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Further treatment at [[Cephalaspidea]] and [[Haminoeoidea]].
Further treatment at [[Cephalaspidea]] and [[Haminoeoidea]].


==Genera and species==
Genus ''Aliculastrum'': See ''[[Aliculastrum]]''
*Genus ''[[Aliculastrum]]''

Genus ''Atys'': See ''[[Atys (mollusc)|Atys]]''
Genus ''[[Atys (mollusc)|Atys]]''
*Genus ''Cylichnium'' [[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1908

**''[[Cylichnium africanum]]''
Genus ''Cylichnium'' [[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1908
*''Cylichnium africanum''
*''Cylichnium ''
***Distribution : Caribbean
*''Cylichnium domitum'' [[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1908
**''[[Cylichnium matsumotoi]]'' (Habe), 1955
**Distribution : Caribbean
***Distribution : [[Japan]]
*''Cylichnium matsumotoi'' (Habe), 1955
*Genus ''Diniatys'' Iredale, 1936
**Distribution : [[Japan]]
**''[[Diniatys dentifer]]'' A. Adams, 1850

***Distribution : Indo-Pacific
Genus ''Diniatys'' Iredale, 1936
***Length : 10 mm
*''Diniatys dentifer'' A. Adams, 1850
***Description : this herbivore is found on the bluegreen alga Lyngbya majuscula, Schizothrix and Hormothamnion. There is pointed projection on the columella. The color varies between green and various shades of brown. Two black eyes on the back of the cephalic shield.
**Distribution : Indo-Pacific
**''[[Diniatys monodonta]]'' A. Adams, 1850
**Length : 10 mm
***Distribution: Japan
**Description : this herbivore is found on the bluegreen alga Lyngbya majuscula, Schizothrix and Hormothamnion. There is pointed projection on the columella. The color varies between green and various shades of brown. Two black eyes on the back of the cephalic shield.
*Genus ''Haloa''
*''Diniatys monodonta'' A. Adams, 1850
**''[[Haloa binotata]]'' H. (A. Pilsbry), 1895
**Distribution: Japan
***Distribution : Indo Pacific

**''[[Haloa constricta]]'' A. Adams, 1850
Genus ''Haloa''
***Distribution : Japan
*''Haloa binotata'' H. (A. Pilsbry), 1895
**''[[Haloa crocata]]'' W. H. Pease, 1860
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
***Distribution : Hawaii
*''Haloa constricta'' A. Adams, 1850
**''[[Haloa flavescens]]'' (A. Adams), 1850
**Distribution : Japan
***Distribution : Indo Pacific
*''Haloa crocata'' W. H. Pease, 1860
**''[[Haloa fusca]]'' W. H. Pease, 1863
**Distribution : Hawaii
***Distribution : Indo Pacific
*''Haloa flavescens'' (A. Adams), 1850
**''[[Haloa japonica]]'' H. A. Pilsbry, 1895 '''Japanese Paper-bubble'''
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
***Distribution : Indo Pacific, Japan
*''Haloa fusca'' W. H. Pease, 1863
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
** :
***Description : species with beautiful colors : glassy white background with tiny white spots and dark patches with orange dots.
*''Haloa japonica'' H. A. Pilsbry, 1895 '''Japanese Paper-bubble'''
**''[[Haloa kawamurai]]'' T. Habe, 1950
**Distribution : Indo Pacific, Japan
***Distribution : Indo Pacific
**Length : 10 mm
**''[[Haloa margaritoides]]'' T. Kuroda & T. Habe, 1971
**Description : species with beautiful colors : glassy white background with tiny white spots and dark patches with orange dots.
***Distribution : Japan
*''Haloa kawamurai'' T. Habe, 1950
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
** :
***Description : intertidal among seaweeds
*''Haloa margaritoides'' T. Kuroda & T. Habe, 1971
**''[[Haloa nigripunctata]]'' W. H. Pease, 1868
**Distribution : Japan
**Length : 7 mm
** :
**''[[Haloa rotundata]]'' A. Adams, 1850
**Description : intertidal among seaweeds
***Distribution : Japan
*''Haloa nigripunctata'' W. H. Pease, 1868
**''[[Haloa vitrea]]'' (A. Adams), 1850
**Distribution : Japan
***Distribution : Japan
*''Haloa rotundata'' A. Adams, 1850
**''[[Haloa yamaguchii]]'' T. Habe, 1952
**Distribution : Japan
***Distribution : Indo Pacific
*''Haloa vitrea'' (A. Adams), 1850
*Genus ''Haminoea'' [[William Elford Leach|Leach]] 1820
**Distribution : Japan
*''Haloa yamaguchii'' T. Habe, 1952
**Distribution : Indo Pacific

Genus ''Haminoea'' [[William Elford Leach|Leach]] 1820

There have been three different spellings (''Haminoea, Haminea, Haminaea'') in usage for the same genus for over two hundred years. The [[ICZN]] has finally settled on the correct spelling ''Haminoea''.
There have been three different spellings (''Haminoea, Haminea, Haminaea'') in usage for the same genus for over two hundred years. The [[ICZN]] has finally settled on the correct spelling ''Haminoea''.
Many species have green algae growing on their shells. The posterior tip of the headshield is bilobed, except in ''[[Haminoea elegans]]''.

