Chronology of the Reconquista: Difference between revisions
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* 2 September. [[Alfonso the Battler|Alfonso I]] lauches the [[Granada campaign (1125–1126)|Granada campaign]] to attempt to capture the city. He is supported by [[Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn|Gaston IV of Béarn]] and [[Rotrou III, Count of Perche|Rotrou III of Perche]]. |
* 2 September. [[Alfonso the Battler|Alfonso I]] lauches the [[Granada campaign (1125–1126)|Granada campaign]] to attempt to capture the city. He is supported by [[Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn|Gaston IV of Béarn]] and [[Rotrou III, Count of Perche|Rotrou III of Perche]]. |
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* (Date unknown). ''[[Historia Roderici]]'', an early history of [[El Cid]], written. |
* (Date unknown). ''[[Historia Roderici]]'', an early history of [[El Cid]], written. |
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* 10 March. [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]] becomes ''[[Imperator totius Hispaniae]]'' upon the death of his mother Urraca.{{sfn|Gerli|2017|pp=59–61|loc=Alfonso VII of León-Castile}} |
* 10 March. [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]] becomes ''[[Imperator totius Hispaniae]]'' upon the death of his mother Urraca.{{sfn|Gerli|2017|pp=59–61|loc=Alfonso VII of León-Castile}} |
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* 23 June. [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] stops the [[Granada campaign (1125–1126)|Granada campaign]] from meeting its objectives. |
* 23 June. [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] stops the [[Granada campaign (1125–1126)|Granada campaign]] from meeting its objectives. |
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===1130=== |
===1130=== |
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Revision as of 06:04, 2 February 2024
Iberia.[1]
Alfonso[2]
Baybars was also able to sign commercial treaties with such distant sovereigns as James I of Aragon and Alfonso X of León and Castile.[3]
8th century
705
- 9 October 705. Al-Walid I becomes Umayyad caliph, leader of the Moors.[4]
After 707
- (Date unknown). Arab general Musa ibn Nusayr leads the Moors in capturing Western Maghreb, then under Visigoth control.[5]
- (Date unknown). Musa ibn Nusayr becomes governor of Ifriqiya, with Tariq ibn Ziyad as his deputy at Tangier.[6]
710
711
- 27–28 April. Tariq ibn Ziyad lands an invasion force of Arabs and Berbers at Gibraltar.[8] This began the Muslim conquest of Spain.[9]
- 19 July. The Visigoths are defeated at the Battle of Guadalete.[10]
- Shortly thereafter. Roderic, the last Visigoth king, drowns while retreating.[11]
- (Date unknown). Córdoba captured.[12]
712
- July. Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia with a follow-on force, and Medina-Sidonia falls shortly afterwards.[13]
- Fall. Seville falls to ibn Nusayr's forces.[14]
713
- 5 April. Visigoth lord Theudemia of Murcia agrees to the Treaty of Orihuela with the Moors.[15]
- 30 June. Mértola surrenders to the Moors.[13]
714
- Spring. Ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar complete their conquest of Hispania, now known as al-Andalus.[13]
- Summer. The caliph orders ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar to return to Damascus.[13]
- (Date unknown). Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa given the governorship of al-Andalus.[16]
- (Date unknown). Abd al-Aziz marries Egilona, widow of Roderic.[17]
715
- February. Ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar return to Damascus to find the caliph dead, succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.[18]
- (Date unknown). Musa ibn Nusayr is assassinated on the orders of the caliph.[19]
717
718
- Summer (year in question[21]). Pelagius of Asturias defeats the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga, beginning the Reconquista.[22]
- (Date unknown). Pelagius founds the Kingdom of Asturias.[23]
- (Date unknown). The Moors conquer Barcelona.[24]
719
- (Date unknown). Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani becomes governor of al-Andalus.[25]
- (Date unknown). The Moors occupation reaches its largest extent in Iberia and begin lookin to Occitania in southern France to expand their reach.[26]
720
721
- Early. The Moors establish garrisons in Septimania, beginning the Moorish invasion of Gaul.[28]
- 9 June. An army led by Odo the Great defeats the Moors at the Battle of Toulouse, stopping their progress westward from Narbonne into Aquitaine.[29]
725
- (Date unknown). The Moors under Anbasa ibn Suḥaym al-Kalbi complete their conquest of Septimania.[30]
730
- (Date unknown). After defeating the Saxons, Charles Martel turns his attention to the Moors, rivaling Odo the Great.[31]
- (Date unknown). Odo the Great marries his daughter Lampegia to Berber rebel Munuza, securing a peace.[26]
731
- (Date unknown). The Venerable Bede writes Ecclesiastical History of the English People.[32]
732
- May. The Moors led by Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Ghafiqi capture Bordeaux after defeating Odo the Great at the Battle of the River Garonne.[33]
- 10 October. Charles Martel defeats the Moorish forces led by Abd al-Rahman at the Battle of Tours.[34]
735
- (Date unknown). Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj invades Gaul and is stopped by Charles Martel.[35]
737
- (Dates unknown). Charles Martel begins a campaign in Septimania which includes the following four sieges/battles:
