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LinkedIn Corporation
File:LinkedInHomepage.PNG
LinkedIn homepage as of July 2011
Type of businessPublic
Type of site
Social network service
Available inMultilingual
Traded asNYSE: LNKD
FoundedSanta Monica, California (2003)
Headquarters
Mountain View, California
,
U.S.
Area servedWorldwide
Founder(s)Reid Hoffman
Allen Blue
Konstantin Guericke
Eric Ly
Jean-Luc Vaillant
Key peopleReid Hoffman
(Executive Chairman)
Jeff Weiner
(CEO)
IndustryInternet
Revenue$522 million (2011)[1]
Employees2,447 (2012)[1]
URLwww.linkedin.com
IPv6 supportNo
AdvertisingGoogle, AdSense
RegistrationRequired
Users175 million[2] (June 2012)
LaunchedMay 5, 2003
Current statusActive

LinkedIn (NYSE: LNKD) (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˌlɪŋkt.ˈɪn/) is a social networking website for people in professional occupations. Founded in December 2002 and launched on May 5, 2003,[4] it is mainly used for professional networking. As of June 2012, LinkedIn reports more than 175 million registered users in more than 200 countries and territories.[4]

The site is available in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Romanian, Russian, Turkish, Japanese, Czech, Polish, Korean, Bahasa Indonesia, and Bahasa Malaysia.[5][6][7] Quantcast reports LinkedIn has 21.4 million monthly unique U.S. visitors and 47.6 million globally.[8] In June 2011, LinkedIn had 33.9 million unique visitors, up 63 percent from a year earlier and surpassing MySpace.[9] LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011 and traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the NYSE symbol "LNKD".[10]

History

LinkedIn Headquarters on Stierlin Court in Mountain View, CA

LinkedIn's CEO is Jeff Weiner, previously a Yahoo! Inc. executive. The company was founded by Reid Hoffman and founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue, Eric Ly, Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, and Chris Saccheri).

Founder Reid Hoffman, previously CEO of LinkedIn, is now Chairman of the Board. Bhushan Kasvekar is Vice President of Products.[11] LinkedIn is headquartered in Mountain View, California, with offices in Omaha, Chicago, New York, London and Dublin. It is funded by Sequoia Capital, Greylock, Bain Capital Ventures,[12] Bessemer Venture Partners and the European Founders Fund. LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006.[13] Through January 2011, the company had received a total of $103 million of investment.[14]

In 2003, Sequoia Capital led the Series A investment in the company.[15] In June 2008, Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners, and other venture capital firms purchased a 5% stake in the company for $53 million, giving the company a post-money valuation of approximately $1 billion.[16]

In 2010, LinkedIn opened a European headquarters in Dublin, Ireland,[17] received a $20 million investment from Tiger Global Management LLC at a valuation of approximately $2 billion,[18] and announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,[19] and improved its 1% premium subscription ratio.[20]

In October 2010 Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable start ups.[21] As of December 2010, the company was valued at $1.575 billion in private markets.[22]

It was reported that LinkedIn earned $154.6 million dollars in advertising revenue alone in 2011. This number was actually higher than that of Twitter who earned $139.5 million dollars respectively.[23]

In early January 2012, LinkedIn announced it would be expanding its offices into the Financial District of San Francisco. LinkedIn expects to move into its 57,120 square foot office space sometime in the Spring of 2012.[24]

LinkedIn’s fourth-quarter 2011 earnings soared. Shares rose 9.5% to $83.68 in premarket trading on the day of the announcement, due to the company's increase in success in the social media world.[25]

In May 2012, LinkedIn announced its 2012 Q1 revenues were up 101% to $188.5 million compared to $93.9 million in Q1 of 2011, with net income increasing 140% over Q1'2011 to $5 million. Revenue for Q2 was estimated to be between $210 to $215 million.[26]

In June 2012 cryptographic hashes of approximately 6.4 million LinkedIn user passwords were stolen by hackers who then published the stolen hashes online.[27] In response to the incident, LinkedIn asked its users to change their passwords. Security experts criticized LinkedIn for not salting their password file, and instead using a single iteration of SHA-1.[28]


Acquisitions

On February 24, 2012, LinkedIn announced its acquisition of the start-up Rapportive, which created a browser plug-in that takes contact information from social networks such as Twitter and Facebook, and places them into Google's Gmail. LinkedIn has not stated yet how it will use the Rapportive's technology and talent.[29]

On May 3, 2012, LinkedIn announced it had acquired SlideShare, deemed "the YouTube of slide shows" for $119 million. It was stated that the purchase was done to give LinkedIn members a way to discover people through content. At the time Slideshare attracted 29 million monthly visitors.[30]

Membership

With more than 161 million subscribers[31] LinkedIn is ahead of its competitors Viadeo (35 million)[32] and XING (10 million).[33] The membership grows by approximately two new members every second.[34] About half of the members are in the United States and 11 million are from Europe. With 3 million users, India has the fastest-growing network of users as of 2009. The Netherlands has the highest adoption rate per capita outside the US at 30%.[35] LinkedIn recently reached 4 million users in UK,[36] 1 million in Spain,[37] and nearly 1 million in Pakistan.

