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Indian national calendar

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Mohar of Gorkha (later Nepal's) king Prithvi Narayan Shah, dated Shaka era 1685 (1763 CE).

The Indian national calendar, called the Shaka calendar or Śaka calendar, is a solar calendar that is used alongside the Gregorian calendar by The Gazette of India, in news broadcasts by All India Radio, and in calendars and official communications issued by the Government of India.[1] Śaka Samvat is generally 78 years behind the Gregorian calendar, except from January–March, when it is behind by 79 years.

Through historical Indian influence, the Śaka calendar is also used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus. Nyepi, the "Day of Silence", is a celebration of the Śaka new year in Bali. Nepal's Sambat evolved from the Śaka calendar. The Śaka calendar was also used in several areas in the modern-day Philippines as written in the Laguna copperplate inscription.

In India, Yugabda is also used with corresponding months of Śaka / Sambat. Yugabda is based on Kaliyuga Sankhya preserved by Indian astrology. The Kali Yuga began 5,125 years ago and has 426,875 years left as of 2024 CE.[2][3][a][4][b] Kali Yuga will end in the year 428,899 CE.

Calendar structure

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The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu and Buddhist calendars.

Indian national calendar structure
# Name
(Sanskrit) 		Length Start date
(Gregorian) 		Tropical
zodiac
(Latin) 		Tropical
zodiac
(Sanskrit)
1  Chaitra 30 21–22 March Aries Meṣa
2  Vaisakha 31 20–21 April Taurus Vṛśabha
3  Jyeshtha 31 21–22 May Gemini Mithuna
4  Ashadha 32 21–22 June Cancer Karkaṭa / Karka
5  Shraavana 31 23–24 July Leo Siṃha
6  Bhadrapada 31 23–24 August Virgo Kanyā
7  Ashvina 30 23–24 September Libra Tulā
8  Kārtika 30 23–24 October Scorpio Vṛiścik‌‌‌a
9  Agrahayana 30 22–23 November Sagittarius Dhanur
10  Pausha 29 (30) 22–23 December Capricorn Makara
11  Magha 30 20–21 January Aquarius Kumbha
12  Phalguna 30 19–20 February Pisces Mīna

Pausha is the tenth month of the calendar and begins on the December solstice,[5] similar to Dey, the tenth month of the Iranian Solar Hijri calendar. Pausha has 29 days and starts on 22 December, except in leap years, when it has 30 days.[6] The months in the first half of the year all average out to having 31 days but Ashadha has 32 days, to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time.

The names of the months are derived from the older Hindu lunisolar calendar, so variations in spellings exist, and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to.

The names of the weekdays are derived from the seven classical planets (see Navagraha). The first day of the week is Ravivāra (Sunday).[7] The official calendar reckoned by the government of India has Sunday as the first and Saturday as the last day of the week.[1]

Weekdays of the Shaka calendar[7]
Ordinal
number 		Sanskrit
weekday name 		Sanskrit
planet 		Iconic image English
planet 		English
weekday
1 Ravivāra[c] Ravi Sun Sunday
2 Somavāra Soma Moon Monday
3 Maṅgalavāra Maṅgala Mars Tuesday
4 Budhavāra Budha Mercury Wednesday
5 Bṛhaspativāra[d] Bṛhaspati Jupiter Thursday
6 Śukravāra Śukra Venus Friday
7 Śanivāra Śani Saturn Saturday

Years are counted in the Shaka era, which starts its year 0 in the year 78 CE of the Common Era. To determine leap years, add 78 to the Shaka year – if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, then the Shaka year is a leap year as well.[8]

History

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Śaka Period

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Main article: Shaka era

According to the Indian government sources, the Satavahana king Shalivahana is believed to have created the calendar that came to be known as the Śaka Calendar after he defeated Śaka rulers.[citation needed] But the origin date of the Shaka era is highly controversial: According to scholars, the beginning of the Shaka era is widely equated to the ascension of Indo-Scythian king Chashtana in 78 CE.[9]

Adoption

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Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.[e] It was Saha's effort, which led to the formation of the committee. The task before the committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study, which could be adopted uniformly throughout India. The committee had to undertake a detailed study of thirty different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country. The task was further complicated by the integration of those calendars with religion and local sentiments. India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in his preface to the Report of the committee, published in 1955, wrote:

"They (different calendars) represent past political divisions in the country ... . Now that we have attained Independence, it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic, social, and other purposes, and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem."[10]

Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879, Shaka Era, or 22 March 1957.