**''Haminoea alfredensis'' P. Bartsch, 1915
Many species have green algae growing on their shells. The posterior tip of the headshield is bilobed, except in ''Haminoea elegans''.
***Distribution : South Africa
*''Haminoea alfredensis'' P. Bartsch, 1915
**Distribution : South Africa
** :
***Description : has a broad [[Radula|radular]] ribbon with about 40 teeth in each half row; translucent greenish color, dotted with yellow to orange spots.
**Length : 9-17 mm
**''[[Haminoea angelensis]]'' F. Baker & G. D. Hanna, 1927
**Description : has a broad [[Radula|radular]] ribbon with about 40 teeth in each half row; translucent greenish color, dotted with yellow to orange spots.
***Distribution : Gulf of California, Mexico
*''Haminoea angelensis'' F. Baker & G. D. Hanna, 1927
***Length : 7 mm
**Distribution : Gulf of California, Mexico
**''[[Haminoea antillarum]]'' [[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]], 1841 '''Antilles Glassy-bubble, Antilles Paper-bubble'''
**Length : 7 mm
***Distribution : Florida, Caribbean, Brazil.
*''Haminoea antillarum'' [[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]], 1841 '''Antilles Glassy-bubble, Antilles Paper-bubble'''
***Length : 12-20 mm
**Distribution : Florida, Caribbean, Brazil.
**''[[Haminoea antillarum guadaloupensis]]'' Sowerby II, 1868
**Length : 12-20 mm
***Distribution : Florida, Cuba, Guadaloupe
*''Haminoea antillarum guadaloupensis'' Sowerby II, 1868
***Length : 12-18 mm
**Distribution : Florida, Cuba, Guadaloupe
***Description : globose shell with greenish yellow color, covered with longitudinal striae (= stripes); mantle with white to greenish background with small black dots.
**Length : 12-18 mm
**''[[Haminoea brevis]]'' [[Jean René Constant Quoy|J. R. C. Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|J. P. Gaimard]], 1833
**Description : globose shell with greenish yellow color, covered with longitudinal striae (= stripes); mantle with white to greenish background with small black dots.
***Distribution : Australia
*''Haminoea brevis'' [[Jean René Constant Quoy|J. R. C. Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|J. P. Gaimard]], 1833
**''[[Haminoea calledegenita]]'' Gibson & Chia, 1989
**Distribution : Australia
***Distribution : West America
*''Haminoea calledegenita'' Gibson & Chia, 1989
***Description : has a deeply bifurcate headshield.
**Distribution : West America
**''[[Haminoea crocata]]''
**Description : has a deeply bifurcate headshield.
*''Haminoea crocata''
*''Haminoea ''
***Distribution : Pacific
*''Haminoea curta'' A. Adams, 1850
**''[[Haminoea cyanomarginata]]'' Heller & Thompson, 1983
**Distribution : Pacific
***Distribution : Greece, Turkey, Red Sea.
*''Haminoea cyanomarginata'' Heller & Thompson, 1983
***Length : 50 mm
**Distribution : Greece, Turkey, Red Sea.
***Description: colorful animal: cream-white mantle bordered with a purple line on the parapodia, headshield and the infrapallial lobe
**Length : 50 mm
**''[[Haminoae cymbalum]]'' J. R. C. Quoy & J. P. Gaimard, 1833
**Description: colorful animal: cream-white mantle bordered with a purple line on the parapodia, headshield and the infrapallial lobe
***Distribution : West-Pacific, Indonesia to Hawaii, Japan
*''Haminoae cymbalum'' J. R. C. Quoy & J. P. Gaimard, 1833
***Length : 13- 20 mm
**Distribution : West-Pacific, Indonesia to Hawaii, Japan
***Description : translucent withgreen color (caused by growths of green algae), mottled with lightbrown spots, outlined in white, and darker brown dots; There can be a wide variation in the color pattern. This species is fairly uncommon, but, when found, always in large aggregations.
**Length : 13- 20 mm
**''[[Haminoea cymbiformis]]'' Carpenter, 1856
**Description : translucent withgreen color (caused by growths of green algae), mottled with lightbrown spots, outlined in white, and darker brown dots; There can be a wide variation in the color pattern. This species is fairly uncommon, but, when found, always in large aggregations.
***Distribution : Mexico
*''Haminoea cymbiformis'' Carpenter, 1856
**''[[Haminoea elegans]]'' [[George Robert Gray|Gray]], 1825 '''Atlantic Elegant Paper Bubble; Elegant Glassy Bubble'''
**Distribution : Mexico
***Distribution : West Africa, Florida, Caribbean, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
*''Haminoea elegans'' [[George Robert Gray|Gray]], 1825 '''Atlantic Elegant Paper Bubble; Elegant Glassy Bubble'''
***Length : 23.5 mm
**Distribution : West Africa, Florida, Caribbean, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
***Description : found at depths up to 34 m; translucent mantle with patches of brown and black; posterior end of the headshield is not bilobed; shell with spiral grooves.
**Length : 23.5 mm
**''[[Haminoea ferruginosa]]'' A. Adams, 1850
**Description : found at depths up to 34 m; translucent mantle with patches of brown and black; posterior end of the headshield is not bilobed; shell with spiral grooves.
***Distribution : Indian Ocean
*''Haminoea ferruginosa'' A. Adams, 1850
**''[[Haminoea fusari]]'' Alvarez, E.F.García & Villani, 1993
**Distribution : Indian Ocean
*''Haminoea fusari'' Alvarez, E.F.García & Villani, 1993
*''Haminoea '' ,
***Distribution : Indo-Pacific
*''Haminoea fusca'' Pease, 1863
