |title=Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818125538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/ |archive-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="VOANews2016">{{Cite web |last=VOA Public Relations |date=December 5, 2016 |title=The Largest U.S. International Broadcaster |url=https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2016/12/05/5d1e6a53-3ed2-4c3e-b043-ecae12d9eed8.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906224328/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2016/12/05/5d1e6a53-3ed2-4c3e-b043-ecae12d9eed8.pdf |archive-date=September 6, 2020 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |website=VOA News |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref>

Voice of America is seen by some listeners as having a positive impact and serving as [[Foreign policy of the United States|US diplomacy]], while others, like [[University of Peshawar]]'s lecturer Faizullah Jan, see it as [[American propaganda]].<ref name="Jan-2015" /><ref name="Zhang-2002" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Dan |date=March 30, 2017 |title=Spare the indignation: Voice of America has never been independent |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/broadcasting_board_of_governors_house_trump.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520112752/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/broadcasting_board_of_governors_house_trump.php |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref>

==Languages==

The Voice of America website had five English-language broadcasts as of 2014 (worldwide, [[Learning English (version of English)|Learning English]], [[Cambodia]], [[Zimbabwe]], and [[Tibet]]). Additionally, the VOA website has versions in 48 foreign languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/|title=USAGM|website=USAGM}}</ref><ref name="usagm.gov"/>

Radio programs are marked with an "R"; TV programs with a "T":
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
# [[Oromo language|Afan Oromo]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Albanian language|Albanian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Amharic language|Amharic]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Armenian language|Armenian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Bambara language|Bambara]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Bengali language|Bangla]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Burmese language|Burmese]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Dari Persian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[French language|French]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Georgian language|Georgian]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Haitian Creole]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Hausa language|Hausa]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Khmer language|Khmer]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Kinyarwanda]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Kirundi]]
# [[Korean language|Korean]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Lao language|Lao]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Lingala]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Ndebele language (Zimbabwe)|Ndebele]]
# [[Pashto language|Pashto]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Persian language|Persian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
# [[Russian language|Russian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Sango language|Sango]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Serbian language|Serbian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Shona language|Shona]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
# [[Somali language|Somali]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Spanish language|Spanish]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Swahili language|Swahili]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Thai language|Thai]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup>
# [[Turkish language|Turkish]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup>
# [[Urdu language|Urdu]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
# [[Wolof language|Wolof]]
# [[English language|English]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup>
{{div col end}}

The number of languages varies according to the priorities of the United States government and the world situation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQs, How do you make decisions to cut or add languages or programs? |url=http://www.bbg.gov/about-the-agency/history/faqs/#q8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201064438/http://www.bbg.gov/about-the-agency/history/faqs/#q8 |archive-date=December 1, 2014 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=bbg.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Languages |url=https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/06/25/7719dfbe-792c-4f43-9759-f24100444dca.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125045325/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/06/25/7719dfbe-792c-4f43-9759-f24100444dca.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2021 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref>

== History ==

===American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II===

[[File:Voice of America headquarters and United States Capitol.jpg|thumb|280px|Voice of America headquarters]]
Before World War II, all American [[shortwave radio]] stations were in private hands.<ref name="Berg, Jerome S. 1999, page 105">Berg, Jerome S. ''On the Short Waves, 1923–1945: Broadcast Listening in the Pioneer Days of Radio.'' 1999, McFarland. {{ISBN|0-7864-0506-6}}, p. 105</ref> Privately controlled shortwave networks included the [[NBC|National Broadcasting Company]]'s International Network (or White Network), which broadcast in six languages, the [[CBS|Columbia Broadcasting System]]'s Latin American international network, which consisted of 64 stations located in 18 countries, the [[Crosley Broadcasting Corporation]] in Cincinnati, Ohio, and [[General Electric]] which owned and operated WGEO and WGEA, both based in [[Schenectady, New York]], and [[KGEI]] in [[San Francisco]], all of which had [[shortwave transmitter]]s.<ref>Chamberlain, A.B. "CBS International Broadcast Facilities". ''Proceedings of the IRE'', Volume 30, Issue 3, March 1942 pp. 118–129.</ref><ref>Library of Congress. "NBC Resources Held by the Recorded Sound Section." [https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/recnbc.html Library of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702121133/http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/recnbc.html |date=July 2, 2018 }}</ref> Experimental programming began in the 1930s, but there were fewer than 12 transmitters in operation.<ref name="Dizard_24">{{harvp|Dizard|2004|p=24}}</ref>

In 1939, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] set the following policy, which was intended to enforce the [[US State Department]]'s [[Good Neighbor Policy]], but which some broadcasters felt was an attempt to direct censorship:<ref>{{Cite web |title=NABusiness |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771673-1,00.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322072617/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771673-1,00.html |archive-date=March 22, 2008 |work=Time Magazine}}</ref>

<blockquote>A licensee of an international broadcast station shall render only an international broadcast service which will reflect the culture of this country and which will promote international goodwill, understanding and cooperation. Any program solely intended for, and directed to an audience in the continental United States does not meet the requirements for this service.<ref>Rose, Cornelia Bruère. ''National Policy for Radio Broadcasting.'' 1971, Ayer Publishing. {{ISBN|0-405-03580-2}}. p. 244</ref></blockquote>

Around 1940, shortwave signals to [[Latin America]] were regarded as vital to counter [[Nazi propaganda]].<ref name="Dizard_24" /> Initially, the US [[Office of the Coordinator of Information]] sent releases to each station, but this was seen as an inefficient means of transmitting news.<ref name="Berg, Jerome S. 1999, page 105" /> The director of Latin American relations at the Columbia Broadcasting System was [[Edmund A. Chester]], and he supervised the development of CBS's extensive "La Cadena de las Américas" radio network to improve broadcasting to [[South America]] during the 1940s.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund+Chester&pg=PA166 ''Dissonant Divas In Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406003731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund+Chester&pg=PA166 |date=April 6, 2023 }} Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-8166-7316-2}} pp. 152–153 Edmund Chester, CBS, Franklin Roosevelt and "La Cadena De Las Americas"</ref>

===World War II===
{{See also|Frank Shozo Baba}}{{ external media|width=175px|image1="La Cadena de las Américas" – [[Edmund Chester]] CBS Radio Director in 1943 <br> [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/radio-director-of-shortwave-broadcasts-edmund-a-chester-and-news-photo/537936608?adppopup=true '''Here on Getty Images''']|image2=The"[[Viva America]]" program on CBS Radio including vocalist [[Nestor Mesta Chayres]] in 1946 <br> [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905998882?adppopup=true '''Here on Getty images''']|image3= "Viva America" – CBS Radio and [[Alfredo Antonini]], Conductor in 1946 <br> [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905995866?adppopup=true '''Here on Getty Images''']}}
Even before the December 1941 Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], the U.S. government's [[Office of the Coordinator of Information]] (COI) had already begun providing war news and commentary to the commercial American shortwave radio stations for use on a voluntary basis, through its Foreign Information Service (FIS) headed by playwright [[Robert E. Sherwood]], who served as President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s speech writer and information advisor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Walter R. |title=The Voice of America: Origins and Recollections |url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426030633/https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref> Direct programming began a week after the United States' entry into World War II in December 1941, with the first broadcast from the San Francisco office of the FIS via General Electric's KGEI transmitting to the Philippines in English (other languages followed). The next step was to broadcast to Germany, which was called ''Stimmen aus Amerika'' ("Voices from America") and was transmitted on February 1, 1942. It was introduced by the “[[Battle Hymn of the Republic]]" and included the pledge: "Today, and every day from now on, we will be with you from America to talk about the war... The news may be good or bad for us – We will always tell you the truth."<ref>Roberts, Walter R. [http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html UNC.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426030633/https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html |date=April 26, 2018 }} See also: {{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Chris |title=A Belated Correction: The ''Real'' First Broadcast of the Voice of America |url=http://www.chriskern.net/essay/voaFirstBroadcast.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123522/http://www.chriskern.net/essay/voaFirstBroadcast.html |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref> Roosevelt approved this broadcast, which then-Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] (COI) and Sherwood (FIS) had recommended to him. It was Sherwood who actually coined the term "The Voice of America" to describe the shortwave network that began its transmissions on February 1, from 270 [[Madison Avenue]] in New York City.

The [[Office of War Information]], when organized in the middle of 1942, officially took over VOA's operations. VOA reached an agreement with the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] to share medium-wave transmitters in Great Britain, and expanded into [[Tunis]] in North Africa and [[Palermo]] and [[Bari, Italy]], as the Allies captured these territories. The OWI also set up the [[American Broadcasting Station in Europe]].<ref>{{harvp|Dizard|2004|pp=24–25}}</ref> Asian transmissions started with one transmitter in [[California]] in 1941; services were expanded by adding transmitters in [[Hawaii]] and, after recapture, the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Dizard_25">{{harvp|Dizard|2004|p=25}}</ref>

By the end of the war, VOA had 39 transmitters and provided service in 40 languages.<ref name="Dizard_25" /> Programming was broadcast from production centers in New York and San Francisco, with more than 1,000 programs originating from New York. Programming consisted of music, news, commentary, and relays of U.S. domestic programming, in addition to specialized VOA programming.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sterling |first1=Christopher H. |title=Stay Tuned: a History of American Broadcasting |last2=Kittross |first2=John Michael |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8058-2624-1 |edition=3rd |series=LEA's Communication Series |page=263}}</ref> About half of VOA's services, including the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] service, were discontinued in 1945.<ref name="Rugh 2006, 13">{{harvp|Rugh|2006|p=13}}</ref> In late 1945, VOA was transferred to the US Department of State.

Also included among the [[cultural diplomacy]] programming on the Columbia Broadcasting System was the musical show ''[[Viva America]]'' (1942–49) which featured the Pan American Orchestra and the artistry of several noted musicians from both North and South America, including [[Alfredo Antonini]], [[Juan Arvizu]], [[Eva Garza]], [[Elsa Miranda]], [[Nestor Mesta Chayres|Nestor Mesta Chaires]], [[Miguel Sandoval (composer)|Miguel Sandoval]], [[John Serry Sr.]], and [[Terig Tucci]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Settel |first=Irving |title=A Pictorial History of Radio |publisher=[[Grosset & Dunlap]] |year=1967 |location=New York |page=146 |lccn=67-23789 |oclc=1475068 |orig-year=1960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Bronfman, Alejandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehN4sM0Xy_UC&pg=PA49 |title=Media Sound & Culture in Latin America|editor2=Wood, Andrew Grant|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press
|location=Pittsburgh  |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8229-6187-1 |page=49 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=Edwin D. |title=Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs |publisher=National Archives and Record Services – General Services Administration |year=1973 |volume=Inventory of Record Group 229 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=25–26 |chapter=Records of the Radio Division |lccn=73-600146 <!-- dead --> |access-date=October 18, 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf#page=33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004731/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf#page=33 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1945, broadcasts of the show were carried by 114 stations on CBS's "La Cadena de las Américas" network in 20 Latin American nations. These broadcasts proved to be highly successful in supporting President Roosevelt's policy of [[Pan-Americanism]] throughout South America during World War II.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=ociaa&pg=PA166 ''Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406122859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=ociaa&pg=PA166 |date=April 6, 2023 }} Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 pp. 152–155 {{ISBN|978-0-8166-7316-2}} OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, Viva America, La Cadena de las Americas</ref>

===Cold War===

[[File:Iron Curtain map.svg|thumb|The [[Iron Curtain]], in black:
{{legend|#004990|[[NATO]] members{{efn|[[Spain]] joined NATO in 1982.}}
{{legend|#FF8282|[[Warsaw Pact]] countries}}}}]]
The VOA ramped up its operations during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5859|title=Voice of America|website=ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org}}</ref> [[Foy D. Kohler|Foy Kohler]], the director of VOA during the Cold War, strongly believed that the VOA was serving its purpose, which he identified as aiding in the fight against communism.<ref name="Kohler-1951">{{Cite journal |last=Kohler |first=Foy |date=1951 |title=The Effectiveness of the Voice of America |journal=The Quarterly of Film Radio and Television |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=20–29 |doi=10.2307/1209931 |jstor=1209931 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2027/hvd.32044057212938}}</ref> He argued that the numbers of listeners they were getting such as 194,000 regular listeners in Sweden, and 2.1 million regular listeners in France, was an indication of a positive impact. As further evidence, he noted that the VOA received 30,000 letters a month from listeners all over the world, and hundreds of thousands of requests for broadcasting schedules.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohler |first=Foy |date=1951 |title=Voice Of America |journal=Naval War College Information Service for Officers |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1–20 |jstor=44792598}}</ref> There was an analysis done of some of those letters sent in 1952 and 1953 while Kohler was still director. The study found that letter writing could be an indicator of successful, actionable persuasion. It was also found that broadcasts in different countries were having different effects. In one country, regular listeners adopted and practiced American values presented by the broadcast. Age was also a factor: younger and older audiences tended to like different types of programs, no matter the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herzog |first=H. |date=1952 |title=Listener Mail to the Voice of America |journal=The Public Opinion Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=607–611 |doi=10.1086/266423 |jstor=2746119}}</ref> Kohler used all of this as evidence to claim that the VOA helped to grow and strengthen the free world. It also influenced the UN in their decision to condemn communist actions in Korea, and was a major factor in the decline of communism in the "free world, including key countries such as Italy and France.<ref name="Kohler-1951" /> In Italy, the VOA did not just bring an end to communism, but it caused the country to Americanize.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tobia |first=S |date=2013 |title=Did the RAI buy it? The role and limits of American broadcasting in Italy in the Cold War |journal=Cold War History |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=171–191 |doi=10.1080/14682745.2012.746665 |s2cid=154534690}}</ref> The VOA also had an impact behind the [[Iron Curtain]]. Practically all defectors during Kohler's time said that the VOA helped in their decision to defect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP65B00383R000100050038-7.pdf|title="Russian Defector Gives Witness to the Effectiveness of Voice of America"}}</ref> Another indication of impact, according to Kohler, was the Soviet response. Kohler argued that the Soviets responded because the VOA was having an impact. Based on Soviet responses, it can be presumed that the most effective programs were ones that compared the lives of those behind and outside the Iron Curtain, questions on the practice of slave labor, as well as lies and errors in [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s version of [[Marxism]].<ref name="Kohler-1951" />

In 1947, VOA started broadcasting to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] citizens in Russia under the pretext of countering "more harmful instances of [[Soviet propaganda]] directed against American leaders and policies" on the part of the internal Soviet Russian-language media, according to John B. Whitton's treatise, ''Cold War Propaganda''.<ref name="whitton">{{Cite journal |last=John B. Whitton |year=1951 |title=Cold War propaganda |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=151–153 |doi=10.2307/2194791 |jstor=2194791 |s2cid=146989731}}</ref> The Soviet Union responded by initiating electronic [[radio jamming|jamming]] of VOA broadcasts on April 24, 1949.<ref name="whitton" />

[[Charles W. Thayer]] headed VOA in 1948–49.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Thayer (1948–1949) |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/4488436.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012715/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/4488436.html |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=VOA |date=July 18, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Over the next few years, the U.S. government debated the best role of Voice of America. The decision was made to use VOA broadcasts as a part of [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] to fight the propaganda of the [[Soviet Union]] and other countries. The Arabic service resumed on January 1, 1950, with a half-hour program. This program grew to 14.5 hours daily during the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, and was six hours a day by 1958.<ref name="Rugh 2006, 13" /> Between 1952 and 1960, Voice of America used a converted [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]] cutter ''[[USCGC Courier (WAGR-410)|Courier]]'' as a first mobile [[Offshore radio|broadcasting ship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Glass |title=Voice of America begins broadcasts to the Soviet Union, Feb. 17, 1947 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/voice-of-america-begins-broadcasts-to-the-soviet-union-feb-17-1947-219288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012650/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/voice-of-america-begins-broadcasts-to-the-soviet-union-feb-17-1947-219288 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=Politico |date=February 17, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

