Karelians

Karelias

Total population
504,000 [1]
Regions with significant populations
Russia	c 140,000 Russian Karelians [2]
Languages
Karelian (Ludic Olonets), Finnish, Russian
Related ethnic groups
Finns, Ingrian Finns, Veps, Votes, Estonians, Livonians, Setos

The Karelians (also Karels) refer to two distinct but closely related groups speaking Balto-Finnic dialects and living in the region Karelia, which is divided between Republic of Karelia in Russia and the Finnish counties North Karelia and South Karelia.^[1] The Russian or East Karelians are usually seen as a distinct ethnic group, whereas the Finnish Karelians are always seen as a sub-group of ethnic Finns.^{[citation needed]}

Over the centuries the Russian Karelians have become dispersed in several distinct subgroups. The largest groups are North Karelians living in Republic of Karelia and the South Karelians in the Tver, Novgorod and in the Leningrad Oblast of Russian federation. The subgroups of South Karelians, the Tikhvin Karels and Valdai Karels numbered between 90,000-100,000 are considered assimilated and speak Russian as their first language. The North Karelians in Russia include the Olonets and the Ludes, speakers of Olonets Karelian language and Ludic language live in the Republic of Karelia . ^[3] The modern Karelian literary language is identical in its written form to Finnish language and has maintained the Latin alphabet used in the Russian Federation. The Russian Karelians are mostly Russian Orthodox, while the related Finns and Ingrian Finns to the west are mostly Protestant Lutherans.

The main dialectical division of the Finnish language, that between the East Finnish and West Finnish dialects, defines the Savonians and the Finnish Karelians as East Finnish.

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Since the 13th century the Karelians have lived in the tension between the East and the West, between Eastern Orthodoxy and Western Catholicism, later Lutheranism. Some Karelians were Christianized and subdued by Sweden, others by Novgorod or Russia. Thus Karelia was split into two different and often hostile groups. The Kingdom of Sweden held Western Karelia and Karelian Isthmus but Central, Northern and Eastern Karelia were under the Russian rule. In the 17th century the tension between the Lutheran Swedish government and Orthodox Karelians triggered a mass migration from Swedish Karelia into the region of Tver in Russia, forming the Tver-Karelian minority. People from Savonia moved to Karelia in large numbers. The modern Finnish Karelians are largely their descendants.

During the 19th century Finnish folklorists including Elias Lönnrot traveled to Central and Eastern Karelia to gather archaic folklore and epic poetry. The Orthodox Karelians in Russia were now seen as close brethren of even a sub-groups of Finns. The ideology of Karelianism inspired Finnish artists and researchers, who believed that the Ortodox Karelians had retained elements of an archaic, original Finnish culture which had disappeared from Finland.

When Finland gained its independence in 1917 only a small fraction of the Orthodox Karelians lived in the Finnish Karelia. The lands were mainly populated by Finnish Karelians of Lutheran background. Finland lost most of this area to the Soviet Union in World War II, when over 400,000 people were evacuated over Finland's new border from the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia and, to a lesser degree, from the main part of East Karelia that had been held by Finland 1941–1944. Many of the evacuees have emigrated, mainly to Sweden, to Australia and to North America. A large share of the over 70,000 Finnish war children that were evacuated from Finland, chiefly to Sweden and Denmark, came from Karelian families that had lost their homes due to the Winter War. A fifth of these children remained abroad and many more re-emigrated later.

The Russian Karelians, living in the Republic of Karelia, are nowadays rapidly being absorbed into the Russian population. This process began several decades ago. For example, it has been estimated that even between the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses, nearly 30 percent of those who were enumerated as Karelian by self-identification in 1959 changed their self-identification to Russian 11 years later.^[4]

The Karelian language is closely related to the Finnish language, and particularly by Finnish linguists seen as a dialect of Finnish, although the variety spoken in East Karelia is usually seen as a proper language. [1]

The dialect spoken in the South Karelian region of Finland belongs to the South Eastern dialects of the Finnish language. The dialect spoken in the Karelian Isthmus before World War II and the Ingrian dialect were also part of this dialect group.[2] The dialect that is spoken in North Karelia is considered to be one of the Savonian dialects.[3]

The Russian Karelians are Eastern Orthodox Christians. Most Finnish Karelians are Lutherans.

Significant enclaves of Karelians exist in the Tver oblast of Russia, resettled after Russia's defeat in 1617 against Sweden — in order to escape the peril of forced conversion to Lutheranism in Swedish Karelia and because the Russians promised tax deductions the Orthodox Karelians mass migrated there. Olonets (Anus) is the only city in Russia where the Karelians form a majority (60% of the population).

The Karelian culture and language was a major inspiration for the Fennoman movement, and the unification of East Karelia with independent Finland (Greater Finland) was a major political issue in early 20th century Finland.

• Sami
• Kola Norwegians
• Tornedalians
• Ingrians
• Skogfinner
• Sweden Finns
• Finland-Swedes
• Kvens
• Kalevala

• Russian Karelians (The Peoples of the Red Book)
• Many Karelias (Official Virtual Finland page)