- Martel destroys a Moorish garrison at the Siege of Avignon.[36]
- After the destruction of Avignon, Martel fails in the first Siege of Narbonne.[37]
- After his failure at Narbonne, Martel defeats Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri at the Battle of the River Berre.[38]
- Martel continues his campaign with the successful Siege of Nîmes. He then returns to France.[39]
739
- (Date unknown). Alfonso I of Asturias becomes king.[2]
740
- Early. Berber Revolt results in several independent states created in North Africa.[40]
750
- 25 January. The Umayyads are defeated at the Battle of the Zab, leading to the Abbasid Revolution.[41][42]
752
- (Date unknown). Frankish forces under Pepin the Short begin the second Siege of Narbonne.[43]
754
- (Date unknown). Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 written.[44]
756
- 15 May. Emirate of Córdoba established under Abd ar-Rahman I.[45]
759
760
- Pepin begins his expetition to Septimania and Aquitaine. He conquers the cities of Carcassonne and Toulouse.[47]
777
- (Date unknown). Charlemagne and caliph Harun al-Rashid pursue a Abbasid–Carolingian alliance.[48][49]
778
- 15 August. An contingent of Basques ambush Carolingian forces at the first Battle of Roncevaux Pass.[50] The 12th-century work The Song of Roland is based on this battle.[51]
781
- (Date unknown). Louis the Pious named King of Aquitaine.[52]
787
- (Date unknown). Paul the Deacon writes History of the Lombards.[53]
791
- 1 January. Córdoba defeats a Christian force led by Bermudo I of Asturias at the Battle of Río Burbia.[54]
- 14 September. Bermudo abdicates and is succeeded by his cousin Alfonso II of Asturias.[2]
794
- (Date unknown). Hisham I of Córdoba is defeated by Alfonso II of Asturias at the Battle of Lutos.[55]
795
- 16 September. Hisham I defeats Asturias at the Battle of Las Babias.[55]
- (Date unknown). Marca Hispanica established by Charlemagne.[56]
9th century
800
- 20 August. Frankish siege army mustered under Louis the Pious to attack Barcelona.[57]
- October. Siege of Barcelona begins with forces led by William of Gellone.[58]
801
- 4 April. Siege of Barcelona ends with a Carolingian victory over the Moors. William's son Bera becomes the first Count of Barcelona.[59]
808
- (Date unknown). The Catalonian city of Tortosa[60] is retained by the Moors after a year-long Siege of Tortosa.[61]
816
- (Date unknown). Velasco the Basque leads a Frankish force to defeat in the 16-day Battle of Pancorbo.[62]
824
- (Date unknown). A Carolingian force under Aznar Sánchez of Gascony is defeated by the Basques at the second Battle of Roncevaux Pass.[63]
- (Date unknown). Kingdom of Navarre founded under Íñigo Arista.[64]
827
- (Date uncertain). Emirate of Crete founded under the Andalusian Umar I of Crete.[65]
829
- (Date unknown). Annales Regni Francorum writen.[66]
844
- 23 May. The fictional Battle of Clavijo is presumed to have taken place.[67]
850
- (Date unknown, as late as 859). Martyrs of Córdoba executed.[68]
851
- (Date unknown). The Moors under Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi defeat the Franks and Gascons at the Battle of Albelda as part of the campaign of Ordoño I of Asturias to suppress a Basque revolt.[69]
852
- (Date unknown). Forces under the command of Muhammad I of Córdoba defeat Asurias and Navarre at the Battle of Guadalacete.[70]
859
- (Date uncertain). Ordoño I and his ally García Íñiguez defeat the Moors under Musa ibn Musa at the Battle of Monte Laturce.[71]
860
- (Date unknown). Alfonso the Great (Alfonso III) becomes king of Asturias.[72]
865
- 9 August. Rodrigo of Castile defeats Muhammad I of Córdoba at the Battle of the Morcuera.[73]
878
- (Date unknown). Alfonso III defeats Muhammad I of Córdoba at the Battle of Polvoraria..[74]
881
- (Date unknown). Codex Vigilanus and Chronicle of Alfonso III compiled.[75]
882
- (Date unknown). Asturias defeats the Córdobans under Muhammad ibn Lubb and al-Mundhir of Córdoba at the First Battle of Cellorigo.[76]
883
- April. Latin chronicle Chronica Prophetica written.[77]
- (Date unknown). Asturias again defeats Córdoba at the Second Battle of Cellorigo.[76]
10th century
901
- July. Alfonso III defeats the Moorish forces under Ibn al-Qitt at the battle known as the Day of Zamora.[72]
910
- (Date unknown). Kingdom of León founded under Garcia I of León.[78]
- 20 December. Alfonso III dies and is succeeded by his son Fruela II of Asturias.[79]
- (After 910). Chronicle of Alfonso III written.[80]
917
- (Date unknown). Ordoño II of León defeats Córdoda at the Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz.[81]
920
- 26 July. The Moorish forces of Córdoda defeat the forces of León and Navarre at the Battle of Valdejunquera.[82]
929
- January. Caliphate of Córdoba established under Abd ar-Rahman III.[83]
930
- May. The first Siege of Toledo begins.[84]
931
- (Date unknown). County of Castile splits from the Kingdom of León.[85]
932
- June. The Córdobans defeat Alfonso IV of León at the first Siege of Toledo, taking the city and holding it until 1085. [84]
939
- 19 June. The forces of Ramiro II of León defeat those of Abd al-Rahman III at the Battle of Simancas.[86]
- 5 August. Abd al-Rahman III defeats troops were those loyal to Ramiro II at the Battle of Alhandic.[87]
961
- 6 March. Crete recaptured by the Byzantines after the Siege of Chandax.[88]
- 15 October. Al-Hakam II becomes Caliph of Córdoba after the death of Abd ar-Rahman III.[89]
975
- 6 July. Córdoba defeats the Kingdom of Viguera under Ramiro Garcés at the Battle of Estercuel.[90]
976
978