[[file:Willis Conover 1969.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Willis Conover]] broadcasting with Voice of America in 1969]]
Control of VOA passed from the State Department to the [[U.S. Information Agency]] when the latter was established in 1953<ref name="Rugh 2006, 13" /> to transmit worldwide, including to the countries behind the Iron Curtain and to the People's Republic of China. From 1955 until 2003, VOA broadcast American jazz on the ''[[Voice of America Jazz Hour]]''. Hosted for most of that period by [[Willis Conover]], the program had 30 million listeners at its peak. A program aimed at [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] in 1956 broadcast two hours nightly, and special programs such as ''The [[Newport Jazz Festival]]'' were also transmitted. This was done in association with tours by U.S. musicians, such as [[Dizzy Gillespie]], [[Louis Armstrong]], and [[Duke Ellington]], sponsored by the State Department.<ref>Appy, Christian G. Cold ''War Constructions: The Political Culture of United States Imperialism''. 2000, [[University of Massachusetts Press]]; {{ISBN|1-55849-218-6}}, p. 126.</ref> From August 1952 through May 1953, Billy Brown, a high school senior in [[Westchester County, New York]], had a Monday night program in which he shared everyday happenings in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]]. Brown's program ended due to its popularity: his "chatty narratives" attracted so much fan mail, VOA couldn't afford the $500 a month in clerical and postage costs required to respond to listeners' letters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folsom |first=Merrill |date=May 28, 1953 |title='Voice' to Drop Boy's Broadcasts; Can't Afford to Answer Fan Mail |work=The New York Times |volume=CII|issue=34823|page=1}}</ref> During 1953, VOA personnel were subjected to [[McCarthyism|McCarthyist]] policies, where VOA was accused by Senator Joseph McCarthy, [[Roy Cohn]], and [[G. David Schine|Gerard David Schine]] of intentionally planning to build weak transmitting stations to sabotage VOA broadcasts. However, the charges were dropped after one month of court hearings in February and March 1953.<ref name="Central European University Press-2010">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/671648365 |title=Cold War broadcasting: impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe : a collection of studies and documents |date=2010 |publisher=Central European University Press |editor1=A. Ross Johnson |editor2=R. Eugene Parta |author=Timothy Garton Ash |isbn=978-1-4416-7708-2 |location=Budapest |oclc=671648365}}</ref>

Sometime around 1954, VOA's headquarters were moved from New York to Washington D.C. The arrival of cheap, low-cost transistors enabled the significant growth of shortwave radio listeners. During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], VOA's broadcasts were deemed controversial, as Hungarian refugees and revolutionaries thought that VOA served as a medium and insinuated the possible arrival of the Western aid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uttaro |first=Ralph A. |date=1982 |title=The Voices of America in International Radio Propaganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191297 |url-status=live |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=103–122 |doi=10.2307/1191297 |issn=0023-9186 |jstor=1191297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627133231/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191297 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=March 17, 2022}}</ref>

Throughout the [[Cold War]], many of the targeted countries' governments sponsored [[radio jamming|jamming]] of VOA broadcasts, which sometimes led critics to question the broadcasts' actual impact. For example, in 1956, [[Polish People's Republic]] stopped jamming VOA transmissions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Varis |first=Tapio |date=1970 |title=The Control of Information by Jamming Radio Broadcasts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083158 |url-status=live |journal=Cooperation and Conflict |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=168–184 |doi=10.1177/001083677000500303 |issn=0010-8367 |jstor=45083158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012650/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083158 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |s2cid=145418504}}</ref> but [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] continued to jam the signal through the 1970s. In 1966 [[Edward R. Murrow]] said that: "The Russians spend more money jamming the Voice of America than we have to spend for the entire program of the entire Agency. They spend about $125 million 
(${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|125000000|1966|r=-8}}}} in current dollar terms) a year jamming it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6joTAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22voice+of+america%22+-voanews+russia&pg=PA942|title=Postal Rate Revision of 1962: Hearings Before the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, United States Senate, Eighty-seventh Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 7927, an Act to Adjust Postal Rates, and for Other Purposes, March 6, 13, 22; April 3, 10, 17; May 1, 21, 28; June 26; July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31; August 2, 7, 9, 14, 16, 21, and 23, 1962|first=United States Congress Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil|last=Service|date=February 12, 1962|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Chinese language|Chinese-language]] VOA broadcasts were jammed beginning in 1956 and extending through 1976.<ref>''Broadcasting Yearbook'', 1976 and 1979 editions.</ref> However, after the collapse of the [[Warsaw Pact]] and the Soviet Union, interviews with participants in anti-Soviet movements verified the effectiveness of VOA broadcasts in transmitting information to socialist societies.<ref>Conference Report, ''Cold War Impact of VOA Broadcasts,'' Hoover Institution and the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 13–16, 2004</ref> The People's Republic of China diligently jams VOA broadcasts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bihlmayer |first=Ulrich |date=September 12, 2006 |title=Fighting the Chinese Government "Firedragon" – Music Jammer AND "Sound of Hope" Broadcasting (SOH), Taiwan |url=http://www.iarums-r1.org/iarums/prcdragon.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021842/http://www.iarums-r1.org/iarums/prcdragon.pdf |archive-date=February 16, 2008 |access-date=January 15, 2008 |publisher=IARU Region 1 Monitoring System}}</ref> [[Cuba]] has also been reported to interfere with VOA satellite transmissions to [[Iran]] from its Russian-built transmission site at [[Bejucal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S.: Cuba Jamming TV Signals To Iran – Local News Story – WTVJ |url=http://www.nbc6.net/news/2334674/detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224191817/http://www.nbc6.net/news/2334674/detail.html |archive-date=December 24, 2008 |access-date=January 15, 2008}}</ref> David Jackson, former director of Voice of America, noted: "The [[North Korea]]n government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."<ref>Jackson, David. "The Future of Radio II." ''World Radio TV Handbook'', 2007 ed., Billboard Books. {{ISBN|0-8230-5997-9}}. p 38.</ref>

[[File:Martin Luther King Jr. addresses a crowd from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Martin Luther King]]'s 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech]]
[[file:Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Buzz Aldrin]] on the moon, in a photograph taken by [[Neil Armstrong]], who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth<ref name="Byrne. 2019">{{cite web | last=Byrne. | first=Dave | title=Apollo 11 Image Library | website=hq.nasa.gov | date=2019-07-08 | url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 | access-date=2021-06-10 | archive-date=February 24, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224163200/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 | url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, VOA covered some of the era's most important news, including [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heil |first=Alan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vofsaBdqxWEC&pg=PA71 |title=Voice of America: A History |year=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231126748}}</ref> and [[Neil Armstrong]]'s 1969 [[Apollo 11#Lunar surface operations|first walk on the Moon]], which drew an audience estimated at between 615 and 750 million people. In 1973, due to the détente policies in the Cold War, Soviet jamming of the VOA ceased; it restarted in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1841&context=mjil|title="Jamming and the Law of International Communications"}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, VOA began a $1.3 billion rebuilding program to improve broadcast with better technical capabilities. During the implementation of the [[Martial law in Poland]] between 1981 and 1983, VOA's Polish broadcasts expanded to seven hours daily. Throughout the 1980s, VOA focused on covering events from the 'American hinterland', such as 150th anniversary of the [[Oregon Trail]].<ref name="Central European University Press-2010" /> Also in the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, [[Radio Martí]] and [[TV Martí]]. Cuba has consistently attempted to jam such broadcasts and has vociferously protested U.S. broadcasts directed at Cuba. In September 1980, VOA started broadcasting to [[Afghanistan]] in [[Dari language|Dari]] and in [[Pashto language|Pashto]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Broadcasting to Afghanistan |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/p/6455.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515235847/https://www.insidevoa.com/p/6455.html |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> In 1981, VOA opened a bureau in Beijing, China.<ref name=":Li">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Hongshan |title=Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231207058 |location=New York, NY |pages=326 |doi=10.7312/li--20704 |jstor=10.7312/li--20704}}</ref> The next year, it began regular exchanges with [[China Radio International|Radio Peking]].<ref name=":Li" />

In 1985, VOA Europe was created as a special service in English that was relayed via satellite to AM, FM, and cable affiliates throughout Europe. With a contemporary format including live disc jockeys, the network presented top musical hits as well as VOA news and features of local interest (such as "EuroFax") 24 hours a day. VOA Europe was closed down without advance public notice in January 1997 as a cost-cutting measure.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Holland |first=Bill |date=March 8, 1997 |title=VOA Europe: A Victim of Bureaucracy? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61 |magazine=Billboard |volume=109 |issue=10 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201161336/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It was followed by VOA Express, which from July 4, 1999, revamped into VOA Music Mix.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heil |first=Alan L. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |title=Voice of America: A History |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=299 |jstor=10.7312/heil12674 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627020703/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since November 1, 2014, stations are offered VOA1 (which is a rebranding of VOA Music Mix).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeno.fm/radio/voa1thehits/|title=Listen to VOA1|website=Zeno.FM}}</ref>

In 1989, Voice of America expanded its [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]] programming to reach the millions of Chinese and inform the country about the pro-democracy movement within the country, including the demonstration in Tiananmen Square.<ref>{{Cite book |last=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27408482 |title=The Radio Free China Act, S. 2985 : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, September 15, 1992 |date=1992 |publisher=U.S. G.P.O. |isbn=0-16-039614-X |location=Washington |oclc=27408482 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509045840/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27408482 |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in 1990, the U.S. consolidated its international broadcasting efforts, with the establishment of the Bureau of Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM |url=https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702010128/https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=USAGM |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Post–Cold War===
With the breakup of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe, VOA added many additional language services to reach those areas. This decade was marked by the additions of services in [[Standard Tibetan]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] (to Iran and Iraq), [[Serbo-Croatian]] (Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian), [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], and [[Rwanda-Rundi]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=VOA Guide: Voice of America English Broadcasts Worldwide |date=1998 |publication-place=University of Minnesota |publisher=VOA|page=8 |chapter=Voice of America broadcasts in 52 languages |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ7DpUe1SO4C&pg=PA8 |issue=1 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201161246/https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ7DpUe1SO4C&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Language Service Fact Sheets |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html#Eurasia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408170711/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html#Eurasia |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=insidevoa.com |publisher=Voice of America Public Relations}}</ref>

In 1993, the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] advised cutting funding for [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], as it believed post-Cold War information and influence was not needed in Europe. This plan was not well received, and US President [[Bill Clinton]] then proposed the compromise of the [[International Broadcasting Act]], which he signed into law in 1994. This law established the [[International Broadcasting Bureau]] as a part of the [[United States Information Agency]] (USIA), and established the [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]] (BBG) with oversight authority, which took control from the Board for International Broadcasters which previously had overseen funding for RFE/RL.<ref name="Raghavan" /> In 1998, the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act was signed into law, and mandated that the BBG become an [[Independent agencies of the United States government|independent federal agency]] as of October 1, 1999. This act also abolished the USIA, and merged most of its functions into those of the State Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-306|title=Records of the United States Information Agency (RG 306)|date=August 15, 2016|website=National Archives}}</ref>

In 1994, Voice of America became the first broadcast-news organization to offer continuously updated programs on the Internet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Chris |title=The Voice of America: First on the Internet |url=http://www.chriskern.net/history/voaFirstOnTheInternet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709043008/http://www.chriskern.net/history/voaFirstOnTheInternet.html |archive-date=July 9, 2007 |access-date=January 15, 2008}}</ref>

=== Cuts and expansion ===
The Arabic Service was abolished in 2002 and replaced by a new radio service, called the Middle East Radio Network or [[Radio Sawa]], with an initial budget of $22 million. Radio Sawa offered mostly Western and Middle Eastern popular songs with periodic brief news bulletins.

The Arabic Service expanded to television with [[Alhurra]] on February 14, 2004 (and later to various social media and websites).<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM |url=https://www.usagm.gov/networks/mbn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703122757/https://www.usagm.gov/networks/mbn/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref> On May 16, 2004, the US government's international English language TV service [[Worldnet Television and Film Service|Worldnet]], became part of VOA as "VOA TV".

Radio programs in Russian ended in July 2008.<ref name="post" /> In September 2008, VOA eliminated the Hindi-language service after 53 years.<ref name="post">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=September 12, 2008 |title=India Set to Lose Voice of America |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091103305.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228210333/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091103305.html |archive-date=December 28, 2018}}</ref> Broadcasts in Ukrainian, Serbian, Macedonian, and Bosnian also ended.<ref name="publica">{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2008 |title=Voice of America to Cut Language Services |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/voice-of-america-to-cut-language-services-709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611160646/https://www.propublica.org/article/voice-of-america-to-cut-language-services-709 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=propublica.org}}</ref> These reductions were part of American efforts to concentrate more resources to broadcast to the [[Muslim world]].<ref name="post" /><ref name="publica" /> In September 2010, VOA began radio broadcasts in Sudan. As U.S. interests in [[South Sudan]] grew, there was a desire to provide people with free information.<ref>Abedje, Ashenafi. "Voice of America Expands its Sudan Programming," Voice of America News, September 17, 2010. Retrieved on March 25, 2011</ref>

In 2013, VOA ended foreign-language transmissions on shortwave and medium wave to Albania, Georgia, Iran, and Latin America, as well as English-language broadcasts to the Middle East and Afghanistan.<ref name="inside">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2013 |title=VOA Reducing Radio Frequencies |url=http://www.insidevoa.com/content/voa-reducing-radio-frequencies/1629194.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405082510/http://www.insidevoa.com/content/voa-reducing-radio-frequencies/1629194.html |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=insidevoa.com}}</ref> This was done due to budget cuts.<ref name="inside" /> On July 1, 2014, VOA cut most of its English-language transmissions to Asia,<ref name="arrl">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2014 |title=Voice of America Makes More Cuts to International Shortwave Broadcast Schedule |url=http://www.arrl.org/news/voice-of-america-makes-more-cuts-to-international-shortwave-broadcast-schedule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331141645/http://www.arrl.org/news/voice-of-america-makes-more-cuts-to-international-shortwave-broadcast-schedule |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=arrl.org}}</ref> as well as shortwave transmissions in Azerbaijani, Bengali, Khmer, Kurdish, Lao, and Uzbek.<ref name="arrl" /> The following month, the Greek service ended after 72 years on air.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2014 |title=Voice of America Ends Greek Broadcasts |url=http://www.bbg.gov/blog/2014/08/11/voice-of-america-ends-greek-broadcasts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816115316/http://www.bbg.gov/blog/2014/08/11/voice-of-america-ends-greek-broadcasts/ |archive-date=August 16, 2014 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=bbg.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2014 |title=After 72 years on air, VOA's Greek Service goes silent |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite6_1_12/08/2014_542099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819233735/http://ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite6_1_12/08/2014_542099 |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Kathimerini]]}}</ref>

===Russia===
RFE/RL launched the Russian language [[Current Time TV]], in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Time Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |url=https://pressroom.rferl.org/current-time |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=RFE/RL |ref={{sfnref | RFE/RL}}}}</ref>

In January 2016, upon his arrival in Moscow, Russian authorities detained and then deported [[Jeff Shell]], the Chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors that oversees the Voice of America, despite his having a valid Russian visa.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2016/jul/14/russia-detains-deports-us-voice-america-official/|title=Russia detains, deports U.S. Voice of America official &#124; Arkansas Democrat Gazette|date=July 14, 2016|website=www.arkansasonline.com}}</ref> Russian authorities did not explain their actions.<ref name="auto1" />

Round-the-clock broadcasting of Current Time began on February 7, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Time TV Channel Новости, видео и репортажи из России, Украины, стран Азии – Настоящее Время |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/p/6018.html |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=Настоящее Время |language=ky |ref={{sfnref | Настоящее Время}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Current Time TV {{!}} Voice of America - English |url=https://www.voanews.com/author/current-time-tv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328090933/https://www.voanews.com/author/current-time-tv |archive-date=2020-03-28 |website=www.voanews.com}}</ref><ref name="usagm.gov2">{{cite web |date=2019-02-12 |title=Current Time celebrates two years of impact and growth |url=https://www.usagm.gov/2019/02/12/current-time-celebrates-two-years-of-impact-and-growth/ |access-date=2020-03-28 |website=USAGM |ref={{sfnref | USAGM | 2019}}}}</ref>

