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The [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy.<ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web | url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?SciName=Erythranthe%20guttata | last= Giblin | first= David (Editor) | date= 2015 | title= ''Erythranthe guttata'' | website= WTU Herbarium Image Collection | publisher= Burke Museum, University of Washington | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}</ref><ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web | url= http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Mimulus%20guttatus | last= Klinkenberg | first= Brian (Editor) | date= 2014 | title= ''Mimulus guttatus'' | website= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. | publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{cite web | url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Mimulus%20guttatus | date= 2015 | title= ''Mimulus guttatus'' | website= Jepson eFlora: Taxon page | publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web | title = Mimulus guttatus DC. | work = GRIN Taxonomy for Plants | publisher = Germplasm Resources Information Network | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24442 | accessdate = 2010-11-21 }}</ref><ref name="Pojar">{{cite book | last = Pojar | first = Jim |author2=Andy MacKinnon | title = Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska | publisher = Lone Pine Publishing | page = 264 | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-55105-530-5}}</ref><ref name="Turner">{{cite book | last = Turner | first = Mark |author2=Phyllis Gustafson | title = Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest | publisher = Timber Press | page = 244 | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-88192-745-0}}</ref>
The [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy.<ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web | url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?SciName=Erythranthe%20guttata | last= Giblin | first= David (Editor) | date= 2015 | title= ''Erythranthe guttata'' | website= WTU Herbarium Image Collection | publisher= Burke Museum, University of Washington | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}</ref><ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web | url= http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Mimulus%20guttatus | last= Klinkenberg | first= Brian (Editor) | date= 2014 | title= ''Mimulus guttatus'' | website= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. | publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{cite web | url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Mimulus%20guttatus | date= 2015 | title= ''Mimulus guttatus'' | website= Jepson eFlora: Taxon page | publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley | accessdate= 2015-03-31}}</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web | title = Mimulus guttatus DC. | work = GRIN Taxonomy for Plants | publisher = Germplasm Resources Information Network | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24442 | accessdate = 2010-11-21 }}</ref><ref name="Pojar">{{cite book | last = Pojar | first = Jim |author2=Andy MacKinnon | title = Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska | publisher = Lone Pine Publishing | page = 264 | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-55105-530-5}}</ref><ref name="Turner">{{cite book | last = Turner | first = Mark |author2=Phyllis Gustafson | title = Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest | publisher = Timber Press | page = 244 | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-88192-745-0}}</ref>


''Erythranthe guttata'' is pollinated by bees, such as ''[[Bombus]]'' species. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. ''E. guttata'' also displays a high degree of [[selfing|self-pollination]].<ref name="carr">{{cite journal|last1=Carr|first1=David E.|last2=Roulston|first2=T’ai H.|last3=Hart|first3=Haley|title=Inbreeding in ''Mimulus guttatus'' Reduces Visitation by Bumble Bee Pollinators|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101463|year=2014|journal=PLOS|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0101463}}</ref><ref name="Ritland">{{cite journal|last1=Ritland|first1=Kermit|title=Correlated Matings in the Partial Selfer ''Mimulus guttatus'' |url=http://genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/ritland/reprints/1989_Evolution_CorrMatings.pdf|year=1989|journal=Evolution|publisher=University of British Columbia|volume=43|issue=4|pages=848–859}}</ref> ''[[Erythranthe nasuta]]'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator. Other differences have occurred since then, such as [[genetic code]] variations and variations in [[plant morphology]].<ref name="Brandvain">{{cite journal|last1=Brandvain|first1=Yaniv|last2=Kenney|first2=Amanda M.|last3=Flagel|first3=Lex
''Erythranthe guttata'' is pollinated by bees, such as [[Bombus]] species. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. ''E. guttata'' also displays a high degree of [[selfing|self-pollination]].<ref name="carr">{{cite journal|last1=Carr|first1=David E.|last2=Roulston|first2=T’ai H.|last3=Hart|first3=Haley|title=Inbreeding in ''Mimulus guttatus'' Reduces Visitation by Bumble Bee Pollinators|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101463|year=2014|journal=PLOS|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0101463}}</ref><ref name="Ritland">{{cite journal|last1=Ritland|first1=Kermit|title=Correlated Matings in the Partial Selfer ''Mimulus guttatus'' |url=http://genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/ritland/reprints/1989_Evolution_CorrMatings.pdf|year=1989|journal=Evolution|publisher=University of British Columbia|volume=43|issue=4|pages=848–859}}</ref> ''[[Erythranthe nasuta]]'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator. Other differences have occurred since then, such as [[genetic code]] variations and variations in [[plant morphology]].<ref name="Brandvain">{{cite journal|last1=Brandvain|first1=Yaniv|last2=Kenney|first2=Amanda M.|last3=Flagel|first3=Lex
|last4=Coop|first4=Graham|last5=Sweigert|first5=Andrea L.|title=Speciation and Introgression between ''Mimulus nasutus'' and ''Mimulus guttatus''|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410|year=2014|journal=PLOS|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410}}</ref><ref name="Dole">{{cite journal|last1=Dole|first1=Jefferey A.|title=Reproductive Assurance Mechanisms in Three Taxa of the Mimulus guttatus Complex (Scrophulariaceae)|jstor=2444881|year=1992|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=79|issue=6|pages=650-659}}</ref> ''E. guttata'' prefers a wetter habitat than ''E. nasuta''.<ref name="Kiang">{{cite journal|last1=Kiang|first1=Y. T.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Reproductive Isolation in the M-guttatus-M.Nasutus Complex|jstor=2424826|year=1978|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=100|issue=2|pages=269-276}}</ref>
|last4=Coop|first4=Graham|last5=Sweigert|first5=Andrea L.|title=Speciation and Introgression between ''Mimulus nasutus'' and ''Mimulus guttatus''|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410|year=2014|journal=PLOS|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410}}</ref><ref name="Dole">{{cite journal|last1=Dole|first1=Jefferey A.|title=Reproductive Assurance Mechanisms in Three Taxa of the Mimulus guttatus Complex (Scrophulariaceae)|jstor=2444881|year=1992|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=79|issue=6|pages=650-659}}</ref> ''E. guttata'' prefers a wetter habitat than ''E. nasuta''.<ref name="Kiang">{{cite journal|last1=Kiang|first1=Y. T.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Reproductive Isolation in the M-guttatus-M.Nasutus Complex|jstor=2424826|year=1978|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=100|issue=2|pages=269-276}}</ref>


