Lamarckismo: Diferenzas entre revisións
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== Na evolución sociocultural == |
== Na evolución sociocultural == |
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Within the field of [[cultural evolution]], Lamarckism has been applied as a mechanism for [[dual inheritance theory]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kronfeldner |first1=Maria |s2cid=85411375 |title=Is cultural evolution Lamarckian? |journal=Biology & Philosophy |date=December 13, 2005 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=493–512 |doi=10.1007/s10539-006-9037-7 }}</ref> Gould viewed culture as a Lamarckian process whereby older generations transmitted adaptive information to offspring via the concept of [[learning]]. In the [[history of technology]], components of Lamarckism have been used to link cultural development to human evolution by considering technology as extensions of human anatomy.<ref>{{harvnb|Cullen|2000|pp=31–60}}</ref>{{-}} |
Within the field of [[cultural evolution]], Lamarckism has been applied as a mechanism for [[dual inheritance theory]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kronfeldner |first1=Maria |s2cid=85411375 |title=Is cultural evolution Lamarckian? |journal=Biology & Philosophy |date=December 13, 2005 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=493–512 |doi=10.1007/s10539-006-9037-7 }}</ref> Gould viewed culture as a Lamarckian process whereby older generations transmitted adaptive information to offspring via the concept of [[learning]]. In the [[history of technology]], components of Lamarckism have been used to link cultural development to human evolution by considering technology as extensions of human anatomy.<ref>{{harvnb|Cullen|2000|pp=31–60}}</ref>{{-}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Barthélemy-Madaule |first=Madeleine |year=1982 |title=Lamarck, the Mythical Precursor: A Study of the Relations Between Science and Ideology |others=English translation by M. H. Shank |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-02179-1 |lccn=82010061 |oclc=8533097 |ref=none}} Translation of ''Lamarck, ou, Le mythe du précurseur'' (1979) |
* {{cite book |last=Barthélemy-Madaule |first=Madeleine |year=1982 |title=Lamarck, the Mythical Precursor: A Study of the Relations Between Science and Ideology |others=English translation by M. H. Shank |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-02179-1 |lccn=82010061 |oclc=8533097 |ref=none}} Translation of ''Lamarck, ou, Le mythe du précurseur'' (1979) |
Revisión como estaba o 19 de xuño de 2024 ás 16:24
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O lamarckismo,[2][3] tamén coñecido como herdanza lamarckista ou, nas súas versións modernas, neolamarckismo,[4] é unha teoría da evolución baseada na noción de que un organismo pode pasar á súa descendencia características físicas que os proxenitores adquiriron por medio do seu uso ou desuso durante a súa vida. Por esta razón tamén se lle chamou herdanza dos caracteres adquiridos ou, máis recentemente, hedanza branda. Esta idea recibe o seu nome polo zoólogo francés da Ilustración Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), que incorporou a teoría da era clásica da herdanza branda á súa teoría da evolución como un suplemento do seu concepto de ortoxénese, unha tendencia cara á complexidade.
En 1809, no seu libro Filosofía zoolóxica, Lamarck propuxo que as formas de vida non foran creadas e permaneceran inmutables, como se aceptaba no seu tempo (véxase creacionismo e fixismo) senón que evolucionaran desde formas de vida máis simples, describindo as condicións que propiciarían a evolución da vida e o mecanismo polo que evolucionaría. A teoría de Lamarck é, pois, a primeira teoría da evolución biolóxica, adiantándose en cincuenta anos á formulación de Darwin da selección natural no seu libro A orixe das especies.[5][6] Con todo, cómpre dicir que, se ben os libros introdutorios de bioloxía contrastan o lamarckismo coa teoría de Charles Darwin da evolución por selección natural, o libro de Darwin A orixe das especies dá credibilidade á idea dos efectos herdables do uso e desuso, igual que fixera Lamarck, e o seu propio concepto da panxénese implicaba tamén unha herdanza branda.[4][7]
Moitos investigadores desde a década de 1860 en adiante intentaron atopar evidencias da herdanza lamarckista, pero esta acabou sendo explicado[8][9] por medio doutros mecanismos como a contaminación xenética ou mesmo a fraude. O experimento de August Weismann, que foron consideradas definitivas na súa época, considérase agora que non conseguiron refutar o lamarckismo, xa que non abordaban o uso e desuso. Poswteriormente, a xenética mendeliana suplantou a noción de herdanza dos caracteres adquiridos, levando finalmente ao desenvolvemento da síntese moderna, e o abandono xeral do lamarckismo en bioloxía. Malia isto, o interese polo lamarckismo continuou.