In December 2017, under a new directive from Russia's [[Kremlin]] after a new law was passed by the [[State Duma]] (Russia's lower house of parliament) and the upper house [[Federation Council]] and signed by Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], Voice of America was deemed a "foreign agent" under the [[Russian foreign agent law]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-labels-voice-of-america-and-radio-free-europe-as-foreign-agents/a-41651707|title=Russia labels VOA and RFE as 'foreign agents' – DW – 12/06/2017|website=dw.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/05/568502826/russia-slaps-restrictions-on-voice-of-america-and-radio-free-europe "Russia Slaps Restrictions On 'Voice Of America' And 'Radio Free Europe'"]</ref> In June 2021, the Russian news agency [[TASS]] reported that Russia's state communications watchdog ''[[Roskomnadzor]]'' complained that the foreign agent Voice of America radio station challengingly refused to observe Russian law because it had not established a Russian legal entity.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/society/1301669|title=Voice of America, Radio Liberty ignore Russian laws — watchdog|website=TASS}}</ref> ''Roskomnadzor'' also said that VOA was as a foreign agent "obliged to mark their content and provide information about all aspects of their activity, including a detailed description of contacts with the authorities."<ref name="auto2"/>

In March 2022, VOA and other news broadcasters, including the [[BBC]], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], and [[Deutsche Welle]] were blocked in Russia,<ref name="Reuters March 2022">{{cite news |title=Russia blocks access to BBC and Voice of America websites |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/russia-restricts-access-bbc-russian-service-radio-liberty-ria-2022-03-04/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> as after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, Russian authorities increased censorship of independent journalism, anti-war protests, and dissenting voices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Troianovski |first1=Anton |last2=Safronova |first2=Valeriya |title=Russia Takes Censorship to New Extremes, Stifling War Coverage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/world/europe/russia-censorship-media-crackdown.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/03/russia-kremlins-ruthless-crackdown-stifles-independent-journalism-and-anti-war-movement/|title=Russia: Kremlin's ruthless crackdown stifles independent journalism and anti-war movement|date=March 10, 2022|website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref name="NYT Mar 7 2022">{{cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |last2=Hopkins |first2=Valerie |title=Russia, Blocked From the Global Internet, Plunges Into Digital Isolation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/technology/russia-ukraine-internet-isolation.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/597411-grassroots-effort-uses-shortwave-radio-to-broadcast-voa-in-ukraine-russia/|title=Grassroots effort uses shortwave radio to broadcast VOA in Ukraine, Russia|first=Rebecca|last=Klar|date=March 8, 2022}}</ref> Nevertheless, many Russians have used [[VPN]]s and other software to get around Russian government blocks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGil |first1=Margaret Harding |title=How Russians are evading the internet blockade |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/03/09/vpns-evading-russias-internet-blockade |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=March 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://information-professionals.org/radio-to-russia-can-old-technologies-make-a-dent-in-putins-information-blockade/|title=Radio to Russia: Can Old Technologies Make a Dent in Putin's Information Blockade?|first=John|last=Bicknell|date=June 21, 2022|website=Information Professionals Association}}</ref> As of March 2022, VOA broadcasts were reaching people in Russia and the region through TV, FM and medium wave radio, digital, and direct-to-home satellite.<ref name="auto"/> In May 2023, Russia banned acting VOA chief Yolanda Lopez from ever entering the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/russia-bans-jimmy-kimmel-stephen-colbert-seth-meyers-rachel-maddow-1235496448/|title=Russia Bans Late Night Hosts Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Kimmel, Seth Meyers From Entering the Country|first=Alex|last=Weprin|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=May 19, 2023}}</ref>

== List of directors ==
* &nbsp;&nbsp;1941–1942 [[Robert E. Sherwood]] (Foreign Information Service)
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# 1942–1943: [[John Houseman]]
# 1943–1945: Louis G. Cowan
# 1945–1946: John Ogilvie
# 1948–1949: [[Charles W. Thayer]]
# 1949–1952: [[Foy D. Kohler]]
# 1952–1953: Alfred H. Morton
# 1953–1954: Leonard Erikson
# 1954–1956: John R. Poppele
# 1956–1958: Robert E. Burton
# 1958–1965: [[Henry Loomis]]
# 1965–1967: [[John Chancellor]]
# 1967–1968: [[John Charles Daly]]
# 1969–1977: [[Kenneth R. Giddens]]
# 1977–1979: R. Peter Straus
# 1980–1981: [[Mary G. F. Bitterman]]
# 1981–1982: James B. Conkling
# 1982: John Hughes
# 1982–1984: [[Kenneth Tomlinson]]
# 1985: Gene Pell
# 1986–1991: [[Dick Carlson]]
# 1991–1993: [[Chase Untermeyer]]
# 1994–1996: [[Geoffrey Cowan]]
# 1997–1999: [[Evelyn S. Lieberman]]
# 1999–2001: [[Sanford J. Ungar]]
# 2001–2002: [[Robert R. Reilly]]
# 2002–2006: David S. Jackson
# 2006–2011: Danforth W. Austin
# 2011–2015: [[David Ensor (journalist)|David Ensor]]
# 2016–2020: [[Amanda Bennett]]
# 2020–2021: [[Robert R. Reilly]]
# 2021–2024: vacant
# 2024–present: Michael Abramowitz
{{end div col}}

The current director, Michael Abramowitz, assumed the position in July 2024. He previously served as president of [[Freedom House]] and spent nearly 25 years as a reporter and editor for [[The Washington Post]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Katie |date=2024-04-19 |title=Voice of America Will Get a New Director |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/19/business/media/voice-of-america-director.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Agencies==
Voice of America has been a part of several agencies. From its founding in 1942 to 1945, it was part of the [[Office of War Information]], and then from 1945 to 1953 as a function of the State Department. VOA was placed under the [[U.S. Information Agency]] in 1953. When the USIA was abolished in 1999, VOA was placed under the BBG which is an autonomous U.S. government agency, with bipartisan membership. The Secretary of State has a seat on the BBG.<ref>{{harvp|Rugh|2006|p=14}}</ref> The BBG was established as a buffer to protect VOA and other U.S.-sponsored, non-military, international broadcasters from political interference. It replaced the Board for International Broadcasting (BIB) that oversaw the funding and operation of [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], a branch of VOA.<ref name="Raghavan">Raghavan, Sudarsan V., Stephen S. Johnson, and Kristi K. Bahrenburg. "Sending cross-border static: on the fate of Radio Free Europe and the influence of international broadcasting," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 47, 1993, access on March 25, 2011.</ref>

== 52 Documentary ==
In 2021, Voice of America launched 52 Documentary, a series that publishes weekly films about human experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Launches New Documentary Series |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6346520.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522065347/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6346520.html |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=VOA |date=December 9, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> They publish on the streaming app, VOA+, and YouTube. Films average 10–15 minutes and are translated with captions in several languages, including Russian, Persian, Mandarin, Urdu, and English. [[Euna Lee]] directs the program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahbaz |first=Ali |title=Looking For Diverse Human Stories? Watch This Compelling New Documentary |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alishahbaz/2022/02/07/looking-for-diverse-human-stories-watch-this-compelling-new-documentary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822152222/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alishahbaz/2022/02/07/looking-for-diverse-human-stories-watch-this-compelling-new-documentary/ |archive-date=August 22, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==Smith–Mundt Act==
From 1948 until its amendment in 2013, Voice of America was forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens, pursuant to § 501 of the [[Smith–Mundt Act]].<ref name="chuck_nbc_2013">{{Cite news |last=Chuck |first=Elizabeth |date=July 20, 2013 |title=Taxpayer money at work: US-funded foreign broadcasts finally available in the US |work=[[NBC News]] |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/20/19502580-taxpayer-money-at-work-us-funded-foreign-broadcasts-finally-available-in-the-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723104400/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/20/19502580-taxpayer-money-at-work-us-funded-foreign-broadcasts-finally-available-in-the-us |archive-date=July 23, 2013}}</ref> The intent of the 1948 legislation was to protect the American public from propaganda by its own government and to avoid any competition with private American companies.<ref>Broderick, James F., and Darren W. Miller. ''Consider the Source: A Critical Guide to 100 prominent news and information sites on the Web.'' Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-910965-77-4}}, p. 388.</ref> The act was amended via the passage of the ''Smith-Mundt Modernization Act'' provision of the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013|National Defense Authorization Act for 2013]].<ref name="smma">{{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=John |date=July 14, 2013 |title=U.S. Repeals Propaganda Ban, Spreads Government-Made News to Americans |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |url=http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/12/us_backs_off_propaganda_ban_spreads_government_made_news_to_americans |url-status=live |access-date=July 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716002319/http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/12/us_backs_off_propaganda_ban_spreads_government_made_news_to_americans |archive-date=July 16, 2013}}</ref> The amendment was intended to adapt the law to the Internet and to allow American citizens access to VOA content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Through the Years |date=April 3, 2017 |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105818/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2018}}</ref>

==Policies==

===VOA charter===
Under the Eisenhower administration in 1959, VOA Director [[Henry Loomis]] commissioned a formal statement of principles to protect the integrity of VOA programming and define the organization's mission, and was issued by Director [[George V. Allen]] as a directive in 1960 and was endorsed in 1962 by USIA director [[Edward R. Murrow]].<ref>{{harvp|Rugh|2006|pp=13–14}}</ref> VOA's charter was signed into law by President [[Gerald Ford]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=218}}

VOA's charter requires it to "present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Workneh |first=Téwodros W. |date=2019-06-26 |title=Journalistic Autonomy in Voice of America's Amharic Service: Actors, Deterrents, and Safeguards |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2019.1634484 |journal=Journalism Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=217–235 |doi=10.1080/1461670x.2019.1634484 |issn=1461-670X}}</ref>{{Rp|page=218}} Academics including Téwodros W. Workneh have described this as a [[public diplomacy]] function.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=218}} VOA's charter also requires it to be "a reliable and authoritative source of news" which "shall be accurate, objective, and comprehensive".<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=218}}

==="Firewall"===
The Voice of America Firewall was put in place with the 1976 VOA Charter and laws passed in 1994 and 2016 as a way of ensuring the integrity of VOA's journalism. This policy fights against propaganda and promotes unbiased and objective journalistic standards in the agency. The charter is one part of this firewall and the other laws assist in ensuring high standards of journalism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2019 |title=VOA and the Firewall – Law for More than 40 Years |url=https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/07/02/a2cdade1-ffb3-41b5-a086-2a09861ae452.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723154331/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/07/02/a2cdade1-ffb3-41b5-a086-2a09861ae452.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref name="Beitsch 4-6-2021">{{Cite news |last=Beitsch |first=Rebecca |date=April 6, 2021 |title=In departure from Trump, State affirms editorial freedom of Voice of America |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/546793-in-departure-from-trump-state-affirms-editorial-freedom-of-voice-of |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701170614/https://thehill.com/policy/international/546793-in-departure-from-trump-state-affirms-editorial-freedom-of-voice-of/ |archive-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref>

==="Two-source rule"===
According to former VOA correspondent Alan Heil, the internal policy of VOA News is that any story broadcast must have two independently corroborating sources or have a staff correspondent witness an event.<ref>Columbia University Press. [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/publicity/heilinterview.html Interview with Alan Heil, author of ''Voice of America''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706051252/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/publicity/heilinterview.html |date=July 6, 2007 }}</ref>

==''VOA Radiogram''==
{{redirect|Shortwave Radiogram|the general topic of radiograms on shortwave|radiogram (message)}}
''VOA Radiogram'' was an experimental Voice of America program that started in March 2013 and ended in June 2017, which transmitted [[Digital data|digital]] text and images via [[Shortwave radio|shortwave]] [[Radiogram (message)|radiograms]].<ref>{{cite web |title=VOA Radiogram |url=https://voaradiogram.net/ |website=Tumblr |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201161243/https://voaradiogram.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Radiogram |url=http://voaradiogram.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518080209/http://voaradiogram.net/ |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2014 |publisher=VOA Radiogram}}</ref> There were 220 editions of the program, transmitted each weekend from the Edward R. Murrow transmitting station. The audio tones that comprised the bulk of each 30-minute program were transmitted via an [[Analog signal|analog]] [[transmitter]], and could be [[Digital-to-analog converter|decoded]] using a basic [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] [[shortwave receiver]] with freely downloadable software of the [[Fldigi]] family. This software was available for [[Windows]],  [[macOS]], [[Linux]], and [[FreeBSD]] systems. Broadcasts could also be decoded using the free TIVAR app from the [[Google Play]] store using any [[Android (operating system)|Android]] device. The mode used most often on ''VOA Radiogram'', for both text and images, was [[Multiple frequency-shift keying|MFSK32]], but other modes were also occasionally transmitted. The final edition of ''VOA Radiogram'' was transmitted during the weekend of June 17–18, 2017, a week before the retirement of the program producer from VOA. An offer to continue the broadcasts on a contract basis was declined, so a follow-on show called ''Shortwave Radiogram'' began transmission on June 25, 2017, from the [[WRMI]] transmitting site in Okeechobee, Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Radiogram, 20–21 May 2017: Special doomed edition |url=http://voaradiogram.net/post/160839098787/voa-radiogram-20-21-may-2017-special-doomed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626230952/http://voaradiogram.net/post/160839098787/voa-radiogram-20-21-may-2017-special-doomed |archive-date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=June 26, 2017 |website=VOA Radiogram}}</ref><ref>[http://swradiogram.net/post/162168963047/shortwave-radiogram-25-june-2017-first-show Shortwave Radiogram, 25 June 2017: First show. Holding my breath.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626193433/http://swradiogram.net/post/162168963047/shortwave-radiogram-25-june-2017-first-show |date=June 26, 2017 }} VOA Radiogram Official Site</ref>

;''Shortwave Radiogram'' program schedule<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortwave Radiogram Tumblr Site |url=http://swradiogram.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619201408/http://swradiogram.net/ |archive-date=June 19, 2017 |access-date=June 27, 2017 |website=swradiogram.net}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Day ||Time ([[UTC]]) !! [[Shortwave Radio|Shortwave]] [[frequency]] ([[Hertz|MHz]]) || Origin
|-
|Saturday||1600–1630|| 9.4 ||Space Line, Bulgaria
|-
|Sunday||0600–0630|| 7.73 ||[[WRMI]], Florida
|-
|Sunday||2030–2100|| 11.58 ||[[WRMI]], Florida
|-
|Sunday||2330–2400|| 11.58 ||[[WRMI]], Florida
|}

==Transmission facilities==

[[File:VOA SiteB building.JPG|thumb|180px|[[International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station|Edward R. Murrow Greenville Transmitting Station]], the VOA broadcasting station in North Carolina's [[Inner Banks]]]]
[[File:2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg|thumb|180px|The [[Delano, California|Delano]] Transmitting Station was closed in 2007.]]
The [[Voice of America Bethany Relay Station|Bethany Relay Station]], operational from 1944 to 1994, was based on a {{convert|625|acre|km2|adj=on}} site in [[West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio|Union Township]] (now West Chester Township) in [[Butler County, Ohio]], near [[Cincinnati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice of America – Ohio History Central |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Voice_of_America |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155050/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Voice_of_America |archive-date=December 2, 2018 |access-date=December 2, 2018 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |language=en}}</ref> Major transmitter upgrades first were undertaken around 1963, when shortwave and medium-wave transmitters were built, upgraded, or rebuilt.<ref name="Central European University Press-2010" /> The site is now a recreational park with a Voice of America museum.  Other former sites include California ([[Dixon, California|Dixon]] and [[Delano, California|Delano]]), Hawaii, [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], Liberia (Monrovia), Costa Rica, Belize, and at least two in Greece ([[Kavala (regional unit)|Kavala]] and Rhodos).

