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Revision as of 21:07, 1 December 2014

Players from two American football teams during a match. One team is wearing green shirts and gold pants, the other team is wearing red shirts with black pants
The Chester Romans (in red) in action against the Doncaster Mustangs during the BAFL's 2007 season

American football was introduced to the United Kingdom during the early part of the 20th century by American servicemen stationed in the country. The first recorded match took place on 23 November 1910 at Crystal Palace, London, where a team made up of the crew from USS Idaho defeated their counterparts from USS Vermont 19–0.[1][2] During the Second World War, matches were played by American and Canadian servicemen stationed in the UK at venues throughout the country. This included the 'Tea Bowl' game played at the White City Stadium in 1944,[3] and this was followed by the creation of the United States Armed Forces Europe (USAFE) league in 1946.[4] This league consisted of teams from American military bases throughout Europe, with one of the league's three conferences made up of teams based in the UK – teams from this conference won the league championship thirteen times until the competition ceased in 1993.[5][6]

The first teams open to British players were established in 1983, and competition began the following year in the form of a series of one-off games. The match results were compiled into a 'Merit Table', with teams playing more than three games eligible for the championship—the first champions were the London Ravens, who won all ten of their matches.[7][8] Hundreds of clubs have since been formed, playing both full contact football and flag football at senior, university and youth level. Many of these clubs have since folded, renamed or merged with other local teams, but a few of the older clubs survive today.

The sport is administered by the British American Football Association (BAFA), with two main bodies of competition; the BAFA National Leagues (BAFANL) and the British Universities American Football League (operating as part of the British Universities and Colleges Sport competition).

BAFA National Leagues

The BAFA National Leagues (BAFANL) was formed in 2010 by the BAFA in response to the British American Football League's decision to split from the governing body.[9]

The senior league's membership comprises 56 teams based in towns ranging from Newquay in the south of England to Aberdeen in Scotland. These teams are spread across two tiers with promotion and relegation between each level. Each tier is further divided into regional conferences.[10] The top-ranking teams in each division compete in playoffs culminating in divisional finals—the championship game contested by the top Premier Division teams is known as the BritBowl. The 2013 champions are the London Warriors, who defeated the London Blitz 26–23 in the final held at the South Leeds Stadium.[11]

In addition to adult contact football, the BAFA runs youth and junior contact football, and also flag football across all age ranges.[12] A number of the teams within the league operate teams across two or more of these competitions. The British American Football Association defines the age ranges used within the league as follows:[13]