***Length : 25 mm
**Distribution : Indo-Pacific
***Description : color of the shell : varies from greenish to brown and light purple.
**Length : 25 mm
**''[[Haminoea galba]]'' W. H. Pease, 1861
**Description : color of the shell : varies from greenish to brown and light purple.
***Distribution : Indo Pacific
*''Haminoea galba'' W. H. Pease, 1861
**''[[Haminoea glabra]]'' A. Adams, 1850
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
***Distribution : Yucatan, Panama
*''Haminoea glabra'' A. Adams, 1850
***Length : 4.3 mm
**Distribution : Yucatan, Panama
**''[[Haminoea gracilis]]'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1897
**Length : 4.3 mm
***Distribution : South Africa
*''Haminoea gracilis'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1897
**Distribution : South Africa
** :
**''[[Haminoea guildingii]]'' [[William Swainson|W.A. Swainson]], 1840
**Length : 10-14 mm
***Distribution : Jamaica
*''Haminoea guildingii'' [[William Swainson|W.A. Swainson]], 1840
**''[[Haminoea hydatis]]'' Linnaeus, 1758
**Distribution : Jamaica
***Distribution : SW Britain, Ireland, France and south to the Mediterranean, Madeira and Canaries; Ascension Island, St. Helena, west coast of Africa
*''Haminoea hydatis'' Linnaeus, 1758
***Length : 8-30 mm (shell : 15 mm)
**Distribution : SW Britain, Ireland, France and south to the Mediterranean, Madeira and Canaries; Ascension Island, St. Helena, west coast of Africa
***Description : fragile shell hidden by the mantle and parapodial lobes in crawling animals. Herbivorous swimming darkbrown snail found on muddy sands, shell grit and algae fields, down to unknown depths.
**Length : 8-30 mm (shell : 15 mm)
**''[[Haminoea japonica]]'' T. Habe '''Japanese Delicate Bubble'''
**Description : fragile shell hidden by the mantle and parapodial lobes in crawling animals. Herbivorous swimming darkbrown snail found on muddy sands, shell grit and algae fields, down to unknown depths.
***Distribution : Japan, Korea, Thailand
*''Haminoea japonica'' T. Habe '''Japanese Delicate Bubble'''
***Length : 19 mm
**Distribution : Japan, Korea, Thailand
**[[Haminoea margaritoides]] Kuroda & Habe, 1971
**Length : 19 mm
***Distribution : Japan
*Haminoea margaritoides Kuroda & Habe, 1971
**Distribution : Japan
** :
**''[[Haminoea maugeansis]]'' Burn, 1966
**Length : 7 mm
***Distribution : Tasmania
*''Haminoea maugeansis'' Burn, 1966
**''[[Haminoea natalensis]]'' C. F. Krauss, 1848
**Distribution : Tasmania
***Distribution : South Africa
*''Haminoea natalensis'' C. F. Krauss, 1848
**Distribution : South Africa
** :
***Description : broad [[Radula|radular]] ribbon with 7 teeth in each half row.
**Length : 6 mm
**''[[Haminoea navicula]]'' da Costa, 1778
**Description : broad [[Radula|radular]] ribbon with 7 teeth in each half row.
***Distribution : SW Britain, south to the Mediterranean, Ascension Island, St. Helena; Atlantic and Mediterranean costas of France and Spain; Black Sea
*''Haminoea navicula'' da Costa, 1778
***Length : up to 70 mm (shell : 32 mm)
**Distribution : SW Britain, south to the Mediterranean, Ascension Island, St. Helena; Atlantic and Mediterranean costas of France and Spain; Black Sea
***Description : larger species, with heavier and darker-white shell; cephalic shield with short tentacular processes at front. Found on muddy sands especially among Eelgrass (Zostera marina). Does not swim. This species is able to change its color to correspond with its environment The color puigments (or melanophores) in the skin can be obscured. The skin color can change in this way from dark brown to white in four to five hours.(Edlinger, Malacologia 22; 1982)
**Length : up to 70 mm (shell : 32 mm)
**''[[Haminoea orbignyana]]'' A. de Férussac, 1822
**Description : larger species, with heavier and darker-white shell; cephalic shield with short tentacular processes at front. Found on muddy sands especially among Eelgrass (Zostera marina). Does not swim. This species is able to change its color to correspond with its environment The color puigments (or melanophores) in the skin can be obscured. The skin color can change in this way from dark brown to white in four to five hours.(Edlinger, Malacologia 22; 1982)
***Distribution : France to West Africa; Mediterranean, Eastern Atlantic
*''Haminoea orbignyana'' A. de Férussac, 1822
***Length : 7 mm
**Distribution : France to West Africa; Mediterranean, Eastern Atlantic
**''[[Haminoea orteai]]'' F. G. García Talavera, Murillo & Templado 1987
**Length : 7 mm
***Distribution : Southern Spain
*''Haminoea orteai'' F. G. García Talavera, Murillo & Templado 1987
**''[[Haminoea ovalis]]'' Pease 1868
**Distribution : Southern Spain
***Distribution : tropical West Pacific
*''Haminoea ovalis'' Pease 1868
***Length : 10 mm
**Distribution : tropical West Pacific
***Description : translucent body mottled with orange or purple spots; [[radula]] with lateral teeth denticulate.
**Length : 10 mm
**''[[Haminoea padangensis]]'' [[Johannes Thiele|Thiele]], 1825 '''Padang’s Delicate Bubble'''
**Description : translucent body mottled with orange or purple spots; [[radula]] with lateral teeth denticulate.
***Distribution : West-Pacific
*''Haminoea padangensis'' [[Johannes Thiele|Thiele]], 1825 '''Padang’s Delicate Bubble'''