- (Date unknown). Almanzor (Ibn Abi ‘Amir) becomes chamberlain of the Caliphate of Córdoba and continues his campaigns against the Christians.[92][93]
981
- 9 July. Forces loyal to Córdoba under Almanzor and defeat a rebel force under Galib ibn Abd al-Rahman supported by Ramiro Garcés and García Fernández at the Battle of Torrevicente.[94]
- (Date unknown). Christian forces of Ramiro III of León, García Fernández and Sancho Garcés II were defeated by Moorish forces led by Almanzor at the Battle of Rueda.[95]
984
- (Date unknown). Bermudo II of León becomes king and seeks an alliance with Almanzor.[96]
985
- 1–6 July. Almanzor leads the Sack of Barcelona.[97]
997
- (Date unknown). Santiago de Compostela sacked by Almanzor.[98]
- (Late 10th century). Códice de Roda written.[99]
999
- September. Alfonso V of León becomes king.[2]
11th century
1000
- 29 July. Almanzor defeats Sancho García and García Gómez at the Battle of Cervera.[100]
1002
- July. The legendary Battle of Calatañazor is said to occur, with Almanzor dying on 10 August.[101]
1003
- Early. The Moors under Abd al-Malik, the son of Almanzor, are defeated an alliance of Catalan counts at the (presumed) Battle of Torà.[102]
- 25 February. In a follow-on to Torà, the Battle of Albesa was inconclusive.[103]
1008
- 20 October. Abd al-Malik dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo.[104]
1009
- 15 February. Muhammad II al-Mahdi usurps the Caliphate, imprisoning Hisham II.[91]
- 9 March. Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo is assassinated, leading to the Fitna of al-Andalus.[104]
- November. Muhammad II overthrown by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam.[105]
1010
- Early. A Catalan-Andalusian alliance is formed to overthrow the Caliphate overlords led by Muhammad II and Wadih al-Siqlabi, together with West Frankish counts and bishops that included Ermengol I of Urgell, Hugh I of Empúries, and Ramon Borrell of Barcelona.[106]
- 2 June. The rebels defeat the Caliphate at the Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr.[106]
- 23 July. Hisham II restored as Caliph.
- (Date unknown). Taifa of Valencia formed.[107]
1012
- (Date unknown). Taifa of Dénia founded under warlord Mujahid al-Amiri.[108]
1013
- 19 April. Sulayman ibn al-Hakam again becomes Caliph.[105]
1015
- (Date unknown). Mujahid al-Amiri seizes control of the Balearic Islands.[109]
1016
- (Date unknown). Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir from the Hammudid dynasty becomes Caliph.[110]
1018
- 22 March. Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun becomes Caliph.[110]
- (Date unknown). Taifa of Zaragoza founded under al-Mundhir ibn Yahya al-Tujibi.[111]
1026
- (Date unknown). Hisham III becomes the last Caliph of Córdoba.[110]
1028
- 7 August. Bermudo III of León becomes king.[112]
1031
- (Date unknown). The death of Hisham III marks the end of the Caliphate of Córdoba, crumbling into a number of independent taifas.[113]
1035
- February. Kingdom of Aragon founded under Ramiro I of Aragon.[114]
- 18 October. Sancho the Great, king of Navarre (Pamplona) since 1004, dies.[115]
1037
- 4 September. Ferdinand I of León (Ferdinand the Great) becomes king after defeating Bermudo III at the Battle of Tamarón.[116]
- (Date unknown). Kingdom of Castile founded under Sancho II of Castile and León (Sancho the Strong).[114]
1043
1049
- (Date unknown). Ahmad al-Muqtadir becomes ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza.[111]
1054
- 1 September. Ferdinand I defeats his brother García Sánchez III of Navarre at the battle of Battle of Atapuerca.[118]
1063
- 8 May. Ahmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza teams with a Castilian force led by Sancho II and defeats Ramiro I of Aragon at the Battle of Graus. Some accounts say that El Cid supported Sancho.[119]
- Shortly thereafter. Ramiro I dies in battle and is succeeded by his son Sancho Ramirez.[120]
1064
- (Estimated, 1063–1064). Alexander II sanctions the Crusade of Barbastro against the Taifa of Lérida.[121]
- 9 July. Ferdinand I captures Coimbra from the Moors after the first Siege of Coimbra.[122]
- August. A force led by William of Montreuil, Sancho Ramírez and William VIII of Aquitaine captures Barbastro from the Moors.[123]
1065
- 17 April. Barbastro recaptured by the Moors.[116]
- (Date unknown). After an unsuccessful Siege of Valencia, Ferdinand I captures the city in the Battle of Paterna.[124]
- 24 December. Ferdinand I dies after Paterna and his son Alfonso VI of León becomes king.[125] [126]
- Later. Ferdinand's death triggers the War of the Three Sanchos, between three grandsons of Sancho the Great––Sancho II, Sancho Garcés IV and Sancho Ramirez.[127]
1067
- August–September. Sancho II prevails in the War of the Three Sanchos. Castile annexes La Bureba, Montes de Oca and Pancorbo.[128]
1068
- 19 July. Sancho II defeats his brother Alfonso VI of León at the Battle of Llantada.[129]
1072
- Early January. In an internecine battle among Christian kingdoms, Sancho II defeats Alfonso VI of León at the Battle of Golpejera. After an initial setback, El Cid rallied the Castilians to victory.[130]
- 7 October. Sancho II is assassinated and is succeeded at Castile by his brother, now known as Alfonso VI of León and Castile, or Alfonso the Brave.[2][131]
1079
- (Date unknown). The Taifa of Seville defeats the Taifa of Granada at the Battle of Cabra. El Cid supported Seville in defeating Abdallah ibn Buluggin of Granada.[130]
1081
1082
- Spring/Summer. The Taifa of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Taifa of Lleida army and its Catalan allies at the Battle of Almenar. Berenguer Ramón II, count of Barcelona, is captured.[133]