Designation Ages (contact) Ages (flag)
Adult 18 and above 16 and above
Junior 16 to 19 —
Youth 14 to 16 14 to 16
Cadet — 10 to 13
Key
* Team competing in the BAFANL's senior contact league (2014 season)
Team Location Years in senior / adult league 2014 BAFA Adult division[10] 2014 BAFA Adult flag conference / division[14] 2014 BAFA Junior division[15] 2014 BAFA Youth division[16] Other teams[17][18]
Aberdeen Oilcats Aberdeen  — — Highland North / North — — —
Aberdeen Roughnecks* Aberdeen 2014[19] National North — — — —
Aylesbury Vale Spartans Aylesbury — — Southeastern / North — — —
Beeston Bears Beeston, Nottinghamshire  — — Mid-England / South — — —
Berkshire Renegades* Reading 1985–87, 1989, 2006–[20] Premier South — South East Southern South West —
Birmingham Bulls* Birmingham 1984–[21] Premier North — — Central —
Birmingham Lions Birmingham — — — Central — —
Bournemouth Bobcats* Bournemouth 1986–1991, 2011–[22] National South West — South East — —
Bristol Apache* Bristol 2011–[23] National South West — — — —
Bristol Aztecs* Bristol 1991–[24] Premier South — — — —
Burnley Tornadoes Burnley — — Mid-England / North North West North —
Bury Saints* Bury St Edmunds 2014[25] National South East — — — —
Calderdale Knights Halifax — — Mid-England / North — — —
Cambridgeshire Cats* Cambridge 1985–90, 1993–98, 2002–[26][27] Premier South — South — —
Cardiff Hurricanes Cardiff  — — Southwestern / South — — —
Carlisle Sentinels Carlisle — Associate[28] — — — —
Carluke Cobras Carluke — — Highland North / South — — —
Carnegie Steelers Dunfermline  — — Highland North / North — — —
Chester Romans* Chester 1987–[29] National North West — North West North —
Chichester Sharks Chichester — — Southeastern / South — — —
Chorley Buccaneers Chorley — — — North West North Youth flag, Cadet flag
Clackmannanshire Ravens Alloa — — — North — —
Clyde Valley Blackhawks* Wishaw 2009–[30] National North — — — —
Colchester Gladiators* Wivenhoe 1985–95, 2005–[31] Premier South — South Southern South East —
Cornish Sharks* Newquay 2007–[32] National South West — — Southern South West —
Coventry Cougars Coventry — — Southwestern / North — — Youth flag, Cadet flag
Coventry Jets* Coventry 1991–93, 2004–[33] Premier North Southwestern / North Central Central Youth flag
Crewe Railroaders* Crewe 1985–90, 2012–[34] National North West — — — —
DC Presidents Durham 1985–97, 2012–2013[35] Associate[36] — — — —
Doncaster Mustangs* Doncaster 2003–[37] Premier North — East North —
Dundee Hurricanes* Dundee 2003–[38] National North — — — —
Dunfermline Wildcats Dunfermline  — — Highland North / North — — —
East Kent Mavericks* Aylesham 2006–[39] Premier South — South East — —
East Kilbride Pirates* Hamilton 1986–[40] Premier North — North Scotland —
Edinburgh Outlaws Edinburgh — — Highland North / South — — —
Edinburgh Wolves* Edinburgh 2003–[41] National North — North Scotland —
Essex Spartans* Billericay 1999–[42] National South East — South East Southern South East —
Farnham Knights * Farnborough 1986–[43] National South West — South East Southern South West —
Gateshead Senators* Gateshead 1986–[44] Premier North — East — —
Glasgow Hornets Glasgow — — Highland North / North — — —
Glasgow Tigers* Glasgow 1986–[45] National North — — — —
Gloucester Centurions* Gloucester 2009–[46] National South West — — — —
Grangemouth Broncos Grangemouth — — Highland North / North — — —
Hamilton Buccaneers Hamilton — — — — Scotland —
Hastings Conquerors Hastings — 'AssociateCite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). National South East — — — —
Kent Exiles* Sidcup 1991–[47] National South East — South East Southern South East —
Lancashire Wolverines* Blackburn 1988–2004, 2007–[48] Premier North — North West — —
Lanarkshire Longhorns Wishaw — — — North — —
Leeds Bobcats Leeds — Associate[49] — — — —
Leeds Samurai Leeds  — — Mid-England / North — — —
Leeds Tornadoes Leeds  — — Mid-England / North — — —