India has adopted pie Ephemeris Time in the Indian Ephemeris from 1960 onwards in pursuance of the resolution passed by the International Astronomical Union in 1955 to adopt the Ephemeris Time in all national ephemeredes, in order to have uniformity with other nations in indicating the position of the planets in the ephemeris.[f]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^
    HINDUISM
    Myths of time and eternity: ... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate 'dawn' and 'dusk'. The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahāyuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years ... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahāyuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahāyugas form one kalpa (aeon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long pralaya (period of abeyance), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.[2](p 445)
    YUGA
    Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called ... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga") ... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate (Kali) yuga began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.[2](p 1159)
  2. ^ A deva day equals one solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 × 360 day years, each 12 lunar phase months.
    Mahayuga equals 12,000 deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four yugas:
    Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years),
    Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years),
    Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and
    Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years).
    Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (one day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water.
    A "day of Brahma" equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 × 360 day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma.
    We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar.[4][paraphrased]
  3. ^ Ravivāra is also called Adivara.
  4. ^ Bṛhaspativāra is also called Guruvara.
  5. ^ Other members of the Calendar Reform Committee were:
    A.C. Banerjee
    K.L. Daftari
    J.S. Karandikar
    Gorakh Prasad
    R.V. Vaidya
    N.C. Lahiri
  6. ^ A statement is appended to the Indian Ephemeris since 1960 gives the technical reason:
    Greenwich Mean Time, lately called Coordinated Universal Time, had long been the basic measure of time in terms of which the positions of the sun, moon, and planets were calculated and shown in the ephemeredes. It has been observed for some years that the rotation of the Earth, by which the Universal Time and in fact all mean solar times are determined, is not uniform. It has got a gradual retardation as well as fluctuations for various reasons, as a result of which the Universal Time does not increase uniformly.
    As a uniformly increasing time-scale is the independent argument necessary in dynamical astronomy, it has been decided in accordance with a resolution of the International Astronomical Union held at Dublin in 1955 that the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets would be given in all the national ephemeredes with effect from the issue of 1960, not in terms of the Universal Time but of Ephemeris Time defined by resolution of 1952 meeting of the International Astronomical Union.
    This has been done in all the national ephemeredes from the 1960 issue, and India has also adopted the same. Due to the existence of the fluctuation factor in the rotation of the Earth and consequently in the expression of Ephemeris Time, it is not possible to give a definite value of Ephemeris Time in advance. It is possible only to estimate an approximate value by extrapolation. The difference between the Ephemeris Time and Greenwich Mean Time is now very small: The estimated value of the difference for 1960 is 35 seconds of time, so that at time 00h00m00s GMT, the ephemeris time is 00h00m35s [ET].[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Gg holiday calendar". india.gov.in (official website). Government of India.
  2. ^ a b c Godwin, Joscelyn (2011). Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, traditions, and occult revelations. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9781594778575 – via Google books.
  3. ^ Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton, eds. (1999). "Hinduism / Yuga". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. pp. 445 (Hinduism), 1159 (Yuga). ISBN 0877790442 – via archive.org.
  4. ^ a b Gupta, S.V. (2010). "§ 1.2.4   Time measurements". In Hull, Robert; Osgood, Richard M., Jr.; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, present, and future: International System of Units. Springer Series in Materials Science. Vol. 122. Springer. pp. 6–8. ISBN 9783642007378.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  5. ^ "National calendar". National identity elements. Know India: National portal of India (knowindia.gov.in). Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  6. ^ Bromberg, Irv. "The lengths of the seasons". Kalendis. Toronto, CA: University of Toronto. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Happy 'Saka' New Year 1941: Story Behind India's National Calendar". The Quint (thequint.com). 22 March 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  8. ^ "Chronology – reckonings dated from a historical event". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 February 2023 – via britannica.com.
  9. ^ Bhandare, Shailendra (2006). "Numismatics and history: The Maurya-Gupta interlude in the Gangetic plains". In Olivelle, Patrick (ed.). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780199775071.
  10. ^ "Meghnad Saha, a pioneer in astrophysics". Vigyan Prasar science portal (vigyanprasar.gov.in). Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. See also Meghnad Saha.
  11. ^ "[regarding the] Indian Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac". Lok Sabha Debates (PDF) (parlementary record). Second. Vol. XXXIV. New Delhi, IN: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 10 September 1959. column 7424 – via nic.in.

Sources

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