Between 1983 and 1990, VOA made significant upgrades to transmission facilities in Botswana ([[Selebi-Phikwe]]), Morocco, Thailand ([[Udon Thani Province|Udon Thani]]), Kuwait, and [[São Tomé]]  ([[Almas, São Tomé and Príncipe|Almas]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=VOA Through the Years |language=en |work=VOA |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105818/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |archive-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref> Some of them are shared with [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]] and [[Radio Free Asia]].

VOA and USAGM continue to operate shortwave radio transmitters and [[antenna farm]]s at [[International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station]] (known as "Site B") in the United States, close to [[Greenville, North Carolina]]. They do not use [[FCC]]-issued [[call sign]]s, since the FCC does not regulate communications by other federal government agencies. The [[International Broadcasting Bureau]] also operates transmission facilities on São Tomé and Tinang, [[Concepcion, Tarlac]], Philippines for VOA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Report of Inspection: The International Broadcasting Bureau's Philippines Transmitting Station |url=https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/104117.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617071115/https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/104117.pdf |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2021 |publisher=United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General}}</ref>

=== List of languages ===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 87%;"
! Language<ref>[http://tedlipien.com/blog/2012/03/06/voice-of-america-history/ Voice of America History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903204647/http://tedlipien.com/blog/2012/03/06/voice-of-america-history/ |date=September 3, 2017 }}, [https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html VOA Language Service Fact Sheets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903211753/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html |date=September 3, 2017 }}</ref>!! Target audience !! from !! to !! Website !! Remarks
|-
| English || Worldwide || 1942 || present || [https://www.voanews.com/ www.voanews.com] ||
|-
| [[Mandarin Chinese]] || {{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=Republic of China}} (1941–1949)<br />{{flag|People's Republic of China}} (1949–present) || 1941 || present || [https://www.voachinese.com/ 美国之音] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Cantonese]] ||[[Guangdong]]<br />[[Guangxi]]<br />{{flag|Hong Kong}} (1997–present)<br />{{flag|Macau}} (1999–present)|| 1941<br />1949<br />1987 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1945<br />1963<br />present || [https://www.voacantonese.com/ 美國之音] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Brazilian Portuguese]] || {{flag|Brazil}} || 1941<br />1946<br />1961 || 1945<br />1948<br />2001 || – ||
|-
| [[Amoy dialect|Amoy]] || [[Fujian]] (1941–1945, 1951–1963)<br />[[File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg|24px]] ''[[Japanese Taiwan]]'' (1941–1945)<br />{{flag|Taiwan}} (1951–1963)|| 1941<br />1951 ||data-sort-value="1963"| 1945<br />1963 || – ||
|-
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]] || ''{{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}'' (1941–1942, 1945–1946)<br />[[File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg|24px]] ''[[Philippine Executive Commission]]'' (1942–1943)<br />[[File:Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg|24px]] [[Second Philippine Republic|Republic of the Philippines]] (1943–1945)|| 1941 || 1946 || – ||
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]] ||[[File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg|24px]] ''[[Japanese Korea]]'' (1942–1945)<br />[[File:Flag of the People's Committee of Korea.svg|24px]] [[People's Republic of Korea]] (1945)<br />[[File:Flag of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea.svg|24px]] ''[[Soviet Civil Administration|Soviet Civil Administration in North Korea]]'' (1945–1948)<br />{{flag|North Korea}} (1948–present)<br />[[File:Flag of South Korea (1945–1948).svg|24px]] ''[[United States Army Military Government in Korea]]'' (1945–1948)<br />{{flag|South Korea}} (1948–present)|| 1942 || present || [https://www.voakorea.com/ VOA 한국어] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] ||[[File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg|24px]] ''[[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies]]'' (1942–1945)<br />''{{flag|Dutch East Indies}}'' (1945–1949)<br />''{{flag|Netherlands New Guinea}}'' (1949–1962)<br />[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|24px]] ''[[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority|West New Guinea (UN Protectorate)]]'' (1962–1963)<br />[[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|24px]] [[Indonesian National Revolution#Formation of the Republican government|Republic of Indonesia]] (1945–1949)<br />[[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|24px]] [[United States of Indonesia]] (1949–1950)<br />{{flag|Indonesia}} (1950–present)|| 1942 || present || [https://www.voaindonesia.com/ VOA Indonesia] |[[Voice of America Indonesia]]|
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{flag|Turkey}} || 1942<br />1948 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1945<br />present || [https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/ Amerika'nın Sesi]<br />[https://www.voaturkce.com/ VOA Türkçe] ||
|-
| Spanish || [[Latin America]] || 1942<br />1946<br />1953<br />1961 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1945<br />1948<br />1956<br />present || [https://www.voanoticias.com/ Voz de América] || see also [[Radio y Televisión Martí]]
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]] || [[File:State flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg|24px]] [[Imperial State of Iran]] (1942–1945, 1949–1960, 1964–1966)<br />{{flag|Islamic Republic of Iran}} (1979–present) || 1942<br />1949<br />1964<br />1979 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1945<br />1960<br />1966<br />present || [https://ir.voanews.com/ صدای آمریکا] || see also [[Radio Farda]]
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{flag|Thailand}} || 1942<br />1962<br />1988 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1958<br />1988<br />present || [https://www.voathai.com/ วอยซ์ ออฟ อเมริกา] ||
|-
| [[Modern Greek|Greek]] ||[[File:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg|24px]] [[Hellenic State (1941–1944)|Hellenic State]] (1942–1944)<br />''[[Axis occupation of Greece|Axis-occupied Greece]]'' (1942–1944)<br />[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|24px]] ''[[Italian Islands of the Aegean]]'' (1942–1945)<br />[[File:State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg|24px]] [[Kingdom of Greece]] (1944–1973)<br />{{flag|Hellenic Republic}} (1973–2014)|| 1942 || 2014 || [https://gr.voanews.com Φωνή της Αμερικής] (no longer active, kept for historical reasons) ||
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (1942–1946)<br />{{flagicon|People's Republic of Bulgaria}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgarian People's Republic]] (1946–1989)<br />{{flag|Bulgaria}} (1989–2004) || 1942 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || ''{{flag|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia}}'' (1942–1945)<br />[[Czechs|Czech]]-inhabited lands of [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|24px]] [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] (1945–1960)<br />[[Czechs|Czech]]-inhabited lands of [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|24px]] [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] (1960–1969)<br />{{flagicon|Czech Socialist Republic}} [[Czech Socialist Republic|Czech SR]] (1969–1990)<br />{{flag|Czech Republic}} (1990–2004) || 1942 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || [[File:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg|24px]] [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />[[File:Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg|24px]] [[Second Hungarian Republic|Hungarian Republic]] (1946–1949)<br />{{flag|Hungarian People's Republic}} (1949–1989)<br />{{flag|Hungary}} (1989–1993) || 1942 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]] ||[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[General Government|General Government of Polish Region]]'' (1942–1944)<br />''[[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany]]''<br />[[File:Flag of Poland (1928–1980).svg|24px]] [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland|Republic of Poland]] (1944–1945)<br />[[File:Flag of Poland (1928–1980).svg|24px]] [[Provisional Government of National Unity|Republic of Poland]] (1945–1947)<br />{{flag|Polish People's Republic}} (1947–1989)<br />{{flag|Poland}} (1990–2004)|| 1942 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} (1942–1947)<br />[[File:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Romania#Romanian People's Republic|Romanian People's Republic]] (1947–1965)<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}} (1965–1989)<br />{{flag|Romania}} (1989–2004) || 1942 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] ||[[File:Flag of Slovakia (1939–1945).svg|24px]] [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] (1942–1945)<br />[[Slovaks|Slovak]]-inhabited lands of [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|24px]] [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] (1945–1960)<br />[[Slovaks|Slovak]]-inhabited lands of [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|24px]] [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] (1960–1969)<br />{{flagicon|Slovak Socialist Republic}} [[Slovak Socialist Republic|Slovak SR]] (1969–1990)<br />{{flag|Slovakia}} (1990–2004)|| 1942 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Arabic]] || [[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|24px]]<br /> [[Arab world|Arab World]] || 1942<br />1950 ||data-sort-value="2002"| 1945<br />2002 || – || see also [[Radio Sawa]] and [[Alhurra]]
|-
| Spanish ||{{flag|Spanish State}} (1942–1955, 1955–1975)<br />{{flag|Spain}} (1975–1993)|| 1942<br />1955 ||data-sort-value="1993"| 1955<br />1993 || –<br />(for local radio stations) ||
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ||[[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|24px]] [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]] (1942–1945, 1951–1953)<br />{{flag|Portugal}} (1976–1987, 1987–1993)|| 1942<br />1951<br />1976<br />1987 ||data-sort-value="1993"| 1945<br />1953<br />1987<br />1993 || – <br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />(for local radio stations) ||
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] [[Nazi Germany|German Reich]] (1942–1943)<br />''[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] [[Austria under National Socialism|German-occupied Austria]]'' (1942–1945)<br />[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]] (1943–1945)<br />''{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}}'' (1945–1949)<br />''{{flag|Saar Protectorate}}'' (1947–1956)<br />[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|24px]] [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] (1949–1960)<br />''{{flagicon|Berlin}} [[History of Berlin#West and East Germany (1945–1990)|Allied-occupied Berlin]]'' (1949–1960)<br />{{flag|German Democratic Republic}} (1949–1960)<br />{{flag|Germany}} (1991–1993)|| 1942<br />1991 || 1960<br />1993 || – ||
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ||{{flag|Empire of Japan}} (1942–1945)<br />[[File:Flag of Allied Occupied Japan.svg|24px]]''[[Occupation of Japan|Occupied Japan]]'' (1951–1952)<br />{{flag|Japan}} (1952–1962)|| 1942<br />1951 ||data-sort-value="1962"| 1945<br />1962 || – ||
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg|24px]] [[Vichy France|French State]] (1942–1944)<br />{{flag|Free France}} (1942–1944)<br />[[File:War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Military Administration in France]]'' (1942–1944)<br />[[French people|French]]- and [[Walloons|Walloon]]-inhabited lands of [[File:War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1942–1944)<br />[[French people|French]]- and [[Walloons|Walloon]]-inhabited lands of [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1944)<br />[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|24px]] ''[[Italian occupation of France|Italian Military Administration in France]]'' (1942–1943)<br />[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|24px]] ''[[Italian occupation of Corsica|Occupied Corsica]]'' (1942–1943)<br />[[File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg|24px]] [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|French Republic]] (1944–1946)<br />[[File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg|24px]] [[French Fourth Republic|French Republic]] (1946–1958)<br />{{flagicon|France}} [[French Fifth Republic|French Republic]] (1958–1961)|| 1942 || 1961 || – ||
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] ||{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} (1942–1945)<br />{{flag|Italian Republic}} (1951–1957)<br />[[File:Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg|24px]] ''[[Free Territory of Trieste]]'' (1951–1954)|| 1942<br />1951 ||data-sort-value="1957"| 1945<br />1957 || – ||
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{flag|Finland}} || 1942<br />1951 ||data-sort-value="1953"| 1945<br />1953 ||| – ||
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || {{flag|Union of South Africa}} || 1942 || 1949 || – ||
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || {{flag|Denmark}} || 1942 || 1945 || – ||
|-
| [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]] || [[Flemish people|Flemish]]-inhabited lands of [[File:War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1942–1944)<br />[[Flemish people|Flemish]]-inhabited lands of [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1944)<br />[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Reichsgau Flandern]]'' (1944–1945) || 1942 || 1945 || – ||
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ||[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Reichskommissariat Norwegen]]''|| 1942 || 1945 || – ||
|-
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]] ||[[File:War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]]'' + [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[German occupied territory of Montenegro|German-occupied Montenegro]]'' (1943–1944)<br />[[File:Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Federated State of Serbia]] + [[File:Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993), Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Federated State of Montenegro]] (1944–1946)<br />[[File:Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|People's Republic of Serbia]] + [[File:Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993), Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|People's Republic of Montenegro]] (1946–1963)<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of Serbia}} + [[File:Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993), Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro]] (1963–1992)<br />{{flag|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1992–2003)<br />{{flag|State Union of Serbia and Montenegro}} (2003–2006)<br />{{flag|Serbia}} (2006–present)<br />{{flag|Montenegro}} (2006–present)|| 1943 || present || [https://www.glasamerike.net/ Glas Amerike] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ||[[File:Flag of Albania (1943–1944).svg|24px]] [[German occupation of Albania|Albanian Kingdom]] (1943–1944)<br />[[File:Flag of Albania (1944–1946).svg|24px]] [[Democratic Government of Albania]] (1944–1945)<br />{{flag|People's Republic of Albania}} (1951–1976)<br />{{flag|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}} (1976–1998)<br />{{flag|Republic of Albania}} (1998–present) <br />
{{flag|Kosovo}} [[Republic of Kosovo]] (2008–present)
| 1943<br />1951 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1945<br />present || [https://www.zeriamerikes.com/ Zëri i Amerikës] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]] ||{{flag|State of Burma}} (1943–1945)<br />{{flag|Union of Burma}} (1951–1974)<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma}} (1974–1988)<br />{{flag|Union of Myanmar}} (1988–2011)<br />{{flag|Myanmar}} (2011–present)|| 1943<br />1951 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1945<br />present || [https://burmese.voanews.com/ ဗီြအိုေအသတင္းဌာန] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ||{{flag|French Indochina}} (1943–1945)<br />[[File:Flag of the Empire of Vietnam (1945).svg|24px]] [[Empire of Vietnam]] (1945)<br />''[[File:Flag of Colonial Annam.svg|24px]] [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Protectorate of Tonkin]] + [[File:First flag of the Nguyen Dynasty.svg|24px]] [[Annam (French protectorate)|Protectorate of Annam]] + [[File:Flag of Republic of Cochinchina.svg|24px]] [[French Cochinchina]]'' (1945–1946)<br />{{flag|State of Vietnam}} (1951–1955)<br />{{flag|North Vietnam}} (1955–1976)<br />{{flag|South Vietnam}} (1955–1975)<br />[[File:FNL Flag.svg|24px]] ''[[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Occupied South Vietnam]]'' (1969–1976)<br />{{flag|Vietnam}} (1976–present)|| 1943<br />1951 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1946<br />present || [https://www.voatiengviet.com/ Ðài Tiếng nói Hoa Kỳ] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ||{{flag|Independent State of Croatia}} (1943–1945)<br />[[File:Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Federated State of Croatia]] (1945–1946)<br />[[File:Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg|24px]] [[People's Republic of Croatia]] (1946–1963)<br />[[File:Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] (1963–1990)<br />[[File:Flag of Croatia (1990).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Croatia]] (1990–1991)<br />{{flag|Croatia}} (1991–2011)|| 1943 || 2011 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||{{flag|Sweden}}|| 1943 || 1945 || – ||
|-
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]] ||[[Slovenes|Slovenian]]-inhabited lands of [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Reichsgau Steiermark]]'', ''[[Reichsgau Kärnten]]'' and ''[[Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral]]'' (1944–1945)<br />[[File:Flag of Slovenia (1945–1991).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|People's Republic of Slovenia]] (1949–1963)<br />[[File:Flag of Slovenia (1945–1991).svg|24px]] [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]] (1963–1990)<br />{{flag|Slovenia}} (1990–2004)|| 1944<br />1949 ||data-sort-value="2004"| 1945<br />2004 ||style="vertical-align:top;"| – ||
|-
| [[Wu Chinese]] || [[Shanghai]] || 1944 || 1946 || – ||
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|24px]] ''[[Reichskommissariat Niederlande]]'' || 1944 || 1945 || – ||
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{flag|Kingdom of Iceland}}|| 1944 || 1944 || – ||
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || {{flagicon|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic}}[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] (1947–1991)<br />{{flag|Russia}} (1991–present) || 1947 || present || [https://www.golosameriki.com/ Голос Америки] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || {{flagicon|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}[[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] (1949–1991)<br />{{flag|Ukraine}} (1991–present)|| 1949 || present || [https://ukrainian.voanews.com/ Голос Америки] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || {{flagicon|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}}[[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]] (1951–1991)<br />{{flag|Armenia}} (1991–present)|| 1951 || present (web) || [https://www.amerikayidzayn.com/ Ամերիկայի Ձայն] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ||{{flagicon|Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic}}[[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]] (1951–1991)<br />{{flag|Georgia}} (1991–present)|| 1951 || present (web) || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Urdu]] ||{{flag|Pakistan}}|| 1951<br />1954 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1953<br />present || [https://www.urduvoa.com/ وائس آف امریکہ] ||
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || {{flagicon|Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic}}[[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azeri SSR]] (1951–1953, 1982–1991)<br />{{flag|Azerbaijan}} (1991–present) || 1951<br />1982 ||data-sort-value="?"| 1953<br />present (web) || [https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/ Amerikanın Səsi] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Hindi]] ||Northern {{flag|India}}|| 1951<br />1954 ||data-sort-value="2008"| 1953<br />2008 || – ||
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ||{{flagicon|Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet-occupied Estonia]] (1951–1990)<br />{{flag|Estonia}} (1990–2004)|| 1951 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] ||{{flagicon|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet-occupied Latvia]] (1951–1990)<br />{{flag|Latvia}} (1990–2004)|| 1951 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ||{{flagicon|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet-occupied Lithuania]] (1951–1990)<br />{{flag|Lithuania}} (1990–2004)|| 1951 || 2004 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Malaysian language|Malayan]] ||[[File:Flag of Malaya.svg|24px]] [[Federation of Malaya]]|| 1951 || 1955 || – ||
|-
| [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] ||[[Hakka people|Hakka]]-inhabited lands of Southern {{flag|People's Republic of China}}|| 1951 || 1954 || – ||
|-
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ||{{flag|Israel}}|| 1951 || 1953 || – ||
|-
| [[Shantou dialect|Swatow]] ||[[Shantou]]|| 1951 || 1953 || – ||
|-
| [[Tatar language|Tatar]] ||[[File:Flag of Tatar ASSR.svg|24px]] [[Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Tatar ASSR]]|| 1951 || 1953 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||[[Madras State]] (1954–1969)<br />[[File:..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png|24px]] [[Tamil Nadu]] (1969–1970)<br />{{flag|Dominion of Ceylon}} ([[Sri Lanka]], ex-Ceylon) || 1954 || 1970 || – ||
|-
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]] ||[[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|24px]] [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Kingdom of Cambodia]] (1955–1957, 1962–1970)<br />{{flag|Khmer Republic}} (1970–1975)<br />[[File:Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg|24px]] [[Democratic Kampuchea]] (1975–1979)<br />{{flag|People's Republic of Kampuchea}} (1979–1989)<br />[[File:Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg|24px]] [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition and State of Cambodia (1989–1993)|State of Cambodia]] (1989–1993)<br />[[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|24px]] [[Kingdom of Cambodia]] (1993–present)|| 1955<br />1962 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1957<br />present || [https://khmer.voanews.com/ វីអូអេ]<br />[https://www.voacambodia.com/ www.voacambodia.com] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Malayalam]] ||[[File:..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png|24px]] [[Kerala]]<br />[[Lakshadweep|Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands]]|| 1956 || 1961 || – ||
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ||[[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]-inhabited lands of [[Bombay State]]|| 1956 || 1958 || – ||
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||[[Combined Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]|| 1956 || 1958 || – ||
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ||{{flagicon|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic}}[[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]]|| 1956 || 1957 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||{{flag|Bangladesh}} <br/>{{flag|India}}|| 1958 || present || [https://www.voabangla.com/ ভয়েস অফ আমেরিকা] ||
|-
| French (to Africa) |||| 1960 || present || [https://www.voaafrique.com/ VOA Afrique] ||
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ||{{flag|Pakistan}}|| 2022 July || present || [https://www.urduvoa.com/z/7020 VOA Sindhi] ||
|-
| [[Lao language|Lao]] ||{{flag|Kingdom of Laos}} (1962–1975)<br />{{flag|Lao People's Democratic Republic}} (1975–present)|| 1962 || present || [https://lao.voanews.com/ ສຽງອາເມຣິກາ ວີໂອເອ] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] |||| 1962 || present || [https://www.voaswahili.com/ Sauti ya Amerika] ||
|-
| English (to Africa) |||| 1963 August 4 || present || [https://www.voanews.com/p/5749.html www.voaafrica.com]<br />[https://www.voazimbabwe.com/ www.voazimbabwe.com] ||
|-
| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] ||{{flagicon|Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic}}[[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]] (1972–1991)<br />{{flag|Uzbekistan}} (1991–present)|| <br />1972 ||data-sort-value="present"| <br />present || [https://www.amerikaovozi.com/ Amerika Ovozi] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]
|-
| Portuguese (to Africa) |||| 1976 || present || [https://www.voaportugues.com/ Voz da América] ||
|-
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]] ||{{flag|Nigeria}}|| 1979 January 21 || present || [https://www.voahausa.com/ Muryar Amurka] ||
|-
| [[Dari language|Dari]] |||[[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg|24px]] [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] (1980–1987)<br /> [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Republic of Afghanistan]] (1987–1992)<br />{{flag|Islamic State of Afghanistan}} (1992–1996, 2001–2002)<br />''{{flag|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}}'' (1996–2001)<br />[[File:Flag of Afghanistan (2002–2004).svg|24px]] [[Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan]] (2002–2004)<br />{{flagicon|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] (2004–2021)|| 1980 || present || [https://www.darivoa.com/ صدای امریکا] ||
|-
| [[Amharic]] ||{{flag|Ethiopia}}|| 1982 September || present || [https://amharic.voanews.com/ የአሜሪካ ድምፅ] ||
|-
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] ||[[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-inhabited lands of {{flag|Afghanistan}}|| 1982 || present || [https://www.pashtovoa.com/ اشنا راډیو] ||
|-
| [[French-based creole languages|Creole]] ||[[Haiti]]|| 1987 || present || [https://www.voanouvel.com/ Lavwadlamerik] ||
|-
| [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] ||[[Tibet Autonomous Region]]<br />[[Qinghai]]<br />{{flag|Bhutan}}||1991 ||data-sort-value="present"| present || [https://www.voatibetan.com/ ཨ་རིའི་རླུང་འཕྲིན་ཁང་།]<br />[https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/ www.voatibetanenglish.com] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]
|-
| [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] ||[[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|24px]] [[Kurdistan Region|Iraqi Kurdistan]]<br />[[File:De facto SA-NES Flag.svg|24px]] [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria]]<br />[[Turkish Kurdistan|Kurdish inhabited lands of Turkey]]<br />[[Iranian Kurdistan|Kurdish inhabited lands of Iran]]|| 1992 || present || [https://www.dengiamerika.com/ ده‌نگی ئه‌مه‌ریکا]<br />[https://www.dengeamerika.com/ Dengê Amerîka] ||
|-
|| [[Somali language|Somali]] ||{{flag|Somalia}}<br />''{{flag|Somaliland}}''|| 1992<br />2007 ||data-sort-value="present"| 1995<br />present || [https://www.voasomali.com/ VOA Somali] ||
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{flag|Kingdom of Nepal}}|| 1992 || 1993 || – ||
|-
| [[Oromo language|Afaan Oromo]] ||[[File:Flag of the Oromia Region.svg|24px]] [[Oromia Region]]|| 1996 July || present || [https://www.voaafaanoromoo.com/ Sagalee Ameerikaa] ||
|-
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] ||{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|| 1996 || present || [https://ba.voanews.com/ Glas Amerike] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Kinyarwanda]]/[[Kirundi]] ||{{flag|Rwanda}}<br />{{flag|Burundi}}<br />Eastern {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<br />Southern {{flag|Uganda}}<br />Northwestern {{flag|Tanzania}}|| 1996 July || present || [https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/ Ijwi ry'Amerika] ||
|-
| [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] ||{{flag|Eritrea}}|| 1996 July || present || [https://tigrigna.voanews.com/ ድምፂ ረድዮ ኣሜሪካ] ||
|-
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ||{{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]]|| 1999 || 2008 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwean Ndebele language|Ndebele]] ||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}|| 2003 || present || [https://www.voandebele.com/ VOA Ndebele] ||
|-
| [[Shona language|Shona]] ||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br />{{flag|Mozambique}}|| 2003 || present || [https://www.voashona.com/ VOA Shona] ||
|-
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]||[[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-inhabited lands of {{flag|Pakistan}}|| 2006 || present || [https://www.voadeewaradio.com/ ډیوه ریډیو] ||
|-
| [[Bambara language|Bambara]] ||{{flag|Mali}}|| 2013 March || present || [https://www.voabambara.com/ VOA Bambara] ||
|}