Leicester Eagles Leicester — — Southwestern / North — — —
Leicester Falcons* Leicester 2008–[50] National Midlands — Central Central —
Lincolnshire Bombers* Sleaford 2007–[51] National Midlands — — — —
London Blitz* Finsbury Park 1984–[52] Premier South Southeastern / South South Southern South East Youth flag
London Hornets* Camden Town 2014[53] National South East — — — —
London Olympians* Crystal Palace 1984–2007, 2009–[54] Premier South — — — —
London Rebels Kennington Park — — Southeastern / South — — —
London Vipers Crystal Palace  — — Southeastern / South — — —
London Warriors* Boston Manor 2008–[55] Premier South — South Southern South East —
Maidstone Pumas* Maidstone 1998–2014[56] Associate[57] — — — —
Manchester Mayhem Manchester  — — Mid-England / South — — —
Manchester Titans* Manchester 2003, 2005–[58] National North West Mid-England / South North West North —
Mansfield Honey Badgers Mansfield  — — Mid-England / South — — —
Marlow Wolves Marlow — — — — Southern South West Youth flag, Cadet flag
Merseyside Nighthawks* Birkenhead 1986–[59] National North West — North West — —
Merthyr Tydfil Thunder Ducks Merthyr Tydfil  — — Southwestern / South — — —
Moray Tide Lossiemouth — — — — Scotland —
Newcastle Blackhawks Newcastle upon Tyne — — Highland North / South — — —
Newcastle Vikings Newcastle upon Tyne — Associate[49] — East North —
Northants Phantoms Northampton — — Southeastern / North — — —
Northants Titans Northampton  — — Southeastern / North — — —
Northumberland Thunder Cramlington  — — Highland North / South — — —
Norwich Devils Norwich 1986–2011[60] — — — Southern South East —
Nottingham Caesars* Nottingham 1995–[61] Premier North — Central — —
Ouse Valley Eagles* Bedford 2014[62] National South East — — — —
Oxford Killer Ponies Oxford  — — Southwestern / South — — —
Oxford Saints* Abingdon 1984–[63] National Midlands — — — —
Pennine Panthers Leeds / Manchester — — — East North
(Two teams) 		—
Peterborough Saxons* Peterborough 2002–[64] National Midlands — — — —
Plymouth Buccaneers Plymouth — — Southwestern / South — — —
Portsmouth Dreadnoughts* Portsmouth 2014[65] National South West — — — —
Reading Lions Reading — — Southeastern / South — — —
Rugby Maulers Rugby  — — Southwestern / North — — —
Sandwell Steelers* Sandwell 2014[66] National Midlands — — Central —
Sheffield Predators* Sheffield 2010–[67] Premier North Mid-England / South East — —
Shrewsbury Sentinels Shrewsbury  — — Southwestern / North — — —
Shropshire Revolution* Telford 2007–[68] National Midlands — — — —
Solent Thrashers* Southampton 2005–[69] National South West Southwestern / South South Southern South West —
South London Renegades Southwark — — — South East — —
South Wales Warriors* Llanharan 1996–99, 2001–[70] Premier South — — — —
Staffordshire Surge* Stoke-on-Trent 1994–[71] National North West — — — —
Standish Raiders Standish — — — North West — —
Studley Bearcats Studley — — — — — Youth flag, Cadet flag
Sussex Thunder Brighton 1997–2013[72] Associate[73] — South East Southern South West —
Swindon Storm* Swindon 2013–[74] National South West — — — —
Tamworth Phoenix* Tamworth 2008–[75] Premier North — — Central —
Torbay Trojans* Paignton 1984–92, 1997–99, 2014[76] National South West — — — —
Walney Terriers* Barrow-in-Furness 2014[77] National North West — — — —
Ware Wolves Ware  — — Southeastern / North — — —
Watford Cheetahs* Watford 1987–[78] National South East — South Southern South East —
Wembley Five-O Wembley  — — Southeastern / North — — —
West Coast Trojans* Renfrew 2005–[79] National North Highland North / North — — —
West Essex Showboats Epping — — Southeastern / North — — —
Westcliff Storm Westcliff-on-Sea  — — Southeastern / South — — —
Woodham Warriors Woodham — — Highland North / South — North —
Worcester Royals Worcester  — — Southwestern / North — — —
Yorkshire Rams* Leeds 1987–[80] Premier North Mid-England / North — — —