Desde aproximadamente o ano 2000 novos resultados experimentais nos campos da epixenética, xenética e hipermutación somática probaron a posibilidade da herdanza epixenética transxeneracional de caracteres adquiridos pola xeración previa. Estes probaron unha limitada validez do lamarckismo. A herdanza do holoxenoma, consistente nos xenomas de todos os microbios simbióticos dun organismo así como o seu propio xenoma, é en certa medida lamarckista no seu efecto, aínda que nos seus mecanismos é enteiramente darwinista.
Historia inicial
Orixes
A herdanza das características adquiridas foi proposta xa na antigüidade e permaneceu como unha idea corrente durante moitos séculos. O historiador da ciencia Conway Zirkle escribiu en 1935 que:[10]
Lamarck non foi nin o primeiro biólogo nin o máis distinguido que cría na herdanza dos caracteres adquiridos. El simplemente adoptou unha crenza que fora xeralmente aceptada durante polo menos 2200 anos antes da súa época e utilizouna para explicar como tiña lugar a evolución. A herdanza dos caracteres adquiridos foi aceptada previamente por Hipócrates, Aristóteles, Galeno, Roger Bacon, Jerome Cardan, Levinus Lemnius, John Ray, Michael Adanson, Jo. Fried. Blumenbach e Erasmus Darwin entre outros.[10]
Notas
- ↑ Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta
<ref>
non válida; non se forneceu texto para as referencias de nomeLamarck1830
- ↑ Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para lamarckismo.
- ↑ Coordinadores: Jaime Gómez Márquez, Ana Mª Viñas Díaz e Manuel González González. Redactores: David Villar Docampo e Luís Vale Ferreira. Revisores lingüísticos: Víctor Fresco e Mª Liliana Martínez Calvo. (2010). Dicionario de bioloxía galego-castelán-inglés. (PDF). Xunta de Galicia. p. 107. ISBN 978-84-453-4973-1.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta
<ref>
non válida; non se forneceu texto para as referencias de nomeGhiselin1994
- ↑
A primeira teoría integral da evolución foi presentada a comenzos do século XIX por Jean-Baptiste de Monet de Lamarck quen, en boa medida, era un produto da Ilustración, tanto pola súa determinación de ofrecer unha explicación naturalista da evolución como polo seu enfoque sistémico. Dominou acabadamente a física, a química e a xeoloxía antes de embarcarse na busca de evidencias de que a evolución biolóxica ocorrera realmente. Tamén suxeriu un mecanismo da evolución, polo cal podían xurdir novas especies a través de cambios na relación entre o organismo e o seu ambiente durante a busca do primeiro por satisfacer as súas necesidades básicas, e a produción en consecuencia de novas modificacións nas súas características, as cales volveríanse hereditarias logo de moitas xeracións.Mae-Wan Ho, 1988, Genetic engineering, páx. 90.
- ↑
Mención á parte merece o naturalista francés Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monet, conde de Lamarck (1744-1829). Aínda que denostado polo darwinismo pola súa teoría dos caracteres adquiridos, foi un dos maiores defensores e divulgadores das ideas evolucionistas antes de Darwin. Foi dos primeiros que explicou a variedade e os cambios morfolóxicos nos organismos: a función crea o órgano, a través do tempo e as condicións oportunas. Cuñou o termo bioloxía e estableceu a diferenza básica entre vertebrados e invertebrados.Eugenia Ramírez Goicoechea, Evolución, Cultura y complejidad.
- ↑ Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta
<ref>
non válida; non se forneceu texto para as referencias de nomeGould2002p177
- ↑ Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta
<ref>
non válida; non se forneceu texto para as referencias de nomeBowler 2003 245–246
- ↑ Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta
<ref>
non válida; non se forneceu texto para as referencias de nomeMedawar 1985 168
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Zirkle, Conway (1935). "The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis". The American Naturalist 69 (724): 417–445. doi:10.1086/280617.
Véxase tamén
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- Lecturas adicionais
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ignorado (Axuda); Parámetro descoñecido|doi-access=
ignorado (Axuda) - Pennisi, Elizabeth (September 6, 2013). "Evolution Heresy? Epigenetics Underlies Heritable Plant Traits". Science 341 (6150): 1055. PMID 24009370. doi:10.1126/science.341.6150.1055.
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