==Controversies==
{{Criticism section|date=August 2022}}

=== Mismanagement and Abuse of Power ===
On June 12, 2024, the House Foreign Affairs Committee concluded that there was "credible evidence of corruption" regarding the matter of Setareh Derakhshesh Sieg, the former director of Voice of America's Persian News Network (PNN).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=House Committee Alleges 'Credible Evidence of Corruption' at U.S. Agency for Global Media |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2024/06/house-committee-alleges-credible-evidence-of-corruption-at-u-s-agency-for-global-media/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Following a series of whistleblower complaints and an extensive internal investigation by civil servants, Sieg had been terminated in January 2021 for falsifying her education credentials, severe abuses of taxpayer dollars for personal benefit, and engaging in a pattern of favoritism that materially benefitted some employees and contractors at the expense of the public.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gertz |first=Bill |date=February 8, 2021 |title=VOA executive Setareh Derakhshesh Sieg fired under Trump rehired by Biden |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/feb/18/voa-executive-setareh-derakhshesh-sieg-fired-under/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=Washington Times}}</ref> However, within hours after President Biden took office, Sieg was reinstated then transferred to a different role by then-acting VOA Director Yolanda Lopez and cleared of wrongdoing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyd |first=Jordan |date=2021-02-25 |title=VOA Executive Fired For Misconduct Quietly Rehired During Biden Era |url=https://thefederalist.com/2021/02/25/voa-exec-fired-for-reports-of-misconduct-fraud-and-false-credentials-quickly-rehired-under-biden/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=The Federalist |language=en-US}}</ref> Lopez abruptly resigned in September 2023 as the Committee intensified its investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gertz |first=Bill |date=September 22, 2023 |title=Voice of America director resigns amid congressional corruption probe at broadcaster |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/sep/22/yolanda-lopez-voice-america-director-resigns-amid-/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=Washington Times}}</ref> In its June 2024 report, the Committee found that the original allegations had merit and were supported by substantial evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman McCaul Releases Report on Culture of Corruption at USAGM |url=https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/chairman-mccaul-releases-report-on-culture-of-corruption-at-usagm/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Committee on Foreign Affairs |language=en}}</ref> Sieg remains employed at VOA.

===Abdul Malik Rigi interview===
On April 2, 2007, [[Abdul Malik Rigi]], the leader of [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundullah]], an Iranian Muslim [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Salafi]] militant group with possible links to [[al-Qaeda]], appeared on Voice of America's [[Persian language|Persian-language]] service. The interview was condemned by the [[Iranian government]].<ref name="swissinfo.org">{{Cite web |title=Iranian speaker says U.S. supports "terrorists" |url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Iranian_speaker_says_U_S_supports_terrorists.html?siteSect=143&sid=7692846&cKey=1175790190000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205232531/http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Iranian_speaker_says_U_S_supports_terrorists.html?siteSect=143&sid=7692846&cKey=1175790190000 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=January 15, 2008 |publisher=swissinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:گفتوگوي صداي آمريکا با قاتل مردم بلوچستان! |url=http://www.baztab.com/news/63969.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410034234/http://baztab.com/news/63969.php |archive-date=April 10, 2007 |access-date=January 15, 2008 |language=fa}}</ref> Jundullah was linked to attacks on both Iranian military and civilians.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=M. Hersh |first=Seymour |date=June 28, 2008 |title=Preparing the Battlefield |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_hersh?printable=true |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627031726/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_hersh?printable=true |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="washt400killed">{{Cite news |last=Massoud |first=Ansari |date=January 16, 2006 |title=Sunni Muslim group vows to behead Iranians |work=The Washington Times |url=http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060116-124019-6619r.htm |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403203656/http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060116-124019-6619r.htm |archive-date=April 3, 2007}}</ref> Rigi was captured by the Iranian security services and executed in 2010 in [[Evin Prison]] in [[Tehran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10359415.stm|title=Iran hangs Sunni militant leader Abdolmalek Rigi|date=20 June 2010|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=16 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109135059/https://www.bbc.com/news/10359415|archive-date=9 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062034410244183.html|title=Iran hangs Sunni group leader|date=20 June 2010|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203064900/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062034410244183.html|archive-date=3 December 2011|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

===Tibetan alleged protester ===
In February 2013, a documentary released by [[China Central Television]] interviewed a Tibetan alleged [[self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China|self-immolator]] who failed to kill himself. The interviewee said he was motivated by Voice of America's broadcasts of commemorations of people who committed suicide in political self-immolation. VOA denied instigating self-immolations and demanded that the Chinese station retract its report.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flanagan |first=Ed |date=February 7, 2013 |title=Chinese documentary alleges US broadcaster incites Tibetan self-immolations |work=Behind the Wall |publisher=NBC News |url=http://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/07/16878280-chinese-documentary-alleges-us-broadcaster-incites-tibetan-self-immolations |url-status=dead |access-date=February 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210005405/http://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/07/16878280-chinese-documentary-alleges-us-broadcaster-incites-tibetan-self-immolations |archive-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref>

===Trump presidency politicization efforts===
After the [[First inauguration of Donald Trump|January 2017 inauguration]] of US President [[Donald Trump]], tweets by Voice of America (one of which was later removed) seemed to support the widely criticized statements by White House press secretary [[Sean Spicer]] about the crowd size and biased media coverage. This raised concerns over possible attempts by Trump to politicize VOA.<ref name="TrumpTV">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/ Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818125538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/ |date=August 18, 2018 }}, ''The Washington Post''</ref><ref name="stamp">[http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/donald-trump-voice-america-234078 Trump moves to put his own stamp on Voice of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114406/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/donald-trump-voice-america-234078 |date=March 31, 2017 }}, ''Politico''</ref><ref name="megaphone">[https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-ol-voice-of-america-cold-war-bennett-20170215-htmlstory.html Can Donald Trump turn Voice of America into his own private megaphone?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101933/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-ol-voice-of-america-cold-war-bennett-20170215-htmlstory.html |date=March 8, 2021 }}, ''LA Times''</ref><ref name="salon/01/24/2017">[http://www.salon.com/2017/01/24/donald-trump-sends-two-aides-to-voice-of-america-studios-raising-fears-hes-going-to-politicize-the-outlet/ Donald Trump sends two aides to Voice of America studios, raising fears he's going to politicize the outlet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031358/http://www.salon.com/2017/01/24/donald-trump-sends-two-aides-to-voice-of-america-studios-raising-fears-hes-going-to-politicize-the-outlet/ |date=March 31, 2017 }}, ''Salon''</ref> This amplified already growing propaganda concerns over the provisions in the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017]], signed into law by [[Barack Obama]], which gave the powers of the board of the [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]], which was relegated to an advisory role, to a CEO appointed by the president. Trump sent two of his political aides to the agency to aid its CEO during the [[First presidential transition of Donald Trump|transition to the Trump administration]]. Criticism was raised over Trump's choice of aides; Matthew Schuck was a staff writer for [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] website ''The Daily Surge'' until 2015, while Matthew Ciepielowski was a field director at the conservative libertarian advocacy group [[Americans for Prosperity]].<ref name=TrumpTV/> VOA officials responded with assurances that they would not become "Trump TV".<ref name=TrumpTV/> BBG head John F. Lansing told [[NPR]] that it would be illegal for the administration to tell VOA what to broadcast, while VOA director [[Amanda Bennett]] stressed that while "government-funded", the agency is not "government-run".<ref name=megaphone/>