Northern Ireland

Northern Irish teams compete in an amateur island-wide regional competition in Ireland, organised by the Irish American Football League (IAFL). Teams from Northern Ireland compete in the Northern Division of the IAFL. The teams, along with other amateur teams in Northern Ireland and throughout the rest of Ireland, also compete in competitions such as the Shamrock Bowl.

Currently neither of the two universities of Northern Ireland compete in either the British Universities or the IAFL College Bowl.

Team Location Year entered league 2014 division[81]
Belfast Trojans Belfast 2007[82] Shamrock Bowl Conference North
Carrickfergus Knights Carrickfergus 1994[83] Shamrock Bowl Conference North
Craigavon Cowboys Craigavon 1986[84] Shamrock Bowl Conference North
Tyrone Titans Omagh 2014[85] IAFL-2

British Universities and Colleges Sport

The British Universities American Football League (BUAFL) was formed in 2007 by the BAFA after the organisation that ran its predecessor ceased operations.[86][87][88] Since 2012, the league has operated under the jurisdiction of British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS).[89]

The league operates on two tiers, each divided into regional conferences, with the top ranked teams competing in postseason Championship playoffs. A system of promotion and relegation is used between the two tiers.[90] The two teams that progress through the playoffs compete in the National Championship Final (formerly the College Bowl) which is held at the South Leeds Stadium.[89]

The 2014 champions are the Stirling Clansmen, who defeated the Birmingham Lions 20–15 in the final.[91]

Team University Location Year entered
league 		2014–15 division[90]
ARU Rhinos Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge 2012[92] Tier One East
Bangor Muddogs Bangor University Bangor, Gwynedd 2009[93] Tier One North West
Bath Killer Bees University of Bath Bath 1992[94] Premier South
Bath Spa Bulldogs Bath Spa University Bath 2010[95] Tier One South West
Birmingham Lions University of Birmingham Birmingham 1989[96] Premier South
Bournemouth University Bobcats Bournemouth University Bournemouth 2014[97] Tier One South East
BNU Buccaneers Buckinghamshire New University Chalfont St Giles 2008[98] Tier One South East
Bradford Bears University of Bradford Bradford 2011[99] Tier One Yorkshire
Brighton Tsunami University of Brighton Brighton 2003[100] Premier South
Bristol Barracuda University of Bristol Bristol 2007[101] Tier One South West
Brunel Burners Brunel University Uxbridge 2010[102] Tier One London
Cambridge Pythons University of Cambridge Cambridge 2011[103] Tier One East
Canterbury Chargers Canterbury Christ Church University Canterbury 2009[104] Tier One East
Cardiff Cobras Cardiff University Cardiff 1987[105] Tier One South West
Chichester Spitfires Chichester University Chichester 2014[106] Tier One South East
City Sentinels City University London Islington, London 2013[107] Tier One London
Coventry Jets Coventry University Coventry 2010[108] Tier One East Midlands
Derby Braves University of Derby Derby 1996[109] Premier North
DMU Falcons De Montfort University Leicester 2011[110] Tier One East Midlands
Durham Saints Durham University Durham 2007[111] Premier North
Edinburgh Napier Knights Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh 2004[112] Tier One Border
Edinburgh Predators University of Edinburgh Edinburgh 2009[113] Tier One Border
Essex Blades University of Essex Colchester 2001[114] Tier One East
Exeter Demons University of Exeter Exeter 2009[115] Tier One South West
FXU Tridents Falmouth University Falmouth 2014[106] Tier One South West
Glasgow Tigers University of Glasgow Glasgow 1986[116] Tier One Border
Gloucestershire Gladiators University of Gloucestershire Cheltenham 2010[117] Tier One South West
Greenwich Mariners University of Greenwich Crystal Palace 2004[118] Tier One London
Hallam Warriors Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield 2003[119] Tier One Yorkshire