***Length : 11 mm
**Distribution : West-Pacific
**''[[Haminoea peruviana]]'' [[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]], 1842
**Length : 11 mm
***Distribution : Peru
*''Haminoea peruviana'' [[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]], 1842
**Distribution : Peru
** :
**''[[Haminoea petiti]]'' d'Orbigny, 1841 '''Straight Glassy-bubble'''
**Length : 11 mm
***Distribution: Caribbean, Florida, Colombia, Brazil
*''Haminoea petiti'' d'Orbigny, 1841 '''Straight Glassy-bubble'''
***Length : 12 mm
**Distribution: Caribbean, Florida, Colombia, Brazil
**''[[Haminoea pygmaea]]'' A. Adams, 1850
**Length : 12 mm
***Distribution : Japan
*''Haminoea pygmaea'' A. Adams, 1850
**''[[Haminoea solitaria]]'' [[Thomas Say|T. Say]], 1822 '''Solitary Glassy-bubble, Say’s Paper-bubble, Solitary Paper-bubble'''Distribution : Canada, Massachusetts to Florida
**Distribution : Japan
***Length : 8-19 mm
*''Haminoea solitaria'' [[Thomas Say|T. Say]], 1822 '''Solitary Glassy-bubble, Say’s Paper-bubble, Solitary Paper-bubble'''Distribution : Canada, Massachusetts to Florida
***Description : common bubble snail; oblong smooth shell; bluish-white to yellowish-brown.
**Length : 8-19 mm
**''[[Haminoea strongi]]'' Baker & Hanna, 1927
**Description : common bubble snail; oblong smooth shell; bluish-white to yellowish-brown.
***Distribution : Gulf of California, Mexico
*''Haminoea strongi'' Baker & Hanna, 1927
***Length : 14 mm
**Distribution : Gulf of California, Mexico
**''[[Haminoea succinea]]'' (T.A. Conrad, 1846) '''Amber Glassy-bubble'''
**Length : 14 mm
***Distribution : caribbean, Florida, Colombia, Venezuela, Bermuda
*''Haminoea succinea'' (T.A. Conrad, 1846) '''Amber Glassy-bubble'''
***Length : 12 mm
**Distribution : caribbean, Florida, Colombia, Venezuela, Bermuda
**''[[Haminoea taylorae]]'' E. J. Petuch, 1987
**Length : 12 mm
***Distribution : Caribbean
*Haminoea taylorae E. J. Petuch, 1987
**''[[Haminoea tenera]]'' A. Adams, 1850
**Distribution : Caribbean
***Distribution : Australia
*''Haminoea tenera'' A. Adams, 1850
**''[[Haminoea vesicula]]'' A. A. Gould, 1855 '''Blister Glassy-bubble, White Paper-bubble, Gould’s Paper-bubble'''
**Distribution : Australia
***Distribution : West America, Alaska, Gulf of California, Mexico
*''Haminoea vesicula'' A. A. Gould, 1855 '''Blister Glassy-bubble, White Paper-bubble, Gould’s Paper-bubble'''
***Length : 19 mm
**Distribution : West America, Alaska, Gulf of California, Mexico
***Description : common on muddy flats and on eelgrass; the middle posterior part of the cephalic shield has an indent; brown or greenish-yellowi shell; large, barrel-shaped body whorl covered by a rust periostracum; involute (= sunken) spire; long aperture; outer lip gradually increasing in width; the snail cannot retract completely into its shell.
**Length : 19 mm
**''[[Haminoea virescens]]'' Sowerby, 1833 '''Green Glassy-bubble, Green Paper-bubble, Sowerby’s Paper-bubble'''
**Description : common on muddy flats and on eelgrass; the middle posterior part of the cephalic shield has an indent; brown or greenish-yellowi shell; large, barrel-shaped body whorl covered by a rust periostracum; involute (= sunken) spire; long aperture; outer lip gradually increasing in width; the snail cannot retract completely into its shell.
***Distribution : Northwestern America from Puget Sound (Seattle) to Gulf of California.
*''Haminoea virescens'' Sowerby, 1833 '''Green Glassy-bubble, Green Paper-bubble, Sowerby’s Paper-bubble'''
***Length : 13-19 mm
**Distribution : Northwestern America from Puget Sound (Seattle) to Gulf of California.
***Description : Thin, fragile shell is ovate and yellowish-green; involute (= sunken) spire, with small perforation; body whorl with longitudinak growth ridges and minute grooves; large [[aperture (mollusc)|aperture]]; thin outer lip
**Length : 13-19 mm
**''[[Haminoea wallisi]]'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1825
**Description : Thin, fragile shell is ovate and yellowish-green; involute (= sunken) spire, with small perforation; body whorl with longitudinak growth ridges and minute grooves; large [[aperture (mollusc)|aperture]]; thin outer lip
***Distribution : Australia
*''Haminoea wallisi'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1825
**''[[Haminoea zelandiae]]'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1843 White Bubble
**Distribution : Australia
***Distribution : New Zealand
*''Haminoea zelandiae'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1843 White Bubble
***Length : 30 mm (shell : 20 mm)
**Distribution : New Zealand
***Description : very common; translucent snail with variable coloring, going from pale color with black dots, to a unifrom black color; broad headshield; parapodia fold up and envelop most of the shell; thin, ovate translucent shell
**Length : 30 mm (shell : 20 mm)
*Genus ''Hamineobulla'' Habe, 1950 (''incertae sedis''; may be belong to the family [[Bulla (genus)|Bullidae]])
**Description : very common; translucent snail with variable coloring, going from pale color with black dots, to a unifrom black color; broad headshield; parapodia fold up and envelop most of the shell; thin, ovate translucent shell
**''[[Hamineobulla kawamurai]]'' Habe, 1950