1083
- (Date unknown). The Almoravid dynasty under Yusuf ibn Tashfin captures Ceuta.[134]
1084
- 14 August. Aragon and Navarre under Sancho Ramírez are defeated by the forces of the Taifa of Zaragoza led by Yusuf al-Mu'tamin at the Battle of Morella. El Cid was a general for al-Mu'tamin at that time.[130]
- 25 December. Sancho Ramírez is again defeated by Zaragoza at the Battle of Piedra Pisada, the unsuccessful culmination of Sancho's campaign into Zaragozan territory.[135]
1085
- Autumn. Alfonso VI defeats Yahya al-Qadir at the second Siege of Toledo, taking the city held by the Moors since 932.[136]
1086
- 23 October. The Moors under Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeat Alfonso VI and Álvar Fáñez at the Battle of Sagrajas.[137][138]
1087
- Spring. The French military campaign led by Odo I of Burgundy and William the Carpenter, supported by Alfonso VI and Sancho Ramirez, is turned away by the Moors at the Siege of Tudela.[139]
1089
- (Date unknown). Urban II[140] grants a Crusade bull to Berenguer Ramón II and Ermengol IV of Urgell at the time of the reconquest of Tarragona.[141]
1094
- 4 June. Peter I of Aragon and Navarre becomes king upon the death of his father Sancho Ramirez.[142]
- (Date unknown). El Cid conquers the Taifa of Valencia.[143]
1096
- (Date unknown). Aragon completes the conquest of Huesca after the Battle of Alcoraz. Peter I led the Aragonese forces, as supported by his brother Alfonso the Battler. The Moors were led by al-Musta'in II and supported by Castilians García Ordóñez de Nájeraand Gonzalo Núñez de Lara.[144]
1097
- Early. The army of Peter I and El Cid defeats the Moors at the Battle of Bairén.[145]
- 15 August. A Castilian and Leónese army under Alfonso VI is defeated by the Moors under Yusuf ibn Tashfin at the Battle of Consuegra. The Christian army included Diego Rodríguez (killed in battle), Álvar Fáñez, Pedro Ansúrez and García Ordóñez.[145]
12th century
1100
- (Date unknown). Peter I of Aragon recaptures Barbastro, making it a bishopric seat.[146]
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1104
- 28 September. Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre (Alfonso the Battler) becomes king after the death of his brother Peter I.[147]
1106
- (Date unknown). Ali ibn Yusuf becomes ruler of the Almoravid dynasty.[148]
1107
- Autumn. Norwegian Crusade led by Sigurd the Crusader begins with attacks on Iberia.[149]
1108
- 29 May. The Moors defeat the forces of Alfonso VI at the Battle of Uclés. The Castilians lose Alfonso VI's son Sancho Alfónsez, Martín Flaínez and Fernando Díaz.[150]
- Autumn. With the death of his only son, Alfonso VI names his daughter Urraca as his legitimate heir and marries her to Alfonso the Battler in early 1109.[151]
- (Date uncertain, 1108 or 1109). Sigurd the Crusader attacks Formentera in the Balearic Islands.[152]
1109
- 1 July. With the death of Alfonso VI, Urraca of León and Castile becomes queen.[153]
1110
1111
- 25 May. The Moors under Syr ibn Abi Bakr attack the County of Portugal and succeed in the Capture of Santarém, overwhelming the forces of Henry of Portugal.[155]
- 26 October. The forces of Alfonso I defeats those of Urraca at the Battle of Candespina. Urraca's lover Gómez González is killed, to be replaced by Pedro González de Lara.[156]
- Late Autumn. Alfonso I defeats the Kingdom of Galicia, allies his estranged wife Urraca, at the Battle of Viadangos. Urraca's son and co-ruler, Alfonso VII of León and Castile escapes.[154]
- (Date unknown). Santiago de Compostela becomes the capital of Galicia.[154]
1114
- June. Ramon Berenguer III leads the Balearic Islands expedition, capturing the islands from the Taifa of Dénia in August 1115.[157]
1117
- 2 June. Ali ibn Yusuf fails in his attempt to capture the city in the second Siege of Coimbra. The city's defense was mounted by Theresa of Portugal, the half-sister of Urraca.[158]
- (No earlier than). Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus written.[159]
- (Date unknown). Crónicas anónimas de Sahagún written.[160]
1118
- Early. Gelasius II[161] grants a Crusade bull to Alfonso I when he undertook to reconquer Zaragoza.[141]
- May–December. The Conquest of Zaragoza was a military operation led by Alfonso I which allowed him to take the city of Zaragoza from the Moors. It subsequently became the capital of Aragon.[162]
- (Date estimated). Historia silense written.[163]
1120
- June. Alfonso I defeats the Almoravids at the Battle of Cutanda.[164]
1121
- (Date unknown). Almohad Caliphate founded under Ibn Tumart.[165][166]
1125
- 2 September. Alfonso I lauches the Granada campaign to attempt to capture the city. He is supported by Gaston IV of Béarn and Rotrou III of Perche.[167]
- (Date unknown). Historia Roderici, an early history of El Cid, written.
1126
- 10 March. Alfonso VII of León and Castile becomes Imperator totius Hispaniae upon the death of his mother Urraca.[168]
- 23 June. Ali ibn Yusuf stops the Granada campaign from meeting its objectives.[167]
1130
- May. Battle of Valencia (1130). Moors defeat Aragon.
- October. Siege of Bayonne (1130–1131).
1134
- March. Battle of Badajoz (1134). Moors defeat Castile
- 17 July. Battle of Fraga. Moors defeat Alfonso the Battler.[169]
- 11 September. Alfonso the Battler dies and is succeeded by Ramiro II of Aragon and García Ramírez of Navarre in those territories. He is succeeded by Alfonso VII of León and Castile as Imperator totius Hispaniae along side of his mother Urraca.[170]
1138
- July. Siege of Coria (1138). Alfonso VII of León and Castile loses.