As of March 2011 the service had 44 million users in the US and 56 million outside.[38]

As of October 2011, LinkedIn has over 14 million students and recent college graduates as members.[39]

Features

One purpose of the site is to allow registered users to maintain a list of contact details of people with whom they have some level of relationship, called Connections. Users can invite anyone (whether a site user or not) to become a connection. However, if the invitee selects "I don't know" or "Spam", this counts against the inviter. If the inviter gets too many of such responses, the account may be restricted or closed.[40]

This list of connections can then be used in a number of ways:

  • A contact network is built up consisting of their direct connections, the connections of each of their connections (termed second-degree connections) and also the connections of second-degree connections (termed third-degree connections). This can be used to gain an introduction to someone a person wishes to know through a mutual contact.
  • Users can upload their resume or design their own profile in order to showcase work and community experiences.
  • It can then be used to find jobs, people and business opportunities recommended by someone in one's contact network.
  • Employers can list jobs and search for potential candidates.
  • Job seekers can review the profile of hiring managers and discover which of their existing contacts can introduce them.
  • Users can post their own photos and view photos of others to aid in identification.
  • Users can now follow different companies and can get notification about the new joining and offers available.
  • Users can save (i.e. bookmark) jobs which they would like to apply for.

The "gated-access approach" (where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship, or the intervention of a contact of theirs) is intended to build trust among the service's users. LinkedIn participates in the EU's International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles.[41]

The feature LinkedIn Answers,[42] similar to Yahoo! Answers, allows users to ask questions for the community to answer. This feature is free, and the main difference from the latter is that questions are potentially more business-oriented, and the identity of the people asking and answering questions is known.

Another LinkedIn feature is LinkedIn Polls. In December 2011, LinkedIn announced that they are rolling out polls to their one million groups.[43]

In mid-2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising.[44]

In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to opening its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social-network revenue model-research that to some appears more promising than advertising.[45]

Applications

In October 2008, LinkedIn enabled an "applications platform" that allows other online services to be embedded within a member's profile page. Among the initial applications were an Amazon Reading List that allows LinkedIn members to display books they are reading, a connection to Tripit, and a Six Apart, WordPress and TypePad application that allows members to display their latest blog postings within their LinkedIn profile.[46]

In November 2010, LinkedIn allowed businesses to list products and services on company profile pages; it also permitted LinkedIn members to "recommend" products and services and write reviews.[47]

Mobile

A mobile version of the site was launched in February 2008, which gives access to a reduced feature set over a mobile phone. The mobile service is available in six languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.[48]

In January 2011, LinkedIn acquired CardMunch, a mobile app maker that scans business cards and converts into contacts. LinkedIn plans to integrate this functionality into their services in the near future.[49] In August 2011, LinkedIn revamped its mobile applications on the iPhone, Android and HTML5. Mobile page views of the application have increased roughly 400% year over year according to CEO Jeff Weiner.[50]

Groups

LinkedIn also supports the formation of interest groups, and as of March 29, 2012 there are 1,248,019 such groups whose membership varies from 1 to 744,662.[51][52] The majority of the largest groups are employment related,[53] although a very wide range of topics are covered mainly around professional and career issues, and there are currently 128,000 groups for both academic and corporate alumni.

Groups support a limited form of discussion area, moderated by the group owners and managers. Since groups offer the ability to reach a wide audience without so easily falling foul of anti-spam solutions, there is a constant stream of spam postings, and there now exist a range of firms who offer a spamming service for this very purpose. LinkedIn has devised a few mechanisms to reduce the volume of spam, but recently took the decision to remove the ability of group owners to inspect the email address of new members in order to determine if they were spammers. Groups also keep their members informed through emails with updates to the group, including most talked about discussions within your professional circles.[51][54]

Groups may be private, accessible to members only or may be open to Internet users in general to read, though they must join in order to post messages.

Job listings

LinkedIn allows users to research companies with which they may be interested in working. When typing the name of a given company in the search box, statistics about the company are provided. These may include the ratio of female to male employees, the percentage of the most common titles/positions held within the company, the location of the company's headquarters and offices, or a list of present and former employees.