***Distribution : Okinawa
Genus ''Hamineobulla'' Habe, 1950 (''incertae sedis''; may be belong to the family [[Bulla (genus)|Bullidae]])
***Length : 6 mm
*Hamineobulla kawamurai Habe, 1950
***Description : brown animal with short cephalic shield; on the shell there are a few transverse rows with brighter dots
**Distribution : Okinawa
*Genus ''Liloa'' Pilsbry, 1921
**Length : 6 mm
**Description : brown animal with short cephalic shield; on the shell there are a few transverse rows with brighter dots

Genus ''Liloa'' Pilsbry, 1921

Since most of these bubble snails have been identified from the shell alone, the occurrence of synonyms among the following species is quite possible.
Since most of these bubble snails have been identified from the shell alone, the occurrence of synonyms among the following species is quite possible.
*''Liloa brevis'' ([[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1833)
*''Liloa brevis'' ([[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1833)
**Distribution : Australia
**Distribution : Australia
**Description : elongate body; parapodial flpas cover only the front of the thin, fragile shell
**Description : elongate body; parapodial flpas cover only the front of the thin, fragile shell
*''Liloa curta'' (A. Adams 1850)
*''Liloa curta'' (A. Adams 1850)
**Distribution : Western Pacific
**Distribution : Western Pacific
**Description : elongate body; the color can vary from a few dark spots on a translucent body, to almost completely dark.
**Description : elongate body; the color can vary from a few dark spots on a translucent body, to almost completely dark.
*''Liloa incisula'' Yokoyama, 1928
*''Liloa incisula'' Yokoyama, 1928
**Distribution : Japan
**Distribution : Japan
*''Liloa laeta'' A. A. Gould, 1859
*''Liloa laeta'' A. A. Gould, 1859
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
*''Liloa nipponensis'' Nomura & Hatai, 1940
*''Liloa nipponensis'' Nomura & Hatai, 1940
**Distribution : Japan
**Distribution : Japan
*''Liloa porcellana'' A. A. Gould, 1859
*''Liloa porcellana'' A. A. Gould, 1859
**Distribution : Japan
**Distribution : Japan
*''Liloa tomaculum'' H. A. Pilsbry, 1951
*''Liloa tomaculum'' H. A. Pilsbry, 1951
**Distribution : Hawaiian Islands
**Distribution : Hawaiian Islands
*''Liloa translucens'' A. Adams, 1862
*''Liloa translucens'' A. Adams, 1862
**Distribution : Japan
**Distribution : Japan
*Genus ''Limulatys'' Iredale, 1936

Genus ''Limulatys'' Iredale, 1936
''Limulatys'' ,
***Distribution : Indo Pacific
*''Limulatys constrictus'' T. Habe, 1952
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
** :
**''[[Limulatys crassilabris]]'' ([[Johannes Thiele|J. Thiele]], 1925)
**Length : 16 mm
***Distribution : S.E. Asia, Thailand
*''Limulatys crassilabris'' ([[Johannes Thiele|J. Thiele]], 1925)
***Length : 8 mm
**Distribution : S.E. Asia, Thailand
**''[[Limulatys fusiformis]]'' T. Habe, 1952
**Length : 8 mm
***Distribution : Japan
*''Limulatys fusiformis'' T. Habe, 1952
**''[[Limulatys muscarius]]'' A. A. Gould, 1859
**Distribution : Japan
***Distribution : Indo Pacific, Philippines
*''Limulatys muscarius'' A. A. Gould, 1859
**''[[Limulatys okamotoi]]'' T. Habe, 1952
**Distribution : Indo Pacific, Philippines
***Distribution : Indo Pacific
*''Limulatys okamotoi'' T. Habe, 1952
**''[[Limulatys ooformis]]'' T. Habe, 1964 '''Egg-shaped Bubble'''
**Distribution : Indo Pacific
***Distribution : Indo Pacific, Philippines, Thailand
*''Limulatys ooformis'' T. Habe, 1964 '''Egg-shaped Bubble'''
***Length : 20 mm
**Distribution : Indo Pacific, Philippines, Thailand
**''[[Limulatys okamotoi]]'' Habe, 1952
**Length : 20 mm
***Distribution : Philippines
*''Limulatys okamotoi'' Habe, 1952
***Length : 9 mm
**Distribution : Philippines
**''[[Limulatys reliquus]]'' T. Iredale, 1936
**Length : 9 mm
***Distribution : New Zealand
*''Limulatys reliquus'' T. Iredale, 1936
**''[[Limulatys scobriculatus]]'' A. Adams, 1862
**Distribution : New Zealand
***Distribution : Japan
*''Limulatys scobriculatus'' A. Adams, 1862
**''[[Limulatys tortuosus]]'' A. Adams, 1850
**Distribution : Japan
***Distribution : Japan
*''Limulatys tortuosus'' A. Adams, 1850
*Genus ''Micratys'' Habe, 1952
**Distribution : Japan
**''[[Micratys ovum]]'' T. Habe, 1952

***Distribution : Japan, Philippines
Genus ''Micratys'' Habe, 1952
***Length : 2 mm
*''Micratys ovum'' T. Habe, 1952
*Genus ''Mimatys'' Habe, 1952
**Distribution : Japan, Philippines
**''[[Mimatys fukuokaensis]]'' T. Habe, 1952
**Length : 2 mm
***Distribution : Japan, Philippines

***Length : 2.5 mm
Genus ''Mimatys'' Habe, 1952
*''Mimatys fukuokaensis'' T. Habe, 1952
*'''' Habe, 1952
**''[[Nipponatys amakusaensis]]'' T. Habe & Kikuchi, 1960
**Distribution : Japan, Philippines
**Length : 2.5 mm
** :
**''Nipponatys oshimai'' T. Habe & Kikuchi, 1960