1139
- April – October. Siege of Oreja. Alfonso VII wins.
- 25 July. Battle of Ourique. Afonso I of Portugal wins.[2]
- 25 July. Kingdom of Portugal founded under Afonso I of Portugal.
- Date approximate. Historia Compostelana
1140
- (Approximate). Cantar de mio Cid written.[171]
1142
- May – June. Siege of Coria (1142). Alfonso VII of León wins
- Summer. Siege of Lisbon. Crusaders en route to Jerusalem invited by Afonso I of Portugal, fail to take the city.[172]
1143
- 1 March. Battle of Montiel (1143). Muño Alfonso and an army of knights from Ávila, Segovia, and Toledo defeats Moors.
1145
- 1 December. Eugene III issues the bull Quantum praedecessores calling for the Second Crusade.[173]
1147
- 15 March. Conquest of Santarém. Afonso I of Portugal wins
- 1 July – 25 October. Siege of Lisbon.
- July – 17 October. Siege of Almería (1147) victory for Kingdom of León and Castile, Alfonso VII.
1148
- 28 November. Siege of Seville. Ferdinand III of Castile wins after 16-month siege.
- 1 July – 30 December. Siege of Tortosa.
1150
1154
- (Date unknown). Crónica de Alaón renovada written.[174]
1157
- No earlier than. Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris written.[175]
1160
1169
- 21 May. Siege of Badajoz (1169). Afonso I of Portugal loses
1170
- (Date unknown). Order of Santiago founded to defend Christianity and expel the Moors from Iberia.[176]
1179
- 23 May. Alexander III recognizes Alfonso as king of Portugal.[177]
1180
1184
- June–July. Siege of Santarém (1184). Afonso I of Portugal and Ferdinand II of León defeat Abu Yaqub Yusuf who was killed.
1189
- 21 July – 3 September. Siege of Silves siege of silves
1190
- (Date unknown). Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191).
- Siege of Tomar
1194
- (Date unknown). Chronica Naierensis written.
1195
- 18 July. Battle of Alarcos.
13th century
1210
- (Date unknown). Siege of al-Dāmūs. Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller defeat the defending forces of the Almohades.
1212
- 16 July. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon defeat the Moors.
1215
- (Date unknown). Marinid Sultanate begins in Morocco under Berber Abd al-Haqq I.
1217
- 1 July. Forces depart France on the Fifth Crusade.[178]
- 30 July – 18 October. Siege of Alcácer do Sal.
- 31 August. Ferdinand III of Castile becomes king.
1220
1225
- (Date unknown). First Siege of Jaén (1225).
1228
- (Date unknown). Ibn Hud.
1229
- 5 September. Conquest of Majorca begins. James I of Aragon
- 12 September. Battle of Portopí. James wins
1230
- 24 June – September. Second Siege of Jaén (1230).
- 24 September. Ferdinand III of Castile becomes king of León and, later, Galicia (11 December).
- 30 October. Conquest of Majorca complete.
1231
- (Date unknown). Battle of Jerez. Ferdinand III of Castile and León defeats Ibn Hud, leading to the rise of Muhammad I of Granada.
1232
- (Date unknown). Nasrid dynasty begins ruling the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I of Granada.
1233
- May–July. Siege of Burriana.
1236
- 29 July. Siege of Córdoba (1236). Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, wins.
1237
- 15 August. Battle of the Puig. Aragon wins.
1238
- (Date unknown). Taifa of Valencia becomes part of Aragon.
1240
1243
- (Date unknown). De rebus Hispaniae on behalf of Ferdinand III.
1246
- 28 February.Third Siege of Jaén (1245–1246). Kingdom of Castile and the Order of Santiago commanded by Ferdinand III of Castile and the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago, Pelayo Pérez Correa, against a combined defending force of the local Taifa of Jaén(جيان) and the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I. Castile wins
1249
- March. Siege of Faro (1249). Afonso III of Portugal, captured the city of Faro in 1249 from the Taifa of Niebla. The event marked the end of Portuguese Reconquista efforts in the Iberian peninsula.
1250
1260
1261
- Late spring. Siege of Jerez (1261).
1264
- (Date unknown). Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266.
1265
- October. Conquest of Murcia begins. James I of Aragon conquered the Muslim-held Taifa of Murcia on behalf of his ally Alfonso X of Castile.
- Fall–Winter. Clement IV issues a general Crusade bull for the whole of Spain, when the kings of Aragon and Castile joined in the expedition against the Taifa of Murcia.[141]
1266
- 3 February. Conquest of Murcia (1265–66) complete.
1269
1271
- (Date unknown). Gran conquista de Ultramar
1273
- 22 January. Muhammad II of Granada becomes the Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada.[179]
1275
- 13 May. Marinid forces led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub begin their first Invasion of Spain.[180]
- 8 September. Battle of Écija (1275). Nasrid Emirate of Granada and its Moroccan allies beat the Kingdom of Castile
- 21 October. Battle of Martos. Kingdom of Granada defeats the Crown of Castile.
1276
- 19 January. Abu Yusuf Yaqub ends his invasion of Spain, and, with Muhammad II of Granada, agrees to a truce with Alfonso X of Castile for two years.[180]
- 12 September. James I of Aragon dies,[181] and is succeeded by his son Peter III of Aragon.[182]
1277
- August. Abu Yusuf Yaqub begins his second Invasion of Spain, ravaging the districts of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville and Córdoba.[183]
1278
- 25 July. Castile defeated by the Marinids at the naval Battle off Algeciras.[184]
- 5 August. Alfonso X of Castile launches the unsuccessful first Siege of Algeciras.[184]
1279
- 16 February. Alfonso III of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his son Denis of Portugal.[185]
1280
- 23 June. Granada defeats Castile and León at the Battle of Moclín.[186] Muhammad II of Granada versus mercenaries and of members of the Order of Santiago, being commanded grand master of the order Gonzalo Ruiz Girón and by Sancho IV of Castile, son of King Alfonso X of Castile.