In July 2011, LinkedIn launched a new feature allowing companies to include an "Apply with LinkedIn" button on job listing pages.[55] The new plugin will allow potential employees to apply for positions using their LinkedIn profiles as resumes. All applications will also be saved under a "Saved Jobs" tab.[55]

Reception

LinkedIn has been described by online trade publication TechRepublic as having "become the de facto tool for professional networking".[56] LinkedIn has also been praised for its usefulness in fostering business relationships.[57] "LinkedIn is, far and away, the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today," says Forbes.[58]


International reception

In 2009, Syrian users reported that LinkedIn server stopped accepting connections originating from IP addresses assigned to Syria. The company's customer support stated that services provided by them are subject to US export and re-export control laws and regulations and "As such, and as a matter of corporate policy, we do not allow member accounts or access to our site from Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria."[59]

In February 2011, it was reported that LinkedIn was being blocked in China after calls for a "Jasmine Revolution". It was speculated to have been blocked because it is an easy way for dissidents to access Twitter, which had been blocked previously.[60] After a day of being blocked, LinkedIn access was restored in China.

Allegations of spamming

LinkedIn has been criticised for sending unsolicited bulk email advertising its own services and those of its advertisers[61], for allowing its users to send invitations indiscriminately[62] and for mining its users' webmail address books[63][64]. In summer 2012, Spamhaus' SBL blacklist listed LinkedIn for sending mail to spam traps[65].

SNA LinkedIn

The Search, Network, and Analytics team at LinkedIn has a web site[66] that hosts the open source projects built by the group. Notable among these projects is Project Voldemort,[67] a distributed key-value structured storage system with low-latency similar in purpose to Amazon.com's Dynamo and Google's BigTable.

