Lihat sumber bagi Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

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{{rujukan}}
{{short description|pesawat pengebom berenjin empat buatan A.S yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1936–1945}}
{{Redirect|B-17||B17 (nyahkekaburan)}}
{{Redirect|Flying Fortress|filem 1942|Flying Fortress (filem)}}
{{Redirect|B-17 Flying Fortress|permainan video 1992|B-17 Flying Fortress (permainan video)}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name = B-17 Flying Fortress
 |image = File:B17 - Chino Airshow 2014 (framed).jpg
 |caption = Sebuah B-17G beraksi di pertunjukan udara [[Chino, California|Chino]] pada tahun 2014
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type = [[Pengebom berat]]
 |national origin = Amerika Syarikat
 |manufacturer = [[Boeing]]
 |first flight ={{Start date and age|1935|07|28|df=yes}}<ref name="first flight" />
 |introduction ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1938|04}}
 |retired = 1968 ([[Tentera Udara Brazil]])
 |status =
 |primary user = [[Kor Udara Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat]]
 |more users = [[Tentera Udara Diraja]]
 |produced = 1936–1945
 |number built = 12,731<ref name="Yenne.p8" /><ref>Angelucci and Matricardi 1988, p. 46.</ref>
 |unit cost = {{plainlist|
* AS$238,329 (1945)<ref name="Bowers1976" />
* AS${{Inflation|US-GDP|.238329|1945|fmt=c|r=1}} juta (dalam dolar {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}){{Inflation-fn|US-GDP}}}}
 |variants with their own articles = {{plainlist|
*[[Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress|XB-38 Flying Fortress]]
*[[Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress|YB-40 Flying Fortress]]
*[[Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress|C-108 Flying Fortress]]}}
 |developed into = [[Boeing 307 Stratoliner]]
}}
|}

'''Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress''' adalah sebuah pengebom berat berenjin empat yang dibangunkan pada tahun 1930-an untuk [[Kor Udara Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat]] (USAAC). Ia telah bersaing dengan [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] dan [[Glenn L. Martin Company|Martin]] untuk satu kontrak membekalkan 200 buah pesawat pengebom. Cadangan [[Boeing]] (melalui prototaip Model 299/XB-17) mengatasi pesaingnya dan melepasi spesifikasi keupayaan yang ditetapkan oleh Kor Udara. Meskipun Boeing kehilangan kontrak ini (kepada [[Douglas B-18 Bolo]]) di sebabkan prototaipnya terhempas, Kor Udara telah memesan 13 buah lagi B-17 untuk penilaian lanjut. Bermula dengan pengenalannya pada tahun 1938, B-17 Flying Fortress dibangunkan menjadi pelbagai [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress#Kelainan|rekabentuk maju]],<ref>Parker 2013, pp. 35, 40–48.</ref><ref>Herman 2012, pp. 292–299, 305, 333.</ref> menjadi [[List of most-produced aircraft|pengebom ketiga paling banyak dikeluarkan]], di belakang [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|B-24]] dan pesawat pelbagai peranan berenjin dua [[Junkers Ju 88|Ju 88]].

B-17 digunakan dengan meluas oleh USAAF untuk melaksanakan pengeboman strategik dalam [[Perang Dunia II]] pada waktu siang ke atas sasaran-sasaran tentera dan industri Jerman. [[Pasukan Udara Kelapan]] Amerika Syarikat yang berpangkalan di beberapa pangkalan udara di bahagian tengah, timur dan selatan England, manakala [[Pasukan Udara ke-15]] yang berpangkalan di Itali, melengkapi pengeboman malam oleh [[Markas Pengebom RAF]] untuk mendapatkan penguasaan udara di bandar, kilang dan medan perang di Eropah Barat sebagai persediaan untuk [[Operasi Overlord|serangan ke atas Perancis]] pada tahun 1944.<ref name="Carey Pointblank" /> B-17 juga terlibat dalam perbatasan Lautan Pasifik pada awal Perang Dunia II, di mana ia melakukan serangan ke atas kapal dan lapangan terbang Jepun.<ref>Parker 2013, p. 41.</ref>