Hertfordshire Hurricanes University of Hertfordshire Hatfield 1994[120] Premier South
Huddersfield Hawks University of Huddersfield Huddersfield 2007[121] Tier One Yorkshire
Imperial Immortals Imperial College London South Kensington 2009[122] Premier South
KCL Regents King's College London Southwark 2010[123] Tier One London
Keele Crusaders Keele University Keele, Staffordshire 2013[124] Tier One North West
Kent Falcons University of Kent Canterbury 1996[125] Tier One East
Kingston Cougars Kingston University Kingston upon Thames 2012[126] Tier One London
Lancaster Bombers Lancaster University Lancaster 1991[127] Tier One North West
Leeds Beckett Leeds Beckett University Leeds 2009[128] Tier One Yorkshire
Leeds Celtics University of Leeds Leeds 1990[129] Tier One Yorkshire
Leicester Longhorns University of Leicester Leicester 1985[130] Tier One East Midlands
Lincoln Colonials University of Lincoln Lincoln 2006[131] Tier One Yorkshire
Liverpool Fury Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool 2008[132] Tier One North West
Loughborough Aces Loughborough University Loughborough 1988[133] Premier North
LSBU Spartans London South Bank University Southwark 2010[134] Tier One London
Manchester Tyrants University of Manchester Manchester 2009[135] Tier One North West
MMU Eagles Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester 2011[136] Tier One North West
Newcastle Raiders Newcastle University Gateshead 1985[137] Tier One Border
Northampton Nemesis University of Northampton Northampton 2011[138] Tier One East Midlands
Northumbria Mustangs Northumbria University Gateshead 2008[139] Tier One Border
Nottingham Outlaws University of Nottingham Nottingham 1996[140] Tier One East Midlands
NTU Renegades Nottingham Trent University Nottingham 2009[141] Tier One East Midlands
OBU Panthers Oxford Brookes University Oxford 2010[142] Tier One East
Oxford Lancers University of Oxford Oxford 2012[143] Tier One East
Plymouth Blitz University of Plymouth Plymouth 2001[144] Tier One South West
Portsmouth Destroyers University of Portsmouth Portsmouth 2006[145] Tier One South East
Reading Knights University of Reading Reading 1987[146] Tier One London
Royal Holloway Bears Royal Holloway, University of London Egham 2005[147] Tier One London
Sheffield Sabres University of Sheffield Sheffield 2000[148] Premier North
Solent Redhawks Southampton Solent University Southampton 2009[149] Tier One South East
Southampton Stags University of Southampton Southampton 1989[150] Tier One South East
Staffordshire Stallions Staffordshire University Stoke-on-Trent 1992[151] Tier One North West
Stirling Clansmen University of Stirling Stirling 1985[152] Premier North
Sunderland Spartans University of Sunderland Sunderland 2004[153] Tier One Border
Surrey Stingers University of Surrey Guildford 1994[154] Tier One South East
Sussex Saxons University of Sussex Falmer, East Sussex 2013[155] Tier One South East
Swansea Titans Swansea University Swansea 2009[156] Tier One South West
Tarannau Aberystwyth Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth 1992[157] Tier One North West
Teesside Cougars Teesside University Middlesbrough 1985[158] Tier One Border
UCLan Rams University of Central Lancashire Preston, Lancashire 2012[159] Tier One North West
UEA Pirates University of East Anglia Norwich 1987[160] Tier One East
UH Sharks University of Hull Kingston upon Hull 1985[161] Tier One Yorkshire
UWE Bullets University of the West of England Filton 1992[162] Tier One South West
UWS Pyros University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus Paisley 2003[163] Tier One Border
Warwick Wolves University of Warwick Warwick 1989[164] Tier One East Midlands
Westminster Dragons University of Westminster Westminster 2011[165] Tier One London
Wolverhampton Wildcats University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton 2012[166] Tier One East Midlands
Worcester Royals University of Worcester Worcester 2009[167] Tier One East Midlands
York Centurions University of York York 2009[168] Tier One Yorkshire