See also

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References

  1. ^ a b "LinkedIn". Google.
  2. ^ Press Release: LinkedIn to acquire SlideShare
  3. ^ "Linkedin.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  4. ^ a b LinkedIn Press About Page
  5. ^ "Italians get a local flavour of LinkedIn". April 15, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  6. ^ "Look who's talking Russian, Romanian and Turkish now!". June 21, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  7. ^ "LinkedIn launches in Japan". translatemedia.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  8. ^ "LinkedIn". quantcast.com. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
  9. ^ Womack, Brian (July 8, 2011). "LinkedIn Passes Myspace to Become No. 2 U.S. Social Network". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  10. ^ Pepitone, Julianne (January 27, 2011). "LinkedIn files for IPO, reveals sales of $161 million". CNN<pmey. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  11. ^ "About LinkedIn: Management". Linkedin.com. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
  12. ^ "Press Release about Sequoia Capital Investing in LinkedIn". Retrieved November 14, 2007.
  13. ^ "Press Releases: LinkedIn Premium Services Finding Rapid Adoption". LinkedIn. March 7, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
  14. ^ Swisher, Kara (January 27, 2011). "Here Comes Another Web IPO: LinkedIn S-1 Filing Imminent". Boom Town. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  15. ^ "LinkedIn Crunchbase Profile". Crunchbase.com. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  16. ^ Guynn, Jessica (June 17, 2008). "LinkedIn networks way to $53-million investment". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
  17. ^ LinkedIn to open HQ in Dublin[dead link]
  18. ^ "Tiger Global Said to Invest in LinkedIn at $2 billion Valuation". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. July 28, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  19. ^ Hardy, Quentin (August 4, 2010). "LinkedIn Hooks Up". Forbes. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  20. ^ "Does local beat global in the professional-networking business?". The Economist. November 19, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  21. ^ Fusfeld, Adam (September 23, 2010). "2010 Digital 100 Companies 1–100". businessinsider.com. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
  22. ^ Demos, Telis (January 27, 2011). "LinkedIn looks for boost with IPO". Financial Times. Retrieved January 28, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Social Network Ads: LinkedIn Falls Behind Twitter; Facebook Biggest of All". Lunden, Ingrid January 31, 2012.
  24. ^ "LinkedIn Expands into San Francisco". January 16, 2012. Sankin, Aaron.
  25. ^ "Stocks to Watch: Nuance Communications, LinkedIn, Merck and More". Thomson Maya and Pope-Chappell Maya February 13, 2012.
  26. ^ "LinkedIn Beats The Street, Q1 Revenue Up 101 Percent To $188.5M; Net Income Up 140 Percent". May 4, 2012. Rao, Leena.
  27. ^ "LinkedIn Confirms Account Passwords Hacked". Retrieved June 6, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Date= ignored (|date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Finkle, Jim and Jennifer Saba (June 6, 2012). "LinkedIn suffers data breach". Reuters. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  29. ^ "LinkedIn Buys Rapportive Gmail Contact Plug-In" Boulton, Clint. February 24, 2012.
  30. ^ "LinkedIn Spends $119 Million on SlideShare – the YouTube of Slideshows". Hernandez, Brian Anthony. May, 3rd 2012.
  31. ^ Press Release: LinkedIn to acquire SlideShare
  32. ^ "LinkedIn competitor Viadeo hits 30 million members". TechCrunch.com. May 11, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  33. ^ "Facts and Figures". XING. September 1, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
  34. ^ "LinkedIn now adding two members every second". TechCrunch.com. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  35. ^ "LinkedIn: 50 million professionals worldwide. LinkedIn. October 14, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009". Blog.linkedin.com. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
  36. ^ "Four million UK professionals opt for a LinkedIn profile. Retrieved July 25, 2010". bankingtimes.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010. [dead link]
  37. ^ "LinkedIn reaches 1 million users in Spain, competitors keep up the pressure. Retrieved July 25, 2010". eu.techcrunch.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  38. ^ Sid Yadav, venturebeat.com. "LinkedIn reaches 100 million users, but how many are coming back?" March 22, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  39. ^ "LinkedIn Background". LinkedIn Facts. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  40. ^ LinkedIn help: Account restriction (retrieved 2011)
  41. ^ "Privacy Policy". LinkedIn. July 14, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  42. ^ "LinkedIn Answers unlocks the world's best source of business knowledge: trusted professionals". Linkedin.com. January 16, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
  43. ^ Wasserman, Todd (December 14, 2011). "LinkedIn polling".
  44. ^ LinkedIn DirectAds launch, by Zaki Usman Nov 2008
  45. ^ LinkedIn's promising new revenue model: sending you surveys. By: Neff, Jack, Advertising Age, 00018899, 10/27/2008, Vol. 79, Issue 40. Database: Business Source Complete
  46. ^ Facebook in a Suit: LinkedIn Launches Applications Platform, BusinessWeek, October 28, 2008
  47. ^ "LinkedIn Adopts 'Recommend' Over 'Like'", Clickz.com, November 2, 2010
  48. ^ "Social-networking site LinkedIN introduces mobile version". tweakers.net. Retrieved February 25, 2008.
  49. ^ CardMunch acquired by LinkedIn, shoutEx.com Feb 2011
  50. ^ Geron, Tommio (August 16, 2011). "LinkedIn Revamps iPhone, Android Apps, Launches HTML5 App". Article. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  51. ^ a b "Groups Directory". LinkedIn. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  52. ^ "World's Largest LinkedIn Group Breaks The 700,000 Member mark". i-newswire.com. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  53. ^ "Job Openings, Job Leads and Job Connections!". Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  54. ^ "Groups". LinkedIn Corporation. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  55. ^ a b Colleen Taylor, GigaOm. "LinkedIn launches job application plugin." July 25, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  56. ^ "Five Benefits of LinkedIn for Organizations (and IT Pros) | TechRepublic." Web. May 9, 2011.
  57. ^ "LinkedIn.com, a business-orientated networking site, can be an ideal way for professionals to present an online profile of themselves ... Unlike social networking sites, [with] LinkedIn you're outlining all your credentials; presenting the professional rather than the personal you. Considering the sheer vastness of the digital space, the potential for building up a solid base of contacts and fostering new business relationships is boundless." O'Sullivan, James (2011), "Make the most of the networking tools that are available", Evening Echo, May 9, 2011. Pg 32. Note that the Evening Echo is located close to the European headquarters of LinkedIn
  58. ^ http://www.forbes.com/sites/dailymuse/2012/07/06/your-linkedin-intervention-5-changes-you-must-make/
  59. ^ "Syria: Linkedin Kicks Off Syrian Users!". Global Voices Advocacy. April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  60. ^ Ungerleider, Neal (February 25, 2011). "China blocks access to LinkedIn". Fast Company. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  61. ^ "How to reduce spam from LinkedIn"
  62. ^ "LinkedIn: Pestering spamtraps with invitation reminders"
  63. ^ "Why does LinkedIn think it's OK to trick me into spamming my entire Gmail address book?"
  64. ^ "Be aware of LinkedIn spam"
  65. ^ "Spamhaus listings for IPs under the responsibility of linkedin.com"
  66. ^ "SNA-projects.com". SNA-projects.com. August 11, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  67. ^ "Project-voldemort.com". Project-voldemort.com. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
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