On April 10, 2020, the [[White House]] published an article in its daily newsletter critical of VOA coverage of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2020 |title=Amid a Pandemic, Voice of America Spends Your Money to Promote Foreign Propaganda |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/amid-a-pandemic-voice-of-america-spends-your-money-to-promote-foreign-propaganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200021/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/amid-a-pandemic-voice-of-america-spends-your-money-to-promote-foreign-propaganda/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 16, 2020 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |quote=Even worse, while much of the U.S. media takes its lead from China, VOA went one step further: It created graphics with Communist government statistics to compare China's Coronavirus death toll to America's.}}</ref> Emails revealed in a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] request showed [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) press official Michawn Rich had sent a memo to agency employees stating in part, "as a rule, do not send up [interview] requests for [VOA contributor] [[Greta Van Susteren]] or anyone affiliated with Voice of America", referencing the White House story.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jerreat |first=Jessica |date=June 14, 2020 |title=CDC Media Guidance Blacklists VOA Interview Requests |publisher=Voice of America |url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/cdc-media-guidance-blacklists-voa-interview-requests |url-status=live |access-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903204825/https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/cdc-media-guidance-blacklists-voa-interview-requests |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> On April 30, ''The Washington Post'', referring to [[Steven L. Herman]] who covered the White House for VOA, reported Vice President [[Mike Pence]]'s office "threatened to retaliate against a reporter who revealed that Pence's office had told journalists they would need masks for Pence's visit to the [[Mayo Clinic]] – a requirement Pence himself did not follow."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Pence's staff threatens action against reporter who tweeted about visit to clinic without surgical mask |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/pence-staff-threatens-action-against-reporter-who-tweeted-about-visit-to-clinic-without-surgical-mask/2020/04/30/27c63056-8b0a-11ea-9df-990f9dcc71fc_story.html |url-status=dead |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830161659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/pence-staff-threatens-action-against-reporter-who-tweeted-about-visit-to-clinic-without-surgical-mask/2020/04/30/27c63056-8b0a-11ea-9dfd-990f9dcc71fc_story.html |archive-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref>

On June 3, 2020, the US Senate confirmed [[Michael Pack]], a conservative documentaries filmmaker and close ally of [[Steve Bannon]], to serve as head of the US Agency for Global Media, which oversees VOA.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edmondson |first=Catie |date=June 4, 2020 |title=Senate Confirms Conservative Filmmaker to Lead U.S. Media Agency |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/us/politics/senate-confirms-michael-pack-voa.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604204058/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/us/politics/senate-confirms-michael-pack-voa.html |archive-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> Subsequently, Director Bennet and deputy director Sandy Sugawara resigned from VOA. [[CNN]] reported on June 16 that plans for a leadership shakeup at VOA were being discussed, including the possibility that controversial former White House aide [[Sebastian Gorka]] would be given a leadership role at VOA.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stelter |first1=Brian |last2=Acosta |first2=Jim |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Voice of America top officials resign as Trump-appointed CEO takes over international network |work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/15/media/voice-of-america-top-officials-resign/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212181044/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/15/media/voice-of-america-top-officials-resign/index.html |archive-date=December 12, 2020}}</ref> On June 17, the heads of VOA's Middle East Broadcasting, Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and the Open Technology Fund were all fired, their boards were dissolved, and external communications from VOA employees were made to require approval from senior agency personnel in what one source described as an "unprecedented" move, while [[Jeffrey Scott Shapiro]], like Pack a Bannon ally, was rumored to be in line to head the Office of Cuba Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hansler |first1=Jennifer |last2=Stelter |first2=Brian |date=June 18, 2020 |title='Wednesday night massacre' as Trump appointee takes over at global media agency |work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/media/us-agency-for-global-media-michael-pack/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215031602/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/media/us-agency-for-global-media-michael-pack/index.html |archive-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref> Four former members of the advisory boards filed suit challenging Pack's standing to fire them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=June 26, 2020 |title=Citing A Breached 'Firewall,' Media Leaders Sue U.S. Official Over Firings |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/24/882654831/citing-a-breached-firewall-media-leaders-sue-u-s-official-over-firings |url-status=live |access-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628201042/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/24/882654831/citing-a-breached-firewall-media-leaders-sue-u-s-official-over-firings |archive-date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> On July 9, NPR reported VOA would not renew the work visas of dozens of non-resident reporters, many of whom could face repercussions in their home countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=July 9, 2020 |title=U.S. Broadcasting Agency Will Not Extend Visas For Its Foreign Journalists |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889301025/u-s-broadcasting-agency-will-not-extend-visas-for-its-foreign-journalists |url-status=live |access-date=July 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710213127/https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889301025/u-s-broadcasting-agency-will-not-extend-visas-for-its-foreign-journalists |archive-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> In late July, four contractors and the head of VOA's [[Urdu]]-language service were suspended after a video featuring extensive clips from a Muslim-American voter conference, including a campaign message from then-Democratic presidential candidate [[Joe Biden]], was determined not to meet editorial standards and taken down.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Deleted Biden video sets off a crisis at Voice of America |publisher=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/30/deleted-biden-video-sets-off-a-crisis-at-voice-of-america-388571 |url-status=live |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807132338/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/30/deleted-biden-video-sets-off-a-crisis-at-voice-of-america-388571 |archive-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref>

On August 12, 2020, USAGM chief financial officer Grant Turner and general counsel David Kligerman were removed from their positions and stripped of their security clearances, reportedly for their opposition to what Turner called "gross mismanagement", along with four other senior agency officials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=August 12, 2020 |title=Trump appointee deepens purge of U.S. global media agency |publisher=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/12/trump-purge-us-agency-global-media-394403 |url-status=live |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815211147/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/12/trump-purge-us-agency-global-media-394403 |archive-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' reported on August 13 that Trump administration official and former shock jock [[Frank Wuco]] had been hired as a USAGM senior advisor, responsible for auditing the agency's office of policy and research.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=August 13, 2020 |title=U.S. global media agency hires shock jock who called Obama 'Kenyan' |publisher=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/13/frank-wuco-us-global-media-agency-hiring-394997 |url-status=live |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814153622/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/13/frank-wuco-us-global-media-agency-hiring-394997 |archive-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> As a radio host, Wuco issued insults and groundless claims against former US President Barack Obama, CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]], and Speaker of the House [[Nancy Pelosi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kakzynski |first1=Andrew |last2=Massie |first2=Chris |last3=McDermott |first3=Nathan |date=December 20, 2017 |title=Senior White House adviser at Homeland Security repeatedly promoted fringe conspiracy theories on the radio |work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/20/politics/kfile-frank-wuco-conspiracy-theories/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819183343/https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/20/politics/kfile-frank-wuco-conspiracy-theories/index.html |archive-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref> VOA's Twitter account during this period featured stories favorable to Vice President Mike Pence and White House advisor [[Ivanka Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=August 14, 2020 |title=Trump administration steps up efforts to turn broadcasters into propaganda outlets |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/aug/14/trump-administration-steps-up-efforts-to-turn-broadcasters-into-propaganda-outlets |url-status=live |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814043002/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/aug/14/trump-administration-steps-up-efforts-to-turn-broadcasters-into-propaganda-outlets |archive-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref>

In response to Pack's August 27 interview with ''[[The Federalist (website)|The Federalist]]'' website, a group of VOA journalists sent a letter to VOA Acting Director Elez Biberaj complaining that Pack's "comments and decisions 'endanger the personal security of VOA reporters at home and abroad, as well as threatening to harm U.S. national security objectives.'"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=August 31, 2020 |title=Voice of America Journalists: New CEO Endangers Reporters, Harms U.S. Aims |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/08/31/907764105/voice-of-america-journalists-new-ceo-endangers-reporters-harms-u-s-aims |url-status=live |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903033622/https://www.npr.org/2020/08/31/907764105/voice-of-america-journalists-new-ceo-endangers-reporters-harms-u-s-aims |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> VOA's response was that "it would not respond directly to the letter because it was 'improper' and 'failed to follow procedure.' Instead, the leadership of USAGM and VOA 'are handling the choice of complaint transmission as an administrative issue,' which suggested that the journalists could face sanctions for their letter," according to ''The Washington Post''. In the same story, the ''Post'' reported that VOA Spanish-language service White House correspondent's Brigo Segovia's interview with an official about the administration's response to Pack's personnel and other moves had been censored and his own access to VOA's computer system restricted.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellison |first1=Sarah |last2=Farhi |first2=Paul |date=September 2, 2020 |title=New Voice of America overseer called foreign journalists a security risk. Now the staff is revolting. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/new-voice-of-america-overseer-called-foreign-journalists-a-security-risk-now-the-staff-is-revolting/2020/09/01/da7fa0a8-eba2-11ea-ab4e-581edb849379_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903033621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/new-voice-of-america-overseer-called-foreign-journalists-a-security-risk-now-the-staff-is-revolting/2020/09/01/da7fa0a8-eba2-11ea-ab4e-581edb849379_story.html |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref>

On July 20, 2020, District of Columbia attorney general [[Karl A. Racine]] filed suit under the District's Nonprofit Corporations Act to reverse Pack's replacement of the [[Open Technology Fund]] (OTF) board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AG Racine Files Lawsuit to Resolve Presence of Dueling Boards at District Nonprofit Open Technology Fund |url=https://oag.dc.gov/release/ag-racine-files-lawsuit-resolve-presence-dueling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121064657/https://oag.dc.gov/release/ag-racine-files-lawsuit-resolve-presence-dueling |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=January 18, 2021 |website=oag.dc.gov |publisher=Office of the Attorney General of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Beginning in August 2020, OTF came under increasing pressure from Peck and USAGM leadership. According to Axios,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen-Ebrahamian |first=Bethany |date=June 23, 2020 |title=In media agency shakeup, conservative groups push for Falun Gong-backed internet tools |publisher=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/falun-gong-us-agency-global-media-001fcf52-95fa-43de-b0c7-0cd7cfc2918f.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122214534/https://www.axios.com/falun-gong-us-agency-global-media-001fcf52-95fa-43de-b0c7-0cd7cfc2918f.html |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sewell |first=Tia |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Trump's War on the U.S. Agency for Global Media |publisher=Lawfare |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/trumps-war-us-agency-global-media |url-status=live |access-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923133409/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/trumps-war-us-agency-global-media |archive-date=September 23, 2023}}</ref> this was related to OTF's reluctance to extend grants to [[Falun Gong]]-related enterprises working on technology directed against China's [[Great Firewall]]; ''The New York Times'' noted Falun Gong and its ''[[Epoch Times]]'' media group frequently supported the Trump administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=February 5, 2020 |title=Epoch Times, Punished by Facebook, Gets a New Megaphone on YouTube |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/05/technology/epoch-times-youtube.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205101155/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/05/technology/epoch-times-youtube.html |archive-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> On August 18, USAGM announced it was setting up its own Office of Internet Freedom with less strict grant requirements and began soliciting OTF's grantees to apply to the new office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO Pack revives USAGM's Office of Internet Freedom; agency funds internet firewall circumvention technologies |url=https://www.usagm.gov/2020/08/18/ceo-pack-revives-usagms-office-of-internet-freedom-agency-funds-internet-firewall-circumvention-technologies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122183735/https://www.usagm.gov/2020/08/18/ceo-pack-revives-usagms-office-of-internet-freedom-agency-funds-internet-firewall-circumvention-technologies/ |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=January 18, 2021 |website=usagm.gov |publisher=US Agency for Global Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fischer |first=Sara |date=October 13, 2020 |title=Scoop: USAGM soliciting OTF partners as it withholds funds |publisher=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/usagm-soliciting-otf-partners-as-it-withholds-funds-e59fa0d1-5ec9-4fcc-a5c1-64176fa23644.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116131953/https://www.axios.com/usagm-soliciting-otf-partners-as-it-withholds-funds-e59fa0d1-5ec9-4fcc-a5c1-64176fa23644.html |archive-date=January 16, 2021}}</ref> On August 20, OTF sued USAGM in the US Court for Federal Claims for withholding nearly $20 million in previously agreed grant funds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fischer |first=Sara |date=August 20, 2020 |title=Scoop: Open Technology Fund sues administration for $20M in missing funds |publisher=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/scoop-open-technology-fund-sues-administration-for-20m-in-missing-funds-90b5420d-2f41-4e50-b58b-6a517af26cd6.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126144044/https://www.axios.com/scoop-open-technology-fund-sues-administration-for-20m-in-missing-funds-90b5420d-2f41-4e50-b58b-6a517af26cd6.html |archive-date=January 26, 2021}}</ref> On October 15, [[summary judgment]] was granted nullifying Pack's attempt to replace the OTF board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AG Racine Wins Lawsuit Resolving Leadership Crisis at District Nonprofit Caused by Trump Appointee |url=https://oag.dc.gov/release/ag-racine-wins-lawsuit-resolving-leadership-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112192042/https://oag.dc.gov/release/ag-racine-wins-lawsuit-resolving-leadership-crisis |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 18, 2021 |website=oag.dc.gov |publisher=Office of the Attorney General of the District of Columbia}}</ref>

On September 29, six senior USAGM officials filed a whistleblower complaint in which they alleged that Pack or one of his aides had ordered research conducted into the voting history of at least one agency employee, which would be a violation of laws protecting civil servants from undue political influence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=September 30, 2020 |title=6 whistleblowers allege misconduct by government media boss |publisher=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/30/whistleblowers-allege-misconduct-agency-for-global-media-423758 |url-status=live |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005112909/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/30/whistleblowers-allege-misconduct-agency-for-global-media-423758 |archive-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref> NPR reported that two Pack aides had compiled a report on VOA White House bureau chief [[Steven L. Herman]]'s social media postings and other writings in an attempt to charge him with a conflict of interest, and that the agency released a conflict of interest policy stating in part that a "journalist who on Facebook 'likes' a comment or political cartoon that aggressively attacks or disparages the President must recuse themselves from covering the President."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=October 4, 2020 |title=VOA White House Reporter Investigated For Anti-Trump Bias By Political Appointees |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/04/919266194/political-aides-investigate-voa-white-house-reporter-for-anti-trump-bias |url-status=live |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007012527/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/04/919266194/political-aides-investigate-voa-white-house-reporter-for-anti-trump-bias |archive-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> A [[preliminary injunction]] issued on November 20 barred Pack "from making personnel decisions involving journalists at the networks; from directly communicating with editors and journalists employed by them; and from investigating any editors or news stories produced by them," and characterized the investigation of Herman as an "unconstitutional prior restraint" of his, his editors', and fellow journalists' free speech.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=November 20, 2020 |title=Judge slaps down Trump appointee who has sought to reshape Voice of America and related agencies |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/judge-slaps-down-trump-appointee-who-has-sought-to-reshape-voice-of-america-and-related-agencies/2020/11/21/125d285a-2baa-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121055435/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/judge-slaps-down-trump-appointee-who-has-sought-to-reshape-voice-of-america-and-related-agencies/2020/11/21/125d285a-2baa-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html |archive-date=November 21, 2020}}</ref>

Suspended officials from Voice of America sued the agency news outlet on October 8. They accused Pack of using Voice of America as a vehicle to promote the personal agenda of President Trump and of violating a statutory firewall intended to prevent political interference with the agency, and they sought their reinstatement.<ref>''[https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-michael-pack-lawsuits-district-of-columbia-15dcdd15d92bd8ce2c07fab82a6c6070 Suspended officials sue agency that runs Voice of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009171737/https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-michael-pack-lawsuits-district-of-columbia-15dcdd15d92bd8ce2c07fab82a6c6070 |date=October 9, 2020 }}'', [[Associated Press]] (AP), October 9, 2020</ref>

In June 2020, Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden's campaign told Vox News that Biden would fire Pack if Biden won election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Alex |date=June 25, 2020 |title=The head of US broadcasting is leaning toward pro-Trump propaganda. Biden would fire him. |agency=Vox News |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/6/25/21302625/joe-biden-president-voice-america-fire-michael-pack |url-status=live |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121092449/https://www.vox.com/2020/6/25/21302625/joe-biden-president-voice-america-fire-michael-pack |archive-date=November 21, 2020}}</ref> In November 2020, US District Court [[Beryl A. Howell|Judge Beryl Howell]] found Pack violated the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights of Voice of America journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Nicky |date=November 22, 2020 |title=Judge rules Voice of America head curbed First Amendment rights of journalists |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/21/business/voice-of-america-violated-journalists-rights/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122025551/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/21/business/voice-of-america-violated-journalists-rights/index.html |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |access-date=November 22, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref>