1282
- 30 August. Peter III of Aragon lands in Sicily, claims crown four days later and is excommunicated by Martin IV.[187]
- (Date unknown). Roger of Lauria named commander of the Aragonese fleet.[188]
1283
- 13 January. Martin IV[189] declares the Aragonese Crusade against Peter III of Aragon.[190]
- 8 July 1283, Roger of Lauria defeats the Angevins at the Battle of Malta.[191]
1284
- 4 April. Alfonso X of Castile dies and is succeeded by his son Sancho IV of Castile.[192]
- 5 June. Roger of Lauria defeats the Neapolitan fleet at the Battle of the Gulf of Naples, capturing the commander Charles II of Naples.[193]
1285
- 26 June. Philip III invades Aragon in response to call to crusade of 1282.[194]
- 4 September. Argonese fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeats a French and Genoese at the Battle of Les Formigues.[195]
- 1 October. Aragonese defeat the French at the Battle of the Col de Panissars.[196]
1286
- March. Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr becomes Marinid sultan of Morocco upon the death of his father.[197]
1287
- 23 June. Aragon defeats Naples at the naval Battle of the Counts.[198]
1288
- 28 October. Edward I enters into the Treaty of Canfranc with Alfonso III of Aragon to secure the release of Charles II of Naples, captured four years before.[193]
1291
- 18 June. Alfonso III of Aragon dies and is succeeded by his brother James II of Aragon.[199]
- 6 August. Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Benedetto Zaccaria wins a victory over Marinid fleet at Alcácer Seguir.[200]
1292
- (Date unknown). Sancho IV takes the Marinid city of Tarifa[201] in the first engagement of the Battle of the Strait, and Guzmán el Bueno appointed governor.[202]
1295
- Late. Kingdom of Castile defeated by the forces of Muhammad II of Granada at the Battle of Iznalloz.[203]
1299
- May. Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307)
- 4 July. Aragonese-Angevin fleet led by Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet at the Battle of Cape Orlando.[188]
14th century
1300
- Feb. Boniface VIII announces first Jubilee Year in Rome, promotes a crusade.[204]
1302
- 8 April. Muhammad III of Granada becomes ruler of the Emirate of Granada after the death of his father Muhammad II.[205]
1305
- (Date unknown). Majorcan Christian apologist Ramon Lull proposes Oriental languages be taught in the West,[206] presents Liber de Fine to James II of Aragon proposing new crusades against the Muslims.[207]
1308
- 19 December. Castile and Aragon sign the Treaty of Alcalá de Henares, pledging to help each other to achieve a total conquest of Granada and split its territories between them.[208]
1309
- March. Avignon Papacy begins.[209]
- 29 April. Clement V issues the papal bull Prioribus decanis allowing Ferdinand IV of Castile to finance the war against Granada.[210]
- 27 July. The second Siege of Algeciras launched by Ferdinand IV against Nasr of Granada. Castile is defeated in January 1310.[210]
- 11 August. The Siege of Almeria launched by James II of Aragon against Granada fails.[211]
- 15 August. The first Siege of Gibraltar is launched, resulting in a Castilian victory.[212]
1310
- 23 November. Abu Sa'id Uthman II becomes sultan of Morocco upon the death of his nephew Abu al-Rabi Sulayman.[213]
1312
- (Date unknown). Ibn Idhāri writes the Al-Bayan al-Mughrib (Book of the Amazing Story of the History of the Kings of al-Andalus and Maghreb).[214]
1313
- (Date unknown). Llibre dels fets.
1315
- (Date unknown). Great famine of 1315–1317 devastates Europe.[215]
1316
- 22 February. Ferdinand of Majorca, claimant to the Principality of Achaea, defeats forces of Matilda of Hainautat the Battle of Picotin.[216]
- (Date unknown). Ismail I of Granada, now Nasrid ruler, is unsuccessful in the second Siege of Gibraltar.[217]
1317
- 10 June. Order of Montesa, remnants of the Templars in Aragon and Valencia, approved to defend against the Moors and pirates.[218]
1319
- 14 March. Denis of Portugal revives the Templars of Tomar as the Military Order of Christ and is recognized by John XXII in the papal bull Ad ea ex quibus.[219]
- 25 June. Castile decisively defeated by Ismail I of Granada at the Battle of Sierra Elvira (Vega of Granada).[220]
1320
- June. Peasants in Normandy begin Shepherds' Crusade to expel assist the Reconquista, and is crushed by royal forces.[221]
1321
- 21 June. Leper's plot, a conspiracy theory that lepers and Muslims were conspiring to poison water in France, results in lepers and Jews being burned at the stake.[222]
1325
- 7 January. Afonso IV of Portugal becomes king upon the death of his father Denis I.[223]
- 8 July. Ismail I of Granada is murdered and is succeeded by his son Muhammad IV of Granada.[224]
1330
- August. Alfonso XI of Castile defeats Muhammed IV of Granada at the Battle of Teba.[225]
- August. James Douglas killed at Teba while carrying the heart of Robert the Bruce to the Holy Land.[226]
1333
- February–June. Muhammed IV successfully captures Gibraltar from the Castilians after the third Siege of Gibraltar.[227]
- 26 June – 24 August. The fourth Siege of Gibraltar, a counterattack by Castile, is unsuccessful.[228]
1335
- (Date unknown). Siege of Tlemcen (1335–1337).
