Hazael: Difference between revisions
Predates the Roman use of the term Palestina by roughly a millennium. The area he conquered west of the Jordan was known as Israel at the time. |
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'''Hazael''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|eɪ|z|i|ə|l}}; {{lang-he|חֲזָהאֵל or חזאל<ref>I Kings 19:15</ref>''ḤaZa'eL''}}; [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], from the [[triliteral]] [[Semitic]] root ''h-z-y'', "to see"; his full name meaning, "God has seen") was a court official and later an [[Aram Damascus|Aramean]] [[Monarch|king]] who is mentioned in the [[Bible]].<ref name=Hastingp832>{{cite book|title=A dictionary of the Bible: dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical theology, Volume 3|first1=James|last1=Hastings|first2=Samuel Rolles|last2=Driver|publisher=T. & T. Clark|year=1899|page=832}}</ref><ref name=Arnoldp46>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: historical books|first1=Bill T.|last1=Arnold|first2=Hugh Godfrey Maturin|last2=Williamson|edition=Illustrated|page=46|publisher=InterVarsity Press|year=2006|ISBN= 978-0-8308-1782-5}}</ref> Under his reign, [[Aram-Damascus]] became an empire that ruled over large parts of [[Syria]] and [[ |
'''Hazael''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|eɪ|z|i|ə|l}}; {{lang-he|חֲזָהאֵל or חזאל<ref>I Kings 19:15</ref>''ḤaZa'eL''}}; [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], from the [[triliteral]] [[Semitic]] root ''h-z-y'', "to see"; his full name meaning, "God has seen") was a court official and later an [[Aram Damascus|Aramean]] [[Monarch|king]] who is mentioned in the [[Bible]].<ref name=Hastingp832>{{cite book|title=A dictionary of the Bible: dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical theology, Volume 3|first1=James|last1=Hastings|first2=Samuel Rolles|last2=Driver|publisher=T. & T. Clark|year=1899|page=832}}</ref><ref name=Arnoldp46>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: historical books|first1=Bill T.|last1=Arnold|first2=Hugh Godfrey Maturin|last2=Williamson|edition=Illustrated|page=46|publisher=InterVarsity Press|year=2006|ISBN= 978-0-8308-1782-5}}</ref> Under his reign, [[Aram-Damascus]] became an empire that ruled over large parts of [[Syria]] and [[]].<ref name=Freedmanp84>{{cite book|page=84|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA84&dq=hazael+aramaic&lr=#v=onepage&q=hazael%20aramaic&f=false|title=Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible|first1=David Noel|last1=Freedman|first2=Allen C.|last2=Myers|first3=Astrid B.|last3=Beck|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2000|ISBN= 978-0-8028-2400-4}}</ref> |
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==In the Bible== |
==In the Bible== |
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Hazael is first referred to by name in {{bibleverse|1|Kings|19:15|NIV}}. (In 842 BC God tells the [[prophet]] [[Elijah]] to anoint Hazael king over [[Aram Damascus]].) Years after this, the Syrian king [[Hadadezer]] was ill and sent his court official Hazael with gifts to Elijah's successor [[Elisha]]. |
Hazael is first referred to by name in {{bibleverse|1|Kings|19:15|NIV}}. (In 842 BC God tells the [[prophet]] [[Elijah]] to anoint Hazael king over [[Aram Damascus]].) Years after this, the Syrian king [[Hadadezer]] was ill and sent his court official Hazael with gifts to Elijah's successor [[Elisha]]. Elisha asked Hazael to tell Hadadezer that he would recover, and he revealed to Hazael that the king would recover but would die of other means. The day after he returned to Hadadezer in [[Damascus]], Hazael suffocated him and seized power himself. |
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During his approximately 46-year reign (c. 842 BC-796 BC), King Hazael led the Arameans in battle against the forces of King [[Jehoram of Israel|Jehoram]] of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and King [[Ahaziah of Judah|Ahaziah]] of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]. After defeating them at [[Ramoth-Gilead]], Hazael repelled two attacks by the [[Assyria]]ns, seized Israelite territory east of the [[Jordan River|Jordan]], the [[Philistine]] city of [[Gath (city)|Gath]], and sought to take [[Jerusalem]] as well ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|12:17|NIV}}). Hazael's death is mentioned in 2 Kings 13:24. (796 B.C) |
During his approximately 46-year reign (c. 842 BC-796 BC), King Hazael led the Arameans in battle against the forces of King [[Jehoram of Israel|Jehoram]] of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and King [[Ahaziah of Judah|Ahaziah]] of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]. After defeating them at [[Ramoth-Gilead]], Hazael repelled two attacks by the [[Assyria]]ns, seized Israelite territory east of the [[Jordan River|Jordan]], the [[Philistine]] city of [[Gath (city)|Gath]], and sought to take [[Jerusalem]] as well ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|12:17|NIV}}). Hazael's death is mentioned in 2 Kings 13:24. (796 B.C) |
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Revision as of 01:24, 16 April 2015
| Ancient Arameans |
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| Syro-Hittite states |
| Aramean kings |
| Aramean cities |
| Sources |
Hazael (/ˈheɪziəl/; [חֲזָהאֵל or חזאל[1]ḤaZa'eL] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help); Aramaic, from the triliteral Semitic root h-z-y, "to see"; his full name meaning, "God has seen") was a court official and later an Aramean king who is mentioned in the Bible.[2][3] Under his reign, Aram-Damascus became an empire that ruled over large parts of Syria and Israel.[4]
In the Bible
Hazael is first referred to by name in 1 Kings 19:15. (In 842 BC God tells the prophet Elijah to anoint Hazael king over Aram Damascus.) Years after this, the Syrian king Hadadezer was ill and sent his court official Hazael with gifts to Elijah's successor Elisha. Elisha asked Hazael to tell Hadadezer that he would recover, and he revealed to Hazael that the king would recover but would die of other means. The day after he returned to Hadadezer in Damascus, Hazael suffocated him and seized power himself.