Genus ''Nipponatys'' Kurida & Habe, 1952
''Nipponatys'' ,
***Distribution : Japan
*''Nipponatys amakusaensis'' T. Habe & Kikuchi, 1960
*Genus ''Sericohaminoea'' Habe, 1952
**Distribution : Japan
*Genus ''Sphaeratys'' F. Nordsieck, 1972 (?)
*''Nipponatys oshimai'' T. Habe & Kikuchi, 1960
*Genus ''Ventomnestia''
**Distribution : Japan
*''Nipponatys vo''lvulina A. Adams, 1862
*'' '' A. Adams,
**''[[Ventomnestia colorata]]'' Iredale, 1936
**Distribution : Japan
**Ventomnestia villica (Gould, 1859) (may be a synonym of ''Ventomnestia bizona'')

***Distribution : Guam
Genus ''Sericohaminoea'' Habe, 1952
***Length : 5.5 mm

***Description : a bubble snail with a great variation in color, going from white to brown, but always with a characteristic pattern; heavy shell; [[radula]] formula : 2.1.2;
Genus ''Sphaeratys'' F. Nordsieck, 1972 (?)
*Genus ''Weinkauffia'' A. Adams, 1858

**''[[Weinkauffia diaphana]]'' A. Aradas & Maggiore, 1839
Genus ''Ventomnestia''
***Distribution : West Africa
*''Ventomnestia bizona'' (A. Adams, 1850)
***Description : has similar gizzard plates as Atys multistriatus
*''Ventomnestia colorata'' Iredale, 1936
**''[[Weinkauffia turgidula]]'' Forbes, 1844
*Ventomnestia villica (Gould, 1859) (may be a synonym of ''Ventomnestia bizona'')
**Distribution : Guam
**Distribution :
**Length : 5.5 mm
**Length : 5 mm
***Description : fossils of this species have been found in layers of the [[Pliocene]] in Italy.
**Description : a bubble snail with a great variation in color, going from white to brown, but always with a characteristic pattern; heavy shell; [[radula]] formula : 2.1.2;

Genus ''Weinkauffia'' A. Adams, 1858
*''Weinkauffia diaphana'' A. Aradas & Maggiore, 1839
**Distribution : West Africa
**Description : has similar gizzard plates as Atys multistriatus
*''Weinkauffia turgidula'' Forbes, 1844
**Distribution : Adriatic Sea, Malta, Turkey
**Length : 5 mm
**Description : fossils of this species have been found in layers of the [[Pliocene]] in Italy.


[[Category:Gastropods]]
[[Category:Gastropods]]

Revision as of 20:33, 6 February 2007

Haminoeidae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Orthogastropoda
Superorder:
Heterobranchia
Order:
Opisthobranchia
Suborder:
Cephalaspidea
Superfamily:
Haminoeoidea
Family:
Haminoeidae
Genera

Family Haminoeidae Pilsbry, 1895, or the haminoeid bubble family, is a family of marine bubble shells that belong to the superfamily Haminoeoidea. The name of this family has long been controversial and used to be Atyidae or Atydidae. Another, but incorrect, spelling was Haminaeidae (See (ICZN) 2000. Opinion 1942).

A number of genera have been proposed for this family, but the species are hard to identify by looking at the shell characteristics alone. Until the internal anatomy of 'wet' specimens has been fully described, the status of most of the following genera is uncertain.

These are colorful snails, that can partially take the color of the bottom of the sea floor.

Their large cephalic shield is rounded at the front, but deeply lobed behind. The mantle protrudes behind the shell. The shell is partially or completely enfolded by lateral parapodial (= fleshy winglike outgrowths) lobes.

Their shell is varies from 3 mm to 30 mm. It is ovoid, thin and translucent. It may be smooth or have spiral grooves (striae). The umbilical apex is sunken or enclosed and no longer visible. Large body whorl with fine spiral striations. Smooth columella. The thin outer lip of the aperture extends beyond the apex of the shell and is thus longer than the body whorl. The aperture narrows posteriorly and is wider anteriorly.

These are sand dwellers or living on muddy bottoms in bays, estuaries, close to the shore. They occur in all warm or temperate seas.

They are herbivorous. Their diet consists of various kinds of green algae. They can survive in brackish water.

They are hermophroditic. Their eggs are deposited in round of oval jellylike strings, attached to eelgrass or sand.

Atys naucum and Atys cylindricum are known to show biological fluorescence.

Further treatment at Cephalaspidea and Haminoeoidea.

Genera and species

  • Genus Aliculastrum
  • Genus Atys
  • Genus Cylichnium Dall, 1908
  • Genus Diniatys Iredale, 1936
    • Diniatys dentifer A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Indo-Pacific
      • Length : 10 mm
      • Description : this herbivore is found on the bluegreen alga Lyngbya majuscula, Schizothrix and Hormothamnion. There is pointed projection on the columella. The color varies between green and various shades of brown. Two black eyes on the back of the cephalic shield.
    • Diniatys monodonta A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution: Japan
  • Genus Haloa
    • Haloa binotata H. (A. Pilsbry), 1895
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific
    • Haloa constricta A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Haloa crocata W. H. Pease, 1860
      • Distribution : Hawaii
    • Haloa flavescens (A. Adams), 1850
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific
    • Haloa fusca W. H. Pease, 1863
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific
    • Haloa japonica H. A. Pilsbry, 1895 Japanese Paper-bubble
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific, Japan
      • Length : 10 mm
      • Description : species with beautiful colors : glassy white background with tiny white spots and dark patches with orange dots.
    • Haloa kawamurai T. Habe, 1950
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific
    • Haloa margaritoides T. Kuroda & T. Habe, 1971
      • Distribution : Japan
      • Length : 7 mm
      • Description : intertidal among seaweeds
    • Haloa nigripunctata W. H. Pease, 1868
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Haloa rotundata A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Haloa vitrea (A. Adams), 1850
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Haloa yamaguchii T. Habe, 1952
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific
  • Genus Haminoea Leach 1820

There have been three different spellings (Haminoea, Haminea, Haminaea) in usage for the same genus for over two hundred years. The ICZN has finally settled on the correct spelling Haminoea. Many species have green algae growing on their shells. The posterior tip of the headshield is bilobed, except in Haminoea elegans.