1339
- 28 October. Forces of Alfonso XI of Castile defeat those of Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali at the Battle of Vega de Pagana. The conflict is extended to 1340 at Rio Salado near Tarifa.[229]
1340
- 30 October. Afonso IV of Portugal and Alfonso XI of Castile defeat Abu al-Hasan 'Ali and Yusuf I of Granada at the Battle of Rio Salado.[230] The essentially ending the ability of the Maranids to conduct operations in Iberia.[231]
1342
- 3 August. Alfonso XI of Castile begins the third Siege of Algeciras to capture the capital and the main port of the European territory of the Marinid Empire.[232]
- (Date unknown). Aragon routs the Marinid fleet at the Battle of Estepona.[233]
1344
1349
- 24 August. Alfonso XI of Castile attempts to take Gibraltar with the fifth Siege of Gibraltar.[234]
1350
- 26 March. Alfonso XI of Castile dies of bubonic plague, leading to the Castilian Civil War the next year.[235]
- 27 March. Latest attempt by Castile to retake Gibraltar fails.[234]
1356
- (Date unknown). The War of the Two Pedros begins, a struggle between two claimants to the throne of Castile, Peter of Castile and Peter IV of Aragon.[236]
1357
- 28 May. Peter I of Portugal becomes king after the death of his father Alfonso IV.[237]
1359
- 23 August. Ismail II of Granada overthrows his uncle Muhammed V.[238]
- (Date unknown). Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña written at the behest of Peter IV of Aragon.[239]
1360
- (Date unknown). Mocedades de Rodrigo written.
1361
- 21 December. Castile defeats Granada at the Battle of Linuesa.[240]
1362
- January. Castilians routed by the forces of Muhammed VI of Granada at the Battle of Guadix.[241]
- 13 April. Muhammad VI flees Granada, is murdered by the orders of Peter of Castile two weeks later.[242]
1366
- 13 March. Henry of Trastámara (Henry II of Castile) deposes his half-brother Pedro of Castile to become king.[243]
- 27 August. Amadeus VI captures Gallipoli.[244]
1367
- 3 April. Peter of Castile is victorious at Battle of Nájera[245] over Henry of Trastámara and Edward the Black Prince.[246]
1369
- 14 March. Henry of Trastámara defeats his half-brother Peter of Castile at the Battle of Montiel, ending the Castilian Civil War.[247]
- 28 July. Granada launches the fourth Siege of Algeciras, retaking the city on 30 July.[248]
1375
- (Date unknown). Abraham Cresques creates the Catalan Atlas.[249]
1377
- (Date unknown). Achaea controlled of the Hospitallers under Grand Master Juan Fernández de Heredia, who leased the principality from Joanna of Naples and Otto of Brunswick. The lease is abandoned in 1381.[250]
1383
- 2 April. Portuguese interregnum begins.[251]
1384
- (Date unknown). Antipope Clement VII[252] proclaims a crusade in support of the invasion of John I of Castile as he invades Portugal.[253]
1386
- 9 July. John of Gaunt invades Castile.[254] 25 June. John of Gaunt leads a crusade against Henry of Trastámara to claim the throne of Castile by right of his wife Constance of Castile.[255]
1390
- 1 July. Louis II de Bourbon leads the Mahdia Crusade against Barbary pirates in Tunisia.[256]
1391
- 6 June. Pogroms of 1391 against Jews in Spain begun.[257]
1392
- 3 October. Muhammad VII of Granada succeeds Yusuf II as Nasrid sultan of Granada.[258]
- December. Nasrids conduct a Raid on Murcia, threatening the truce with Castile.[259][260]
1398
- (Date unknown). Crusade of Tedelis between Martin of Aragon and the Kingdom of Tlemcen is inconclusive.[261]
15th century
1406
1406
- (Date unknown). Forces commanded by Henry III of Castile defeat Muhammad VII of Granada at the Battle of Collejares.[262]
- 25 December. John II of Castile becomes king after the death of his father Henry III.[263]
1409
- (Date unknown). John I of Portugal plans the invasion of Ceuta, supported by Edward the Eloquent and Henry the Navigator.[264]
1410
- 16 September. Ferdinand I of Aragon takes the city in the Battle of Antequera, the first such victory against the Muslims in 50 years.[265]
- (Date unknown). Álvaro de Luna becomes key advisor to John II of Castile.[266]
1411
- (Date unknown). Sixth Siege of Gibraltar left the territory under Granadan control.[267]
1415
- 21 August. John I of Portugal completes the Conquest of Ceuta, beginning the series of Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts.[268]
1418
- (Date unknown). Martin V[269] authorizes of a crusade against Africa to combat the slave trade.[270]
1419
- 13 August. Marinid sultan Abu Said Uthman III launches the unsuccessful Siege of Ceuta to recapture the city from Portuguese led by Pedro de Menezes.[271]
1420
- 25 May. Henry the Navigator is appointed Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ.[272]
1429
- (Date unknown). Hafsids mount the Siege of Malta, then withdraw.[273]
1430
- 10 January. Philip the Good founds the Order of the Golden Fleece.[274]
1431
- 1 July. Castilian forces led by Álvaro de Luna defeat Granada at the Battle of La Higueruela.[275]
1433
- 14 August. Edward of Portugal becomes king after the death of his father John of Aviz.[276]
1435
- 5 August. Filippo Visconti decisively defeats Alfonso V of Aragon at the naval Battle of Ponza. Anfonso is captured.[277][278]
1436
- 31 October. Castillian Enrique Pérez de Guzmán fails to capture the stronghold after the Seventh Siege of Gibraltar, drowning during the siege.[279]
1437
- 13 August. Castilian Civil War begins, pitting John II of Castile, Álvaro de Luna and Henry IV of Castile against John II of Aragon and Henry of Villena, sons of Ferdinand of Antequera.[263]
- 13 September – 19 October. Henry the Navigator is defeated by the Marinids at the Battle of Tangier. Ferdinand the Saint Prince is taken captive.[280]
1438
- 13 September. Alfonso the African becomes king of Portugal after the death of his father Edward of Portugal.[281]
1443
- 5 June. Ferdinand the Saint Prince dies in captivity in Fez.[282]
1445
- 19 May. John II of Aragon is defeated by John II of Castile at the First Battle of Olmedo, ending the Castilian Civil War.[283]
- (Date unknown) Álvaro de Luna becomes Grand Master of the Order of Santiago.[266]
1449
- 20 May. Afonso V of Portugal and Afonso of Braganza supress the rebellion of Peter of Coimbra at the Battle of Alfarrobeira. Peter died in this battle.[284]
1452
- 17 March. Castile and Murcia defeat Granada at the Battle of Los Alporchones.[285]
1454
- 22 July. Henry IV of Castile becomes king.[286]
1455
- 8 January. Nicholas V[287] publishes Romanus Pontifex, an encyclical to Afonso V of Portugal sanctioning slavery.[288]
1458
- 23 October. Afonso the African completes the Portuguese conquest of Ksar es-Seghir.[289]
1462
- (Date unknown). Castilians capture the city after the Eighth Siege of Gibraltar.[290]
1465
- 14 August. Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II is murdered in the Moroccan revolution.[291]
1466
- (Date unknown). Juan Alonso de Guzmán takes the city from Castile in the Ninth Siege of Gibraltar.[292]
1467
- 20 August. Henry IV of Castile defeats his half-brother Alfonso of Asturias at the Second Battle of Olmedo.[293]
1468
- (Date unknown). Portuguese fleet commanded by Fernando of Viseu razes a region of Morocco in the Anfa Expedition.[294]
1469
- 19 October. Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile.[295]
1471
- 24 August. Portugal defeats Kingdom of Fez resulting in the Conquest of Asilah.[296]
- 29 August. Portugal occupies Tangier.[297]
1472
- (Date unknown). Wattasid dynasty under Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad is founded in Fez following the chaos left by the Moroccan revolution.[298]
1474
- 11 December. Isabella I of Castile becomes queen after the death of her father Henry IV.[299]
- 12 December. Henry IV's death triggers a civil war between Isabella I and her niece Joanna la Beltraneja.[300]
1475
- (Date unknown). War of the Castilian Succession begins with the Siege of Burgos.[301]
1476
- 1 March. The Catholic Monarchs defeat Afonso V of Portugal and John II of Portugal at the Battle of Toro.[302]
1478
- Spring or Summer. Battle of Guinea.
- 1 November. The Spanish Inquisition begins.[303]
1479
- 20 January. Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes king and rules together with his wife Isabella I of Castile over Iberia.[304]
- 4 September. War of the Castilian Succession ends with the signing of the Treaty of Alcáçovas.[305]
1481
- 21 June. Sixtus IV issues the bull Aeterni regis confirming the Treaty of Alcáçovas.[306]
- 28 August. John II of Portugal becomes king.[307]
1482
- 28 February. Alhama de Granada is taken by Christian forces, starting the Granada War.[308]
1483
- April. Castile defeats Granada at the Battle of Lucena. Christian forces take Muhammad XII of Granada as prisoner.[309]
1484
- 5 December. Innocent VIII[310] issues the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus giving the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches.[311]
1487
- Early. Muhammad XII of Granada, the last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada, is released in exchange for placing Granada as a tributary to the Catholic monarchy.[309]
- 7 May – 18 August. Spain conquers the city after the 103-day Siege of Málaga following earlier attacks on Rondaand Vélez-Málaga.[312]
- August. Portugal pillages the Anfa region (Casablanca)[313] of Morocco in the Chaouia Expedition.[314]
1489
- (Date unknown). Al-Zadal (Muhammad XIII of Granada) surrenders the city to Spain after the six-month Siege of Baza and is captured.[315]
1490
- (Date unknown). Portugal ravages Moroccan pirate havens in the Sack of Targa and Comice.[316]
1491
- 23 April. Spain begins the Siege of Granada, the final battle of the Reconquisa.[317]
- 25 November. Treaty of Granada signed, granting the Nasrids two months to withdraw from the city.[318]
1492
- 2 January. Muhammad XII, the last emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs after a lengthy siege, ending the ten-year Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista, and bringing an end to 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.[319]
- 6 January. Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada.[320]
- 31 March. Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Christianity.[321]
- 2 August. Bayezid II dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring expelled Spanish Jews safely to Ottoman lands.[322]
Aftermath
The Fall of Granada ended the Reconquista, but some residual events continued.
- 12 October 1492. Christopher Columbus makes landfall in the Caribbean, believing he has reached the East Indies.[323]
- 4 May 1493. Alexander VI issues the bull Inter caetera granting newly discoved lands to Spain. Dudum siquidem clarifies this on 26 September.[324]
- 17 September 1497. The Conquest of Melilla was done by a fleet sent by the Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán which attacked the North African city of Melilla.[325]
- 18 December 1499. Spanish Muslims begin the first Rebellion of the Alpujarras.[326]
- 11 April 1501. Rebellion of the Alpujarras is squashed.[326]
- 17 September 1502. Forced conversion of Muslims begins in the Crown of Castile by edict of Isabella I.[327]
- 24 December 1568. Second Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571).
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