During his approximately 46-year reign (c. 842 BC-796 BC), King Hazael led the Arameans in battle against the forces of King Jehoram of Israel and King Ahaziah of Judah. After defeating them at Ramoth-Gilead, Hazael repelled two attacks by the Assyrians, seized Israelite territory east of the Jordan, the Philistine city of Gath, and sought to take Jerusalem as well (2 Kings 12:17). Hazael's death is mentioned in 2 Kings 13:24. (796 B.C)
Tel Dan Stele
A monumental Aramaic inscription discovered at Tel Dan is seen by most scholars as having been erected by Hazael, after he defeated the Kings of Israel and Judah.[5][6] Recent excavations at Tell es-Safi/Gath have revealed dramatic evidence of the siege and subsequent conquest of Gath by Hazael. The destruction of the settlement at Tell Zeitah during the ninth century may also be the result of Hazael's campaign. King Joash of Judah forestalled Hazael's invasion by bribing him with treasure from the royal palace and temple.
Items belonging to Hazael
Decorated bronze plaques from chariot horse-harness taken from Hazael, identified by their inscriptions, have been found as re-gifted votive objects at two Greek sites, the Heraion of Samos and in the temple of Apollo at Eretria on Euboea. The inscriptions read "that which Hadad gave to our lord Hazael from 'Umq in the year that our lord crossed the River".[7] The river must be the Orontes. The triangular front pieces show a "Master of the animals"[8] gripping inverted sphinxes or lions in either hand, and with deep-bosomed goddesses who cup their breasts and stand on the heads of lions. When Tiglath-Pileser III took Damascus in 733/2, these heirlooms were part of the loot that fell eventually into Greek, probably Euboean hands.[9]
Notes
- ^ I Kings 19:15
- ^ Hastings, James; Driver, Samuel Rolles (1899). A dictionary of the Bible: dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical theology, Volume 3. T. & T. Clark. p. 832.
- ^ Arnold, Bill T.; Williamson, Hugh Godfrey Maturin (2006). Dictionary of the Old Testament: historical books (Illustrated ed.). InterVarsity Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8308-1782-5.
- ^ Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible (Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
- ^ http://theosophical.wordpress.com/2011/07/15/biblical-archaeology-4-the-moabite-stone-a-k-a-mesha-stele/
- ^ http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/artifacts-and-the-bible/the-tel-dan-inscription-the-first-historical-evidence-of-the-king-david-bible-story/
- ^ I. Eph'al and J. Naveh, "Hazael's booty inscriptions", Israel Exploration Journal 39 (1989:192-200).
- ^ Compare the Aegean "Mistress of the Animals"
- ^ Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, 2008:109-11.
References
- Biran, A., and Naveh, J. 1995. The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment. Israel Exploration Journal 45(1):1–18.
- Ephal, I., and Naveh, J. 1989. Hazael’s booty inscriptions. Israel Exploration Journal 39(3–4):192–200.
- Lemaire, A. 1991. Hazaël, de Damas, Roi d’Aram. Pp. 91–108 in Marchands, Diplomates et Empereurs, Etudes sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offertes à P. Garelli. Paris: Editions Recherche sur la Civilisations.
- Maeir, A. 2004. The Historical Background and Dating of Amos VI 2: An Archaeological Perspective from Tell es-Safi/Gath. Vetus Testamentum 54(3):319–34.
- Galil, G., "David and Hazael: War, Peace, Stones and Memory," Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 139,2 (2007), 79-84.
- Maeir, A. M., and Gur-Arieh, S. 2011. Comparative aspects of the Aramean Siege System at Tell es-Sa¦fi/Gath. Pp. 227–44 in The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin, eds. I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.