In December 2020, ''The Washington Post'' reported that Pack was refusing to cooperate with [[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] Biden's transition team and, in an end run around the court order, had persuaded VOA Acting Director Biberaj to step down, replacing him with [[Robert Reilly (politician)|Robert Reilly]], a former VOA director who had written critically of Muslims, gays, and lesbians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=December 9, 2020 |title=Voice of America interim director pushed out by Trump-appointed overseer in final flurry of actions to assert control |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-director-fired-trump-michael-pack/2020/12/08/3d9539f4-3997-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209030816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-director-fired-trump-michael-pack/2020/12/08/3d9539f4-3997-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html |archive-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Trump appointee who oversees Voice of America refuses to cooperate with Biden transition team |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-appointee-who-oversees-voice-of-america-refuses-to-cooperate-with-biden-transition-team/ar-BB1bK51F |url-status=live |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208175329/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-appointee-who-oversees-voice-of-america-refuses-to-cooperate-with-biden-transition-team/ar-BB1bK51F |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref>  On December 19, 33 days before President-elect Biden's inauguration, Pack named Ted Lipien, a former VOA veteran journalist who headed the Polish Service during the final struggle for democracy in Poland in the 1980s and a former acting associate director of VOA who, according to NPR, "became a sharp critic of USAGM, VOA and the other affiliated networks on a pair of blogs" and "of the three network presidents affected, the only one without established partisan ties," as head of RFE/RL, and [[Jeffrey Scott Shapiro]], a writer for ''[[Breitbart]]'' and ''[[The Washington Times]]'' who had claimed President Obama "hates America," as head of the Office of Cuba Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=January 22, 2021 |title=USAGM Chief Fires Trump Allies Over Radio Free Europe And Other Networks |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959848852/usagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks |url-status=live |access-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217230144/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959848852/usagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks |archive-date=February 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=USAGM |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Ted Lipien returns to U.S. international broadcasting as head of RFE/RL |url=https://www.usagm.gov/2020/12/18/ted-lipien-returns-to-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-head-of-rfe-rl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217230148/https://www.usagm.gov/2020/12/18/ted-lipien-returns-to-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-head-of-rfe-rl/ |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=U.S. Agency for Global Media }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Trump appointee names conservative allies to run Radio Free Europe and Cuba broadcast agency |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/radio-free-europe-marti-michael-pack/2020/12/18/1c48f86c-418f-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220002303/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/radio-free-europe-marti-michael-pack/2020/12/18/1c48f86c-418f-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html |archive-date=December 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Matthew Lee |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Pro-Trump shakeups continue at VOA's parent agency |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-michael-pack-f779133aeb9ab6d3abdec63e104f1c4c |url-status=live |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501211817/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-michael-pack-f779133aeb9ab6d3abdec63e104f1c4c |archive-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> On December 30, NPR reported Pack was attempting to add contractual language that would make it impossible to fire the broadcasting board members he had installed for two years, after which they could only be fired "[[for cause]]." Reportedly the new contracts were withdrawn after inquiries from media and Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=December 30, 2020 |title=Trump Appointee Seeks Lasting Control Over Radio Free Europe, Radio Free Asia |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/951126591/trump-appointee-seeks-lasting-control-over-radio-free-europe-radio-free-asia |url-status=live |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115075446/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/951126591/trump-appointee-seeks-lasting-control-over-radio-free-europe-radio-free-asia |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Pompeo Delivers Remarks at the Voice of America (50828046222).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Then-Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] speaks at VOA headquarters in January 2021.]]
On January 11, 2021, VOA interim director Reilly ordered veteran reporter [[Patsy Widakuswara]] off the White House beat. Earlier that day, Widakuswara had followed US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] out of the building after his speech criticizing the VOA<ref name="Beitsch 2021">{{Cite news |last=Beitsch |first=Rebecca |date=January 22, 2021 |title=VOA reinstates White House reporter reassigned after questioning Pompeo |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/535387-voa-reinstates-white-house-reporter-reassigned-for-questioning-pompeo |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023061637/https://thehill.com/policy/international/535387-voa-reinstates-white-house-reporter-reassigned-for-questioning-pompeo |archive-date=October 23, 2021}}</ref> and his VOA-sponsored interview with VOA Director Robert Reilly during which reporters were not allowed to ask questions.<ref name="Gaouette 2021">{{Cite news |last1=Gaouette |first1=Nicole |last2=Hansler |first2=Jennifer |last3=Atwood |first3=Kylie |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Voice of America reassigns White House reporter who tried to ask Mike Pompeo a question |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/media/voa-reassigns-reporter/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023050054/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/media/voa-reassigns-reporter/index.html |archive-date=October 23, 2021}}</ref> Widakuswara asked Pompeo what he was doing to repair the international reputation of the U.S. and whether he regretted saying there would be a second Trump administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Voice Of America White House Reporter Reassigned After Questioning Pompeo |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/12/955976976/voice-of-america-white-house-reporter-reassigned-after-questioning-pompeo |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019173808/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/12/955976976/voice-of-america-white-house-reporter-reassigned-after-questioning-pompeo |archive-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oktavianti |first=Tri Indah |date=January 16, 2021 |title=Patsy Widakuswara: Jakarta native asking Trump administration tough questions |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/01/16/patsy-widakuswara-jakarta-native-asking-trump-administration-tough-questions.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023051850/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/01/16/patsy-widakuswara-jakarta-native-asking-trump-administration-tough-questions.html |archive-date=October 23, 2021}}</ref> The theme of the preceding interview with VOA Director Robert Reilly was reportedly the dangers of censorship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Voice of America reassigns White House reporter after she sought to question Mike Pompeo |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=MSN News |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-reassigns-white-house-reporter-after-she-sought-to-question-mike-pompeo/ar-BB1cFBq5 |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112064458/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-reassigns-white-house-reporter-after-she-sought-to-question-mike-pompeo/ar-BB1cFBq5 |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> In response, dozens of VOA journalists, including Widakuswara, wrote and circulated a petition calling on Reilly and public affairs specialist Elizabeth Robbins to resign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Voice of America journalists demand resignation of news agency's top leadership |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-journalists-demand-resignation-of-news-agencys-top-leadership/ar-BB1cLd9b |url-status=live |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194616/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-journalists-demand-resignation-of-news-agencys-top-leadership/ar-BB1cLd9b |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> In a statement, [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee]] Chairman [[Gregory Meeks]] and ranking member [[Michael McCaul]] said, "Absent a legitimate reason for this move, which has not been provided, we believe she should be reinstated".<ref name="Gaouette 2021" /> Widakuswara was reinstated to the White House beat after President Biden requested the resignation of Michael Pack.<ref name="Beitsch 2021" />

On January 19, the nonprofit [[Government Accountability Project]], representing fired USAGM employees and whistleblowers, sent a letter to the congressional foreign affairs committees, the [[U.S. Office of Special Counsel]], and the [[Inspector General of the Department of State|Inspector General of the US Department of State]]. The letter said that Pack had hired the [[McGuireWoods]] law firm to investigate USAGM employees and the OTF at a cost of over $2 million in the last quarter of 2020, bypassing US government investigators including USAGM's own Office of Human Resources, and called for further investigation of what it termed a gross misuse of taxpayer dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seide |first=David Z. |title=Protected Whistleblower Disclosure of Gross Misuse of at Least $2 Million in Taxpayer Dollars by the U.S. Agency for Global Media |url=https://whistleblower.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Government-Accountability-Project-Whistleblower-Disclosure-Regarding-Gross-Waste-by-USAGM-1-19-2021..pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121114119/https://whistleblower.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Government-Accountability-Project-Whistleblower-Disclosure-Regarding-Gross-Waste-by-USAGM-1-19-2021..pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=whistleblower.org |publisher=Government Accountability Project}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' later reported that a second law firm, Caplin & Drysdale, had also been granted a similar [[no-bid contract]] in possible violation of federal contracting regulations for a total cost of $4 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=January 25, 2021 |title=Former Voice of America overseer hired law firms to $4 million no-bid contracts |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/former-head-of-voice-of-americas-parent-hired-two-law-firms-to-no-bid-contracts-price-tag-4-million/2021/01/25/87a35e7a-5d0c-11eb-a976-bad6431e03e2_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126011148/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/former-head-of-voice-of-americas-parent-hired-two-law-firms-to-no-bid-contracts-price-tag-4-million/2021/01/25/87a35e7a-5d0c-11eb-a976-bad6431e03e2_story.html |archive-date=January 26, 2021}}</ref>

Also on January 19, the last full day of the Trump presidency, Pack named a slate of five directors to head each of the three USAGM boards for RFE/RL, Radio Free Asia, and Middle East Broadcasting Networks: conservative radio talk show host Blanquita Cullum, [[Liberty Counsel]] officer Johnathan Alexander, former White House staffer Amanda Milius, conservative writer Roger Simon, and [[Center for the National Interest]] Fellow Christian Whiton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM CEO Michael Pack names Board of Directors |url=https://www.usagm.gov/2021/01/19/usagm-ceo-michael-pack-names-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119224436/https://www.usagm.gov/2021/01/19/usagm-ceo-michael-pack-names-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=usagm.com |publisher=US Agency for Global Media}}</ref>

The following day, Pack resigned at the request of the Biden administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Matthew |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Trump global broadcasting chief quits amid VOA staff revolt |publisher=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-media-michael-pack-4c3796bf47085218b94ac7a080634bf1 |url-status=live |access-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121033456/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-media-michael-pack-4c3796bf47085218b94ac7a080634bf1 |archive-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref> On January 21, Shapiro resigned from the Office of Cuba Broadcasting. Biden named veteran VOA journalist [[Kelu Chao]] to replace Pack. Chao in turn dismissed Riley and Robbins from VOA, naming Yolanda Lopez, another VOA veteran, as acting director; Lopez had also been reassigned in the wake of the Pompeo interview.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=January 21, 2021 |title=At Voice of America, a sweeping ouster of Trump officials on Biden's first full day |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/at-voice-of-america-a-sweeping-ouster-of-trump-officials-on-bidens-first-full-day/2021/01/21/4827f3cc-5c2c-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122010722/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/at-voice-of-america-a-sweeping-ouster-of-trump-officials-on-bidens-first-full-day/2021/01/21/4827f3cc-5c2c-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> On January 22, the Biden administration fired [[Victoria Coates]] and her deputy Robert Greenway from the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, naming Kelley Sullivan as acting head.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Biden administration ousts Victoria Coates, who was falsely accused of being 'Anonymous' |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/22/biden-victoria-coates-anonymous-461532 |url-status=live |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123015315/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/22/biden-victoria-coates-anonymous-461532 |archive-date=January 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Matthey |date=January 23, 2021 |title=More heads roll at US-funded international broadcasters |publisher=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-cuba-media-middle-east-052e16ac28ac264e3ed9b17eb6bf5031 |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124012812/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-cuba-media-middle-east-052e16ac28ac264e3ed9b17eb6bf5031 |archive-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref>

===Guo Wengui interview===
[[File:Guo Wen-gui in April 2017.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Guo Wengui]]]]
On April 19, 2017, the VOA Mandarin Service interviewed Chinese real estate tycoon [[Guo Wengui]] in a live broadcast. The [[government of China]] warned VOA representatives not to interview Guo about his "unsubstantiated allegations".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shih |first=Gerry |date=April 20, 2017 |title=China says Interpol notice issued for outspoken tycoon Guo |url=https://apnews.com/article/8dd2d876a4ec4fcc964aa8c79874bcde |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914203808/https://apnews.com/article/8dd2d876a4ec4fcc964aa8c79874bcde |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China says Interpol notice issued for outspoken tycoon Guo |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-interpol-notice-issued-billionaire-guo-wengui-095609234.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226092137/https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-interpol-notice-issued-billionaire-guo-wengui-095609234.html |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |website=Yahoo! News |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> The interview was scheduled by the team for 3 hours. After Guo alleged that he had evidence of corruption among the members of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee of China]], the highest political authority of China, the interview was abruptly cut off by VOA leadership, after one hour and 17 minutes. Guo's allegations involved Fu Zhenhua and [[Wang Qishan]] (a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, and the leader of the anti-graft movement).<ref>[https://qz.com/968941/what-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-most-wanted-man/ China's most wanted man is in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831113006/https://qz.com/968941/what-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-most-wanted-man/ |date=August 31, 2019 }}. ''Quartz''.</ref>

On August 27, four U.S. Congressmen requested that the [[Office of Inspector General]] (OIG) conduct an investigation into the interruption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2017 |title=Members of Congress request OIG investigation of VOA and BBG handling of Guo Wengui interview |url=http://bbgwatch.com/bbgwatch/members-of-congress-request-oig-investigation-of-voa-and-bbg-handling-of-guo-wengui-interview-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725144425/http://bbgwatch.com/bbgwatch/members-of-congress-request-oig-investigation-of-voa-and-bbg-handling-of-guo-wengui-interview-exclusive/ |archive-date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=BBG Watch}}</ref> The OIG investigation concluded that the VOA leadership decision to curtail the Guo interview was based solely on [[Journalism ethics and standards|journalistic best practices]], rather than due to any pressure from the Chinese government.<ref name="medium.com">{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2019 |title=Internal VOA email published on Medium |url=https://medium.com/@gvelez/voice-of-america-fires-the-people-who-tried-to-broadcast-chinese-dissident-live-for-over-1-hour-5084424fd031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archiven.org/web/20190524203448/https://medium.com/@gvelez/voice-of-america-fires-the-people-who-tried-to-broadcast-chinese-dissident-live-for-over-1-hour-5084424fd031 |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> Another investigation, by [[Philip Merrill College of Journalism|Mark Feldstein]], Chair of Broadcast Journalism at the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], concluded that "VOA’s senior management did its best to make decisions consistent with journalism’s best practices and industry standards,” and “was not improperly influenced by the Chinese government or anyone else. The failure [of the VOA Mandarin Service interview team] to comply with leadership's instructions during the Guo interview 'was a colossal and unprecedented violation of journalistic professionalism and broadcast industry standards.'"<ref name="medium.com" /> The Feldstein report also noted that "There had been a grossly negligent approach" by the VOA Mandarin Service interview team to pre-interview vetting, and failure to "corroborate the authenticity of Guo's evidence or interview other sources," in violation of industry standards. The VOA Mandarin Service interview team apparently "demonstrated greater loyalty to its source than to its employer {{snd}} at the expense of basic journalistic standards of accuracy, verification, and fairness," the Feldstein report concluded.<ref>{{Cite news |title=VOA fires journalist over interview with Chinese exile |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2018/12/03/voa-fires-journalist-over-interview-with-chinese-exile/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204211706/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2018/12/03/voa-fires-journalist-over-interview-with-chinese-exile/ |archive-date=December 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=VOA Dismisses Mandarin Service Chief Over Interview With Chinese Exile {{!}} Voice of America – English |language=en |work=voanews.com |url=https://www.voanews.com/usa/voa-dismisses-mandarin-service-chief-over-interview-chinese-exile |url-status=live |access-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724183834/https://www.voanews.com/usa/voa-dismisses-mandarin-service-chief-over-interview-chinese-exile |archive-date=July 24, 2021}}</ref>

===Relay station used as a CIA black site===
It has been reported that a Voice of America relay station in [[Udon Thani Province]], [[Thailand]] was used as a [[CIA black site]] referred to as "Cat's Eye" or "Detention Site Green".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2005 |title=Suspicion over Thai 'black ops' site |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/suspicion-over-thai-black-ops-site-20051106-gdmdzx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627020703/https://www.smh.com.au/world/suspicion-over-thai-black-ops-site-20051106-gdmdzx.html |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 27, 2018 |title=Time to come clean on secret CIA prison |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1473609/time-to-come-clean-on-secret-cia-prison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914203755/https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1473609/time-to-come-clean-on-secret-cia-prison |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |access-date=December 29, 2021 |website=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