    • Haminoea alfredensis P. Bartsch, 1915
      • Distribution : South Africa
      • Length : 9-17 mm
      • Description : has a broad radular ribbon with about 40 teeth in each half row; translucent greenish color, dotted with yellow to orange spots.
    • Haminoea angelensis F. Baker & G. D. Hanna, 1927
      • Distribution : Gulf of California, Mexico
      • Length : 7 mm
    • Haminoea antillarum d'Orbigny, 1841 Antilles Glassy-bubble, Antilles Paper-bubble
      • Distribution : Florida, Caribbean, Brazil.
      • Length : 12-20 mm
    • Haminoea antillarum guadaloupensis Sowerby II, 1868
      • Distribution : Florida, Cuba, Guadaloupe
      • Length : 12-18 mm
      • Description : globose shell with greenish yellow color, covered with longitudinal striae (= stripes); mantle with white to greenish background with small black dots.
    • Haminoea brevis J. R. C. Quoy & J. P. Gaimard, 1833
      • Distribution : Australia
    • Haminoea calledegenita Gibson & Chia, 1989
      • Distribution : West America
      • Description : has a deeply bifurcate headshield.
    • Haminoea crocata
    • Haminoea curta A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Pacific
    • Haminoea cyanomarginata Heller & Thompson, 1983
      • Distribution : Greece, Turkey, Red Sea.
      • Length : 50 mm
      • Description: colorful animal: cream-white mantle bordered with a purple line on the parapodia, headshield and the infrapallial lobe
    • Haminoae cymbalum J. R. C. Quoy & J. P. Gaimard, 1833
      • Distribution : West-Pacific, Indonesia to Hawaii, Japan
      • Length : 13- 20 mm
      • Description : translucent withgreen color (caused by growths of green algae), mottled with lightbrown spots, outlined in white, and darker brown dots; There can be a wide variation in the color pattern. This species is fairly uncommon, but, when found, always in large aggregations.
    • Haminoea cymbiformis Carpenter, 1856
      • Distribution : Mexico
    • Haminoea elegans Gray, 1825 Atlantic Elegant Paper Bubble; Elegant Glassy Bubble
      • Distribution : West Africa, Florida, Caribbean, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
      • Length : 23.5 mm
      • Description : found at depths up to 34 m; translucent mantle with patches of brown and black; posterior end of the headshield is not bilobed; shell with spiral grooves.
    • Haminoea ferruginosa A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Indian Ocean
    • Haminoea fusari Alvarez, E.F.García & Villani, 1993
    • Haminoea fusca Pease, 1863
      • Distribution : Indo-Pacific
      • Length : 25 mm
      • Description : color of the shell : varies from greenish to brown and light purple.
    • Haminoea galba W. H. Pease, 1861
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific
    • Haminoea glabra A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Yucatan, Panama
      • Length : 4.3 mm
    • Haminoea gracilis G. B. Sowerby III, 1897
      • Distribution : South Africa
      • Length : 10-14 mm
    • Haminoea guildingii W.A. Swainson, 1840
      • Distribution : Jamaica
    • Haminoea hydatis Linnaeus, 1758
      • Distribution : SW Britain, Ireland, France and south to the Mediterranean, Madeira and Canaries; Ascension Island, St. Helena, west coast of Africa
      • Length : 8-30 mm (shell : 15 mm)
      • Description : fragile shell hidden by the mantle and parapodial lobes in crawling animals. Herbivorous swimming darkbrown snail found on muddy sands, shell grit and algae fields, down to unknown depths.
    • Haminoea japonica T. Habe Japanese Delicate Bubble
      • Distribution : Japan, Korea, Thailand
      • Length : 19 mm
    • Haminoea margaritoides Kuroda & Habe, 1971
      • Distribution : Japan
      • Length : 7 mm
    • Haminoea maugeansis Burn, 1966
      • Distribution : Tasmania
    • Haminoea natalensis C. F. Krauss, 1848
      • Distribution : South Africa
      • Length : 6 mm
      • Description : broad radular ribbon with 7 teeth in each half row.
    • Haminoea navicula da Costa, 1778
      • Distribution : SW Britain, south to the Mediterranean, Ascension Island, St. Helena; Atlantic and Mediterranean costas of France and Spain; Black Sea
      • Length : up to 70 mm (shell : 32 mm)
      • Description : larger species, with heavier and darker-white shell; cephalic shield with short tentacular processes at front. Found on muddy sands especially among Eelgrass (Zostera marina). Does not swim. This species is able to change its color to correspond with its environment The color puigments (or melanophores) in the skin can be obscured. The skin color can change in this way from dark brown to white in four to five hours.(Edlinger, Malacologia 22; 1982)
    • Haminoea orbignyana A. de Férussac, 1822
      • Distribution : France to West Africa; Mediterranean, Eastern Atlantic
      • Length : 7 mm
    • Haminoea orteai F. G. García Talavera, Murillo & Templado 1987
      • Distribution : Southern Spain
    • Haminoea ovalis Pease 1868
      • Distribution : tropical West Pacific
      • Length : 10 mm
      • Description : translucent body mottled with orange or purple spots; radula with lateral teeth denticulate.
    • Haminoea padangensis Thiele, 1825 Padang’s Delicate Bubble
      • Distribution : West-Pacific
      • Length : 11 mm
    • Haminoea peruviana d'Orbigny, 1842
      • Distribution : Peru
      • Length : 11 mm
    • Haminoea petiti d'Orbigny, 1841 Straight Glassy-bubble
      • Distribution: Caribbean, Florida, Colombia, Brazil
      • Length : 12 mm
    • Haminoea pygmaea A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Haminoea solitaria T. Say, 1822 Solitary Glassy-bubble, Say’s Paper-bubble, Solitary Paper-bubbleDistribution : Canada, Massachusetts to Florida
      • Length : 8-19 mm
      • Description : common bubble snail; oblong smooth shell; bluish-white to yellowish-brown.
    • Haminoea strongi Baker & Hanna, 1927
      • Distribution : Gulf of California, Mexico
      • Length : 14 mm
    • Haminoea succinea (T.A. Conrad, 1846) Amber Glassy-bubble
      • Distribution : caribbean, Florida, Colombia, Venezuela, Bermuda
      • Length : 12 mm
    • Haminoea taylorae E. J. Petuch, 1987
      • Distribution : Caribbean
    • Haminoea tenera A. Adams, 1850
      • Distribution : Australia
    • Haminoea vesicula A. A. Gould, 1855 Blister Glassy-bubble, White Paper-bubble, Gould’s Paper-bubble
      • Distribution : West America, Alaska, Gulf of California, Mexico
      • Length : 19 mm
      • Description : common on muddy flats and on eelgrass; the middle posterior part of the cephalic shield has an indent; brown or greenish-yellowi shell; large, barrel-shaped body whorl covered by a rust periostracum; involute (= sunken) spire; long aperture; outer lip gradually increasing in width; the snail cannot retract completely into its shell.
    • Haminoea virescens Sowerby, 1833 Green Glassy-bubble, Green Paper-bubble, Sowerby’s Paper-bubble
      • Distribution : Northwestern America from Puget Sound (Seattle) to Gulf of California.
      • Length : 13-19 mm
      • Description : Thin, fragile shell is ovate and yellowish-green; involute (= sunken) spire, with small perforation; body whorl with longitudinak growth ridges and minute grooves; large aperture; thin outer lip
    • Haminoea wallisi Gray, 1825
      • Distribution : Australia
    • Haminoea zelandiae Gray, 1843 White Bubble
      • Distribution : New Zealand
      • Length : 30 mm (shell : 20 mm)
      • Description : very common; translucent snail with variable coloring, going from pale color with black dots, to a unifrom black color; broad headshield; parapodia fold up and envelop most of the shell; thin, ovate translucent shell
  • Genus Hamineobulla Habe, 1950 (incertae sedis; may be belong to the family Bullidae)
    • Hamineobulla kawamurai Habe, 1950
      • Distribution : Okinawa
      • Length : 6 mm
      • Description : brown animal with short cephalic shield; on the shell there are a few transverse rows with brighter dots
  • Genus Liloa Pilsbry, 1921