American High School League in Europe

The American High School League in Europe (also referred to as High School Football Europe) is a competition organised by the European branch of the Department of Defense Dependents Schools. The teams in this league are drawn from high schools affiliated with US military bases within Europe, with the exception of South Gloucestershire and Stroud College which is a further education college located in Filton, England. The league in its present format was founded in 1975, with its constituent teams divided into three divisions. All teams play a regular season schedule against the other teams in their regional conference, with the top-ranked teams competing in playoffs to decide the divisional champions.[169]

Team Location Division[169]
Alconbury Dragons Alconbury High School, Alconbury Division III
Bristol Academy PRIDE South Gloucestershire and Stroud College, Filton Division I
Lakenheath Lancers Lakenheath High School, RAF Lakenheath Division I
Menwith Hill Mustangs Menwith Hill Elementary/High School, RAF Menwith Hill Division III

Bristol Academy Community League

The Bristol Academy Community League (BACL) is a competition set up by the Bristol Academy of Sport in December 2012 for school pupils in Bristol and its surrounding areas. The league is initially set up for Year 10 to 12 pupils, with plans to include pupils from Years 7 to 9 in the future. The league comprises five teams, each representing a specific geographic area.[170] Each team plays each other twice during the course of the season, with the four top-ranked teams competing in postseason playoffs.[171]

Team Area represented
Central Cowboys Central Bristol
Eastern Gators Bath and East Bristol
Northern Bobcats South Gloucestershire and North Bristol
Southern Falcons Somerset and South Bristol
Welsh Tomahawks Newport