Revision as of 15:19, 17 March 2017

Erythranthe guttata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Phrymaceae
Genus:
Erythranthe
Species:
E. guttata
Binomial name
Erythranthe guttata
(DC.) G.L.Nesom
Synonyms[1]
  • Mimulus guttatus Fisch. ex DC.
  • Mimulus langsdorffii var. guttatus (Fisch. ex DC.) Jeps.

Erythranthe guttata, with the common names seep monkeyflower and common yellow monkeyflower, is a yellow bee-pollinated annual or perennial plant. It was formerly known as Mimulus guttatus.[1][2][3][4][5]

Distribution

It is a herbaceous wildflower that grows along the banks of streams and seeps in western North America.[6][7] Both annual and perennial forms occur throughout the species' range.

It is found in a wide range of habitats including the splash zone of the Pacific Ocean, the chaparral of California, Western U.S. deserts, the geysers of Yellowstone National Park, alpine meadows, serpentine barrens, and even on the toxic tailings of copper mines.

It is sometimes aquatic, its herbage floating in small bodies of water.

Description

The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy.

A highly variable plant, taking many forms, Erythranthe guttata is a species complex in that there is room to treat some of its forms as different species by some definitions.[8]

Erythranthe guttata is 10 to 80 cm tall with disproportionately large, 20 to 40 mm long, tubular flowers. The perennial form spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs.

Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a raceme, most often with five or more flowers.

The calyx has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy.[2][9][10][11][12][13]

Erythranthe guttata is pollinated by bees, such as Bombus species. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. E. guttata also displays a high degree of self-pollination.[14][15] Erythranthe nasuta evolved from E. guttata in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator. Other differences have occurred since then, such as genetic code variations and variations in plant morphology.[16][17] E. guttata prefers a wetter habitat than E. nasuta.[18]

Taxonomy

Erythranthe guttata has been a model organism for studies of evolution and ecology. There may be as many as 1000 scientific papers focused on this species. The genome is (as of 2012) being studied in depth.[19]

Cultivation

Erythranthe guttata is cultivated in the specialty horticulture trade and available as an ornamental plant for: traditional gardens; natural landscape, native plant, and habitat gardens.

References

  1. ^ a b "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations" (PDF), Phytoneuron, 2012–39: 1–60, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Giblin, David (Editor) (2015). "Erythranthe guttata". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-03-31. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. JSTOR 3448862.
  4. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR 4122195.
  5. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. JSTOR 4123743.
  6. ^ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Mimulus guttatus". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  7. ^ "Mimulus guttatus". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  8. ^ Fishman, Lila; Kelly, Alan J.; Morgan, Emily; Willis, John H. (2001). "A Genetic Map in the Mimulus guttatus Species Complex Reveals Transmission Ratio Distortion due to Heterospecific Interactions" (PDF). Genetics Society of America: 1701–1716. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Klinkenberg, Brian (Editor) (2014). "Mimulus guttatus". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-03-31. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ "Mimulus guttatus". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  11. ^ "Mimulus guttatus DC". GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
  12. ^ Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (2004). Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5.
  13. ^ Turner, Mark; Phyllis Gustafson (2006). Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-88192-745-0.
  14. ^ Carr, David E.; Roulston, T’ai H.; Hart, Haley (2014). "Inbreeding in Mimulus guttatus Reduces Visitation by Bumble Bee Pollinators". PLOS. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101463.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Ritland, Kermit (1989). "Correlated Matings in the Partial Selfer Mimulus guttatus" (PDF). Evolution. 43 (4). University of British Columbia: 848–859.
  16. ^ Brandvain, Yaniv; Kenney, Amanda M.; Flagel, Lex; Coop, Graham; Sweigert, Andrea L. (2014). "Speciation and Introgression between Mimulus nasutus and Mimulus guttatus". PLOS. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ Dole, Jefferey A. (1992). "Reproductive Assurance Mechanisms in Three Taxa of the Mimulus guttatus Complex (Scrophulariaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 79 (6): 650–659. JSTOR 2444881.
  18. ^ Kiang, Y. T.; Hamrick, J. L. (1978). "Reproductive Isolation in the M-guttatus-M.Nasutus Complex". The American Midland Naturalist. 100 (2): 269–276. JSTOR 2424826.
  19. ^ "Welcome to mimulusevolution.org". Mimulus Evolution. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
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