===Horn of Africa service===

The Amharic Service was started in 1982.<ref name="Sheckler1998">{{cite Q|Q122644264}}</ref>  From 1982 to 1986, the VOA service had a mix of staff consisting of former members of the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP) and US-educated staff without strong political involvement in the 1974 [[Ethiopian Revolution]] and the associated student movement of the revolutionary period. Reporting was mostly critical of the [[Derg]] led by [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]].<ref name="Sheckler1998" />

The 1986 to 1996 phase was according to Annette Sheckler, who became head of the VOA Horn of Africa Service in December 1998, opposed to the [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] (TPLF)/[[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF), which took control of Ethiopia in 1991. According to Sheckler, the reporting became more politicized due to the loss of qualified staff, the role of EPRP-supporting staff being opposed to the TPLF government, and the role of former Derg officials who were recruited to the Service. US ambassadors to Ethiopia Mark Bass, Irvin Hicks, and David Shinn objected to what they saw as a lack of balance in the Service. Sheckler believed the Chief of the Horn of Africa service's EPRP background was a factor in what she viewed as imbalanced reporting. Broadcasts in [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] and [[Oromo language|Oromo]] were added in addition to Amhara.<ref name="Sheckler1998" /> Sheckler sees the 18-month period during 1996–98, with a new temporary service Chief, as having become "essentially ungovernable" with a "legacy of personal animosity, hostility and complete lack of professionalism".<ref name="Sheckler1998" /> Sheckler described the June 1998 phase of the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]] as exacerbating ethnic conflicts within the service. Sheckler wrote memos to VOA leadership describing her assessment of serious problems in the service, and was fired on November 20, 1998, officially for "a lack of professional journalistic ethics"; she describes the reason for her firing as "telling the truth".<ref name="Sheckler1998"/>

Peter Heinlein led the service from 2012 to 2014. In 2013, he wrote a complaint about his view of problems in the service. He saw a significant flaw being the confusion of roles in which translators, untrained in the principles and methods of journalism, took on the role of journalists.<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" /> The service was mostly seen as anti-Ethiopian government until 2018, when Negussie Mengesha, the head of the VOA Africa division for several years, met the newly appointed Ethiopian prime minister [[Abiy Ahmed]].<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" />

In May 2021, several former employees accused VOA's [[Amharic]] service, under the leadership of Negussie Mengesha, of being biased in favor of the government of Abiy Ahmed, including failing to report on [[war crimes in the Tigray war|atrocities]] committed during the [[Tigray War]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Intercept]] |author=Nick Turse |date=May 21, 2021 |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/05/21/voice-of-america-ethiopia-bias |title=Propaganda Machine: Voice of America Is Accused of Ignoring Government Atrocities in Ethiopia|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230914230416/https://theintercept.com/2021/05/21/voice-of-america-ethiopia-bias|archive-date=2023-09-14|url-status=live}}</ref> VOA journalist Jason Patinkin said that he had reported the problems "at every level of the VOA hierarchy". Patinkin resigned from the service, saying that VOA had "sided with the perpetrators both by commission and omission" of "potential crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and perhaps even genocide".<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET">{{cite Q|Q122546796|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2021, ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'' reported on an investigation based on "hundreds of internal memos and interviews with about a dozen former and current members" of the VOA Horn of Africa service.<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" /> ''Mail & Guardian'' stated that during the Tigray War, the only major foreign news service that was not harassed by Ethiopian security services was VOA. VOA gave frequent coverage to the [[Mai Kadra massacre]], mostly attributed to Tigrayan youth and documented by [[Amnesty International]], while later focusing on the Ethiopian government's dismissal of Amnesty International's report on the [[Axum massacre]] rather than on the methods and content of the report itself. During 107 meetings of the Horn of Africa service from November 4, 2020, to April 30, 2021, during the Tigray War, most (81%) of the meetings did not have approvals by Tizita Belachew, head of the service, or by Solomon Abate, of stories on the war that included Tigrayan points of view; a majority of the stories only showed government or military officials' points of view; a fifth of the meetings had no reports on the war. Instructions emailed to staff stated that the terms "civil war" and "war" were forbidden in reporting on the Tigray War, with Scott Stearns writing on 14 November, according to ''Mail & Guardian'', "There are to be no deviations from these instructions by any member of any Africa division language service on any platform."<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" />

=== Twitter label controversy ===
After [[Elon Musk]] acquired social media platform [[Twitter]], in April 2023 [[NPR|National Public Radio]]'s main Twitter account was briefly designated as "US state-affiliated media", a label typically reserved for foreign media outlets that directly represented the point of view of their respective governments, like Russia's [[RT (TV network)|RT]] and China's [[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ladden-Hall |first=Dan |date=April 5, 2023 |title=NPR Labeled 'State-Affiliated Media' on Twitter as Musk Steps Up Press Feud |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/npr-labeled-state-affiliated-media-on-twitter-as-musk-steps-up-press-feud |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405114026/https://www.thedailybeast.com/npr-labeled-state-affiliated-media-on-twitter-as-musk-steps-up-press-feud |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Novak |first=Matt |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Twitter Adds 'State-Affiliated Media' Label To NPR Account Putting It On Par With Russia Today |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattnovak/2023/04/05/twitter-adds-state-affiliated-media-label-to-npr-account-putting-it-on-par-with-russia-today/?sh=4ba401c6635c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406010257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattnovak/2023/04/05/twitter-adds-state-affiliated-media-label-to-npr-account-putting-it-on-par-with-russia-today/?sh=4ba401c6635c |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref name="CBS News">{{Cite web |title=Twitter labels NPR as "state-affiliated media" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/twitter-labels-npr-as-u-s-state-affiliated-media-agency/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405194837/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/twitter-labels-npr-as-u-s-state-affiliated-media-agency/ |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[CBS News]] |date=April 5, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> A few days later, Twitter changed the designation of NPR's account from "state-affiliated" to "government-funded".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter Changes Label On NPR Account From 'State-Affiliated' To 'Government Funded' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattnovak/2023/04/08/twitter-changes-label-on-npr-account-from-state-affiliated-to-government-funded/?sh=858b17373529 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410062727/https://connatix-d.openx.net/v/1.0/av?auid=539844291&schain=1.0,1!connatix.com,679698455578581,1,,,,&url=www.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmattnovak%2F2023%2F04%2F08%2Ftwitter-changes-label-on-npr-account-from-state-af&cb=6742c70b-03cb-4ba5-b3df-dfb0399a0147&vwd=526&vht=296&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=undefined&us_privacy= |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |access-date=April 9, 2023 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Twitter then added the label to other sources such as [[PBS]], the [[BBC]], and Voice of America, which all three objected to.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Stephen|last1=Neukam|access-date=2023-04-11|title=Twitter slaps 'government funded media' labels on other major news outlets after NPR backlash|url=https://thehill.com/media/3941373-twitter-slaps-government-funded-media-labels-on-other-major-news-outlets-after-npr-backlash/|website=The Hill|date=9 April 2023|archive-date=April 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232053/https://thehill.com/media/3941373-twitter-slaps-government-funded-media-labels-on-other-major-news-outlets-after-npr-backlash/|url-status=live}}</ref> VOA criticized the decision, stating "the label gives the impression that VOA is not an independent outlet," and that "its editorial independence is protected by regulations and a firewall."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/twitter-criticized-over-government-funded-media-label-on-broadcasters-/7044618.html|title=Twitter Criticized Over 'Government Funded Media' Label on Broadcasters|website=VOA|date=April 10, 2023|access-date=April 16, 2023|archive-date=April 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416205445/https://www.voanews.com/a/twitter-criticized-over-government-funded-media-label-on-broadcasters-/7044618.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The controversy prompted Congress to reduce the budget of VOA's parent organization, USAGM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=Darrell Issa: Congress Cut Voice of America's Budget over Hamas Controversy |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/darrell-issa-congress-cut-voice-of-americas-budget-over-hamas-controversy/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Hamas coverage===
After the [[October 7 Hamas attack|October 7, 2023 Hamas attack]] on Israel, an email was sent to Voice of America staff from the associate editor for news standards with guidance related to how to refer to the actions ("terrorist acts" or "acts of terror") and advice about how to refer to individual members of Hamas, i.e. to use the term "terrorist" only in direct quotes from sources.<ref name="Farhi 2023">{{cite news |last1=Farhi |first1=Paul |title=GOP senators blast Voice of America for Hamas 'militants' terminology |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/11/29/voice-of-america-hamas-israel-terrorist-militant-hagerty/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=29 November 2023}}</ref> At the time, VOA was not the only news outlet with journalists discussing how to objectively refer to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref name="Farhi 2023"/> Six Republican members of Congress signed a letter sent by Senator [[Bill Hagerty]], which criticized and strongly objected to the editorial guidance about how to refer to individual members of Hamas.<ref name="Farhi 2023"/> USAGM chief executive Amanda Bennett sent a letter to the senators to clarify that the VOA email was guidance only, and "There is no policy prohibiting the use of the words 'terror,' 'terrorism,' or 'terrorist'" at VOA, and stating the news organizations within USAGM "counsel care and attention in the use of the words but do not place any restrictions on the appropriate use."<ref name="Farhi 2023"/>

== In different regions ==

===China===

A study was done on Chinese students in America. It found that through the VOA, they disapproved of the actions of the Chinese government.<ref name="Zhang-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Lena Liqing |date=2002 |title=Are They Still Listening? Reconceptualizing the Chinese Audience of the Voice of America in the Cyber Era. |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fjradstud9&div=31&id=&page= |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Radio Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=317–337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627020703/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fjradstud9&div=31&id=&page= |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=November 29, 2020}}</ref> Another study was done on Chinese scholars in America, and found that the VOA had an effect on their political beliefs. Their political beliefs did not change in relation to China, though, as they did not tend to believe the VOA's reports on China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Liquing |last2=Dominick |first2=Joseph R. |date=1998 |title=Penetrating the Great Wall: the ideological impact of Voice of America newscasts on young Chinese intellectuals of the 1980s |journal=Journal of Radio Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=82–101 |doi=10.1080/19376529809384531}}</ref>

===Kurdistan and Iran===

VOA's service in Iran had a negative impact on [[Kurd]]s and [[Kurdistan]] according to the publication ''[[Kurdish Life]]'' in 2000. They claimed that the VOA exacerbated the conflict between the [[Talabani]] and the [[Barzani (tribe)|Barzani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000 |title=The Kurdish Disservice |work=Kurdish Life |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A132000325/GIC?u=viva_gmu&sid=GIC&xid=47c |url-status=live |access-date=February 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914203755/https://login.gmu.edu/idp/profile/cas/login?execution=e1s1 |archive-date=September 14, 2022}}</ref> They further claimed that the VOA covered up wrongful imprisonments, wrongful arrests, and the building of extremist mosques. According to the same publication, Kurds were being turned into fanatics, and a new generation of terrorists was forming because of the VOA. They claimed the VOA was doing this to help [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Revisiting the Kurdish Disservice |work=Kurdish Life}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===

The VOA's DEEWA Radio airs in Pakistan. Although in 2015 some listeners were suspicious that the program was promoting an American agenda, others said they were experiencing a positive effect. Some listeners felt that the programs were giving a voice to the voiceless, giving them a sense of empowerment.<ref name="Jan-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Jan |first=F |date=2015 |title=International Broadcasting as Component of U.S. Public Diplomacy (A Case Study of Voice of America's DEEWA Radio) |url=http://qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/10_2/Dialogue_April_June2015_152-165.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Dialogue |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422055243/https://qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/10_2/Dialogue_April_June2015_152-165.pdf |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> In 2018, the Pakistani authorities blocked the website of VOA's Pashto and Urdu language radio service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/12/29/2018-a-year-of-media-suppression-and-rights-abuses-in-pakistan|title=2018: A year of media suppression and rights abuses in Pakistan|first=Rabia|last=Mehmood|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1451133|title=Urdu, Pashto VOA websites inaccessible in Pakistan|first=Ikram|last=Junaidi|date=December 13, 2018|website=DAWN}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
In response to the request of the [[United States Department of Justice]] that [[RT (TV network)|RT]] register as a foreign agent under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]], Russia's Justice Ministry [[Aleksandr Konovalov (politician, born 1968)|Konovalov]] labeled Voice of America and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] as [[Russian foreign agent law|foreign agents]] in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stahl |first=Lesley |date=January 7, 2018 |title=RT's editor-in-chief on election meddling, being labeled Russian propaganda |agency=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rt-editor-in-chief-on-election-meddling-russian-propaganda-label/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108023702/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rt-editor-in-chief-on-election-meddling-russian-propaganda-label/ |archive-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Osborn |first=Andrew |date=January 14, 2018 |title=Russia designates Radio Free Europe and Voice of America as 'foreign agents' |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-media-restrictions/russia-designates-radio-free-europe-and-voice-of-america-as-foreign-agents-idUSKBN1DZ0MP |url-status=live |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205073126/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-media-restrictions/russia-designates-radio-free-europe-and-voice-of-america-as-foreign-agents-idUSKBN1DZ0MP |archive-date=December 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===
On June 30, 2022, the Turkish media watchdog, [[Radio and Television Supreme Council]] (RTÜK), blocked access to VOA's website amerikaninsesi.com in [[Turkey]] because VOA had not applied for the necessary licence, which would subject VOA to certain obligations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/08/23/us-concerned-by-turkeys-threat-to-silence-voa-turkish/|title=US 'Concerned' by Turkey's Threat to Silence VOA Turkish &#124; Balkan Insight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-30 |title=Turkey blocks access to Deutsche Welle, Voice of America for not getting licenses – official |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/turkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630211954/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/turkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30/ |archive-date=June 30, 2022}}</ref> The RTÜK regulation requires foreign news outlets that publish in Turkey to apply for publication licenses, mandates that at least half of the media organization be owned by a Turkish citizen, and would force VOA to remove content deemed inappropriate by RTÜK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkeys-media-watchdog-rtuk-once-again-orders-dw-to-apply-for-license-news-63301|title=Turkey's media watchdog RTÜK once again orders DW to apply for license|first=Duvar|last=English|date=October 11, 2023|website=www.duvarenglish.com }}</ref> VOA Turkish subsequently broadcast over a different VOA website domain name, voaturkce.com, which in August 2023 was blocked as well.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/voa-website-banned-in-turkey-for-lack-of-broadcast-license/7246368.html|title=VOA Website Banned in Turkey for Lack of Broadcast License|date=August 29, 2023|website=Voice of America}}</ref> VOA said that "Given VOA's status as a public service international broadcaster legally required to provide 'accurate, objective, and comprehensive' news coverage to its global audience, VOA cannot comply with any directive intended to enable censorship."<ref name="auto5"/> VOA Turkey, after it was blocked, shared instructions on its social media accounts as to how to use VPN to access its content.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2023/08/23/us-press-organizations-slam-impending-access-ban-on-voa-turkish/|title=US, press organizations slam impending access ban on VOA Turkish|first=Turkish|last=Minute|date=August 23, 2023}}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=14em}}

* [[List of public broadcasters by country]]
* [[List of state media by country]]
* [[List of world news channels]]
{{end div col}}

== References ==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Library resources box}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dizard |first=Wilson P. |title=Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=1-58826-288-X}}
* Pomar, Mark G. (2022) ''Cold War Radio: The Russian Broadcasts of the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2022) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=58687 online scholarly book review]
* {{Cite book |last=Rugh |first=William A. |url=https://archive.org/details/americanencounte00rugh |title=American Encounters with Arabs: The "Soft Power" of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East |publisher=Praeger |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-275-98817-3 |url-access=registration}}
{{refend}}{{Commons category}}
*

{{Broadcasting Board of Governors}}
{{US Shortwave Radio}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Voice of America| ]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Cold War broadcasting]]
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[[Category:Media listed in Russia as foreign agents]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Peabody Award winners]]
[[Category:Radio organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Shortwave radio stations in the United States]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Tibetan-language radio stations]]
[[Category:United States government propaganda organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Publicly funded English language broadcasters]]

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