Bermula dengan penubuhannya sebelum perang, menjelang bulan Jun 1941, the USAAF mempromosikan pesawat ini sebagai sebuah senjata strategik; di mana kelebihnnya dari segi kelajuan, altitud tinggi dan jarak jauh dengan persenjataan pertahanan dengan kehilangan muatan bom. Ia membina reputasi sebagai sebuah pengebom yang gagah berdasarkan cerita-cerita dan foto-foto B-17 yang rosak teruk kembali ke pangkalan dengan selamat. B-17 menggugurkan lebih banyak bom berbanding mana-mana pesawat A.S lain dalam Perang Dunia II. Sekitar {{Nowrap|1.5 juta tan}} bom digugurkan ke atas [[Nazi Jerman]] dan wilayah jajahannya oleh pesawat A.S., lebih daripada 640,000&nbsp;tan digugurkan oleh B-17.<ref name="Yenne.p46" /> Selain berperanan sebagai pesawat pengebom, B-17 juga digunakan sebagai pesawat pengangkut, anti kapal selam, pengawal dron dan cari-dan-lamat.

Sehingga Oktober 2019, 9 buah Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses masih diterbangkan, meskipun tiada sebuahpun yang pernah terlibat dalam pertempuran. Berdozen-dozen lagi berada dalam simpanan atau pameran statik. Antara pesawat tertua adalah [[The Swoose|sebuah siri-D]] yang diterbangkan dalam pertempuran di Pasifik dan Caribbean.
{{TOC limit}}

== Lihat juga ==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
[[File:Pratt-Whitney T-34 B-17 testbed NAN10-50.jpg|thumb|B-17 yang diubahsuai untuk menguji enjin [[Pratt & Whitney T34|XT-34 turboprop]]. Apabila ujian disudahkan, pesawat dikembalikan semula ke konfigurasi kilang "[[Liberty Belle (B-17)|Liberty Belle]]", tetapi musnah setelah terlibat dalam kebakaran semasa pendaratan paksa berdekatan [[Oswego, Illinois]], pada 13 Jun 2011.]]
* [[Peperangan udara dalam Perang Dunia II]]
{{aircontent
| related =
* [[Boeing XB-15]]
* [[Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress]]
* [[Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress]]
* [[Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress]]
| lists =
* [[Pesawat pengebom]]
* [[Senarai pesawat dalam Perang Dunia II]]
| see also =
* [[Kelainan Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]]
}}

== Nota ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== Rujukan ==
=== Petikan ===
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<ref name="imdb1">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041996/ "Twelve O'Clock High (1949)."] ''Internet Movie Database (IMDb).'' Retrieved: {{Nowrap|16 January}} 2007.</ref>
<ref name="imdb2">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0036152/ "The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress (1944)."]''Internet Movie Database (IMDb).'' Retrieved: {{nowrap|16 January}} 2007.</ref>
<ref name="USAAF.04-45">McKillop, Jack. [http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/apr45.htm "Combat Chronology of the U.S. Army Air Forces: April 1945."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201343/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/apr45.htm |date=7 March 2010 }} ''usaaf.net,'' {{Nowrap|17 January}} 2007.</ref>
<ref name="USCG">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110609004610/http://www.uscg.mil/history/webaircraft/Boeing_PB1.pdf "US Coast Guard Aviation History: Boeing PB-1G 'Flying Fortress'."] ''United States Coast Guard/'' Retrieved: 18 June 2010.</ref>
<ref name="awm">{{cite web |url = http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/bismark/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030824011504/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/bismark/ |url-status=dead |title = Anniversary talks: Battle of the Bismarck Sea, {{nowrap|2–4 March}} 1943 [Australian War Memorial&#93; |archive-date= 24 August 2003 }}</ref>
<!--<ref name="US Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol I and II">edited by Cravens and Cate, Pages</ref>
<ref name="RAF">[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/h223.html "No 233 Squadron."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209104415/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/h223.html |date=9 December 2010 }} ''RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary,'' 6 April 2005. Retrieved 14 September 2012.</ref>
-->
}}

=== Sumber ===
{{refbegin}}
* Andrews, C.F and E.B. Morgan. ''Vickers Aircraft since 1908''. London: Putnam, 1988. {{ISBN|0-85177-815-1}}.
* Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. ''Combat Aircraft of World War II, 1940–1941''. Westoning, Bedfordshire, UK: Military Press, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-517-64179-8}}.
* Arakaki, Leatrice R. and John R. Kuborn. ''{{Nowrap|7 December}} 1941: The Air Force Story''. Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii: Pacific Air Forces, Office of History, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-16-050430-3}}.
* Birdsall, Steve. ''The B-24 Liberator''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc., 1968. {{ISBN|0-668-01695-7}}.
* Bowers, Peter M. ''Boeing Aircraft Since 1916''. London: Putnam, 1989. {{ISBN|0-85177-804-6}}.
* Borth, Christy. ''Masters of Mass Production''. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945. {{OCLC|940290450}}.
* Bowers, Peter M. ''Fortress in the Sky'', Granada Hills, California: Sentry Books, 1976. {{ISBN|0-913194-04-2}}.
* Bowman, Martin W. ''Castles in the Air: The Story of the B-17 Flying Fortress Crews of the U.S. 8th Air Force''. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000, {{ISBN|1-57488-320-8}}.
* Bowman, Martin W. ''B-17 Flying Fortress Units of the Eighth Air Force, Volume 2''. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|1-84176-434-5}}.
* Caidin, Martin. ''Black Thursday''. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1960. {{ISBN|0-553-26729-9}}.
* Caldwell, Donald and Richard Muller. ''The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich''. London: Greenhill Books Publications, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-85367-712-0}}.
* Carey, Brian Todd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220839/http://www.historynet.com/air_sea/airborne_operations/3026416.html?page=4&c=y ''Operation Pointblank: Evolution of Allied Air Doctrine During World War&nbsp;II.''] ''historynet.com'', 12 June 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019054733/http://www.historynet.com/operation-pointblank-evolution-of-allied-air-doctrine-during-world-war-ii.htm archived version 19 October 2014].
* Chant, Christopher. ''Warplanes of the 20th century.'' London: Tiger Books International, 1996. {{ISBN|1-85501-807-1}}.
* Craven, Wesley Frank, James Lea Cate and Richard L. Watson, eds. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/IV/index.html "The Battle of the Bismarck Sea", pp. 129–162; ''The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944'' (The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume IV.] Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950.
* Donald, David, ed. ''American Warplanes of World War Two''. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. {{ISBN|1-874023-72-7}}.
* Donald, David. "Boeing Model 299 (B-17 Flying Fortress)." ''The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft''. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books, 1997. {{ISBN|1-85605-375-X}}.
* Francillon, René J. ''McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920''. London: Putnam, 1979. {{ISBN|0-370-00050-1}}.
* Francillon, René J. ''Lockheed Aircraft since 1913''. London: Putnam, 1982. {{ISBN|0-370-30329-6}}.
* Freeman, Roger A. ''B-17 Fortress at War''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977. {{ISBN|0-684-14872-2}}.
* Gamble, Bruce. ''Fortress Rabaul: The Battle for the Southwest Pacific, January 1942&nbsp;– April 1943''. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7603-2350-2}}.
* Gillison, Douglas. [https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070209/ ''Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series 3 – Air'', Volume 1.] Canberra, Australia: [[Australian War Memorial]], 1962. {{OCLC|2000369}}.
* Gordon, Yefim. ''Soviet Air Power in World War 2''. Hinckley, Lancashire, UK: Midland, Ian Allan Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-304-4}}.
* Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II'' New York: Random House, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.
* Hess, William N. ''B-17 Flying Fortress: Combat and Development History of the Flying Fortress''. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbook International, 1994. {{ISBN|0-87938-881-1}}.
* Hess, William N. ''B-17 Flying Fortress Units of the MTO''. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84176-580-5}}.
* Hess, William N. ''Big Bombers of WWII''. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Lowe & B. Hould, 1998. {{ISBN|0-681-07570-8}}.
* Hess, William N. and Jim Winchester. "Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress: Queen of the Skies". ''Wings of Fame''. Volume 6, 1997, pp.&nbsp;38–103. London: Aerospace Publishing. {{ISBN|1-874023-93-X}}. {{ISSN|1361-2034}}.
* Hoffman, Wally and Philippe Rouyer. ''La guerre à 30 000 pieds''[Available only in French]. Louviers, France: Ysec Editions, 2008. {{ISBN|978-2-84673-109-6}}.
* Jacobson, Capt. Richard S., ed. ''Moresby to Manila Via Troop Carrier: True Story of 54th Troop Carrier Wing, the Third Tactical Arm of the U.S. Army, Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific''. Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson, 1945. {{OCLC|220194939}}
* Johnsen, Frederick A. [http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2006/October%202006/1006bomber.aspx "The Making of an Iconic Bomber."] ''Air Force Magazine'', Volume 89, Issue 10, October 2006. Retrieved: {{Nowrap|14 September}} 2012.
* Knaack, Marcelle Size. ''Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume II: Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973''. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1988. {{ISBN|0-16-002260-6}}.
* Maurer, Maurer. ''Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939''. Washington, D.C.: United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, 1987, pp.&nbsp;406–408. {{ISBN|0-912799-38-2}}.
* Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II''. Cypress, California, Dana Parker Enterprises, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.
* Parshall, Jonathon and Anthony Tulley. ''Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway''. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2005. {{ISBN|1-57488-923-0}}.
* Ramsey, Winston G. ''The V-Weapons''. London, United Kingdom: ''After The Battle'', Number 6, 1974.
* Roberts, Michael D. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915133000/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/dictvol2.htm Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons: Volume 2: The History of VP, VPB, VP(HL) and VP(AM) Squadrons]''. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 2000.
* Sakai, Saburo with Martin Caidin and Fred Saito. ''Samurai!.'' Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-671-56310-3}}.
* Salecker, Gene Eric. ''Fortress Against The Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific''. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing, 2001. {{ISBN|1-58097-049-4}}.
* Serling, Robert J. ''Legend & Legacy: The Story of Boeing and its People''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-312-05890-X}}.
* Shores, Christopher, Brian Cull and Yasuho Izawa. ''Bloody Shambles: Volume One: The Drift to War to The Fall of Singapore''. London: Grub Street, 1992. {{ISBN|0-948817-50-X}}.
* Stitt, Robert. ''Boeing B-17 in RAF Coastal Command Service.'' Redbourn, Herts, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2010. {{ISBN|83-89450-88-7}}.
* Swanborough, F. G. and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Military aircraft since 1909''. London: Putnam, 1963. {{OCLC|846651845}}
* Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Navy Aircraft since 1911''. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. {{ISBN|0-370-10054-9}}.
* Tate, Dr. James P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pZyLTfJFaEgC ''The Army and its Air Corps: Army Policy toward Aviation 1919–1941.''] Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-4289-1257-6}}. Retrieved: {{Nowrap|1 August}} 2008.
* Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Panel Backs Transfer of Famed B-17 Bomber." ''[[Washington Post]]'' Volume 130, Issue 333, {{Nowrap|3 November}} 2007.
* Weigley, Russell Frank. ''The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy.'' Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-253-28029-X}}.
* Wixley, Ken. "Boeing's Battle Wagon: The B-17 Flying Fortress – An Outline History". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', No. 78, November/December 1998, pp.&nbsp;20–33. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}.
* Wynn, Kenneth G. ''U-boat Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U511-UIT25.'' Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-55750-862-3}}.
* Yenne, Bill. ''B-17 at War''. St. Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7603-2522-7}}.
* Yenne, Bill. ''The Story of the Boeing Company''. St. Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7603-2333-X}}.
* {{cite book |last=Zamzow |first = Major S. L. |title = Ambassador of American Airpower: Major General Robert Olds |publisher=Biblioscholar |year=2012 |ISBN=1288344341 }}; was originally issued as an academic thesis {{OCLC|405724149}}.
{{refend}}

== Bacaan lanjut ==
{{refbegin|1}}
* Birdsall, Steve. ''The B-17 Flying Fortress''. Dallas, Texas: Morgan Aviation Books, 1965. {{OCLC|752618401}}.
* Davis, Larry. ''B-17 in Action''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1984. {{ISBN|0-89747-152-0}}.
* Jablonski, Edward. ''Flying Fortress''. New York: Doubleday, 1965. {{ISBN|0-385-03855-0}}.
* Johnsen, Frederick A. ''Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress''. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1-58007-052-3}}.
* Lloyd, Alwyn T. ''B-17 Flying Fortress in Detail and Scale, Vol. 11: Derivatives, Part 2''. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1983. {{ISBN|0-8168-5021-6}}.
* Lloyd, Alwyn T. ''