Since most of these bubble snails have been identified from the shell alone, the occurrence of synonyms among the following species is quite possible.

    • Liloa brevis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
      • Distribution : Australia
      • Description : elongate body; parapodial flpas cover only the front of the thin, fragile shell
    • Liloa curta (A. Adams 1850)
      • Distribution : Western Pacific
      • Description : elongate body; the color can vary from a few dark spots on a translucent body, to almost completely dark.
    • Liloa incisula Yokoyama, 1928
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Liloa laeta A. A. Gould, 1859
      • Distribution : Indo Pacific
    • Liloa nipponensis Nomura & Hatai, 1940
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Liloa porcellana A. A. Gould, 1859
      • Distribution : Japan
    • Liloa tomaculum H. A. Pilsbry, 1951
      • Distribution : Hawaiian Islands
    • Liloa translucens A. Adams, 1862
      • Distribution : Japan
  • Genus Limulatys Iredale, 1936
  • Genus Micratys Habe, 1952
    • Micratys ovum T. Habe, 1952
      • Distribution : Japan, Philippines
      • Length : 2 mm
  • Genus Mimatys Habe, 1952
  • Genus Nipponatys Kurida & Habe, 1952
  • Genus Sericohaminoea Habe, 1952
  • Genus Sphaeratys F. Nordsieck, 1972 (?)
  • Genus Ventomnestia
    • Ventomnestia bizona (A. Adams, 1850)
    • Ventomnestia colorata Iredale, 1936
    • Ventomnestia villica (Gould, 1859) (may be a synonym of Ventomnestia bizona)
      • Distribution : Guam
      • Length : 5.5 mm
      • Description : a bubble snail with a great variation in color, going from white to brown, but always with a characteristic pattern; heavy shell; radula formula : 2.1.2;
  • Genus Weinkauffia A. Adams, 1858
    • Weinkauffia diaphana A. Aradas & Maggiore, 1839
      • Distribution : West Africa
      • Description : has similar gizzard plates as Atys multistriatus
    • Weinkauffia turgidula Forbes, 1844
      • Distribution : Adriatic Sea, Malta, Turkey
      • Length : 5 mm
      • Description : fossils of this species have been found in layers of the Pliocene in Italy.
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