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  77. ^ "We Did It!". Walney Terriers. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  78. ^ "History of the Cheetahs". Watford Cheetahs AFC. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  79. ^ "Trojans – The wait is finally over!". Hot Iron. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  80. ^ "The Rams make it Leeds". BBC. 2 January 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  81. ^ "IAFL Standings / Schedule". Irish American Football League. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  82. ^ "Belfast Trojans win championship Shamrock Bowl for the first time". BBC. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  83. ^ "Shamrock Bowl Champions". Irish American Football League. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  84. ^ "A Brief History of American Football in Ireland". Irish American Football League. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  85. ^ "Galway Warriors @ Tyrone Titans". Tyrone Titans (via Facebook). 4 May 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  86. ^ "BSAFA Operations Suspended". British American Football Association. 25 July 2007. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007.
  87. ^ "BAFA Launches BUAFL". British American Football Association. 25 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007.
  88. ^ "College Football In The UK: A Viable Alternative For Some Athletes". Football Nation. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
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  91. ^ "American dream for Stirling Clansmen as they bask in the glow of National Championship win". Scotland Now. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  92. ^ Jackson, Romylos (23 November 2012). "Immortals rout Rhinos". Felix Online. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  93. ^ "Bangor Muddogs American Football Club". Bangor University Students Union. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  94. ^ "Bees History". Bath Killer Bees. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  95. ^ "Bath Spa Bulldogs". Bath Spa Bulldogs. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  96. ^ "Birmingham Lions". BBC. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  97. ^ Lingberg, Michael (31 October 2014). "Bobcats primed for first league campaign". The Bournemouth Rock. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  98. ^ "Conference 3 (South West) Results – Wk 8". Tarannau Aberystwyth. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  99. ^ "University of Bradford American Football". University of Bradford. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  100. ^ "Brighton Tsunami: About Us". Brighton Tsunami. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  101. ^ "Cuda History". Bristol Barracuda. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  102. ^ "Brunel American Football". Brunel University Students Union. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  103. ^ "Pythons end of season awards 2012". Cambridge Pythons. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  104. ^ "Phantoms Round Out Landmark Season". Anglia Ruskin Phantoms. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  105. ^ "About the Cardiff Cobras". Cardiff Cobras. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
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  107. ^ "BUCS – City University London". British Universities and Colleges Sport. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  108. ^ Ferdinand, Dan (18 February 2011). "Coventry University Jets disappointingly lost". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 24 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  109. ^ "Derby Braves – History". Derby Braves. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  110. ^ "About the Falcons". Leicester Falcons. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  111. ^ "Durham Saints – History". Durham Saints American Football. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  112. ^ "American Football". Napier Students' Association. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  113. ^ "Edinburgh Predators – History". Edinburgh Predators. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  114. ^ "Essex Blades – Essex Based American Football Team". Essex Blades. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010.
  115. ^ "Standing Archive – Exeter Demons". Exeter Demons. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  116. ^ "History: Glasgow University Tigers". Glasgow University Tigers. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  117. ^ "Gloucestershire Gladiators History". University of Gloucestershire Students Union. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  118. ^ "Greenwich Mariners American Football Club". Greenwich Mariners. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009.
  119. ^ "SHU Warriors: History". Sheffield Hallam Warriors. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  120. ^ "Hurricanes Team History". Hertfordshire Hurricanes. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  121. ^ "About The Hawks". Huddersfield Hawks. 21 June 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  122. ^ "American football end inaugural season" (PDF). Felix Online. p. 34. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  123. ^ "Team Info". King's College Regents. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010.
  124. ^ "2013–14 Season". Keele Crusaders. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  125. ^ "Kent Falcons: History". Kent Falcons. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  126. ^ Jutting, Chris (October 2012). "Meet the Cougars". Kingston University Students Union. p. 3. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  127. ^ "Club History". Lancaster Bombers. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  128. ^ "Recruitment: Carnegie American Football". Leeds Carnegie. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  129. ^ "A little About Us". Leeds Celtics. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  130. ^ "Longhorns History". Leicester Longhorns. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  131. ^ "Lincoln Colonials – About Us". Lincoln Colonials. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  132. ^ "Who are the Fury?". Liverpool Fury. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  133. ^ "AU American Football". Loughborough Students' Athletic Union. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  134. ^ "LSBU Students Union – American Football". London South Bank University Students Union. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  135. ^ "About Manchester Tyrants". Manchester Tyrants. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  136. ^ "Stallions 14 – Eagles 8 (OT)". Staffordshire Stallions. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  137. ^ "Newcastle Raiders – About". Newcastle Raiders. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  138. ^ "American Football". University of Northampton Students' Union. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  139. ^ "Pyros Pass Their Way Into The History Books!". Paisley Pyros. 2 February 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  140. ^ "The Outlaws « University of Nottingham American Football Team". Nottingham Outlaws. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  141. ^ "Information / Join – NTU Renegades". Nottingham Trent Renegades. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  142. ^ "Team Information – OBU Panthers". Oxford Brookes Panthers. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  143. ^ Colenutt, George (23 November 2012). "Brighton Tsunami crush Oxford Lancers". The Oxford Student Online. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  144. ^ "Plymouth Blitz American Football Club: History". Plymouth Blitz. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008.
  145. ^ "Portsmouth Sport: American Football". University of Portsmouth Students' Union. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  146. ^ "Reading Knights FAQ". Reading Knights. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  147. ^ "Phantoms Win For The First Time Ever!". ARU Phantoms. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  148. ^ "1989–97 (Zulus)". Sheffield Sabres. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  149. ^ "American Football – Sport Solent". Southampton Solent Unuiversity. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  150. ^ "Southampton Stags". British Universities American Football League. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  151. ^ "Staffordshire Stallions: History: Yearly Records: 1992–1993". Staffordshire Stallions. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  152. ^ "University of Stirling Clansmen: Team History". Stirling Clansmen. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  153. ^ "Sunderland Spartans". British Universities American Football League. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  154. ^ "Surrey Stingers: The Team". Surrey Stingers. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  155. ^ "BUCS – University of Sussex Profile". British Universities and Colleges Sport. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  156. ^ "Titans lose their opener again". South Wales Evening Post. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  157. ^ "Club History & Information". Tarranau Aberystwyth. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  158. ^ "UT Cougars". British Universities American Football League. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  159. ^ Shorrocks, Nathan (19 November 2012). "UCLan Rams down the Eagles". Preston Messenger. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  160. ^ "UEA Pirates". British Universities American Football League. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  161. ^ "UH Sharks Team History". UH Sharks. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  162. ^ "Bullets History". UWE Bullets. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  163. ^ "UWS Pyros". British Universities American Football League. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  164. ^ "Warwick Wolves: The Club". Warwick Wolves. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  165. ^ "Westminster Dragons American Football Club". Westminster Dragons. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  166. ^ Orr, Callum (27 November 2012). "Wolverhampton Wildcats Vs. Lincoln Colonials". University of Wolverhampton Students' Union. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  167. ^ "Worcester Royals University Teams". Worcester Royals. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  168. ^ "About York Centurions". York Centurions. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  169. ^ a b "DoDDS Europe Football – Results". Stars and Stripes. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  170. ^ Herod, Benjamin (6 December 2012). "Bristol Academy Launch Community League". Bristol Academy Community League. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  171. ^ "Fixtures and Results". Bristol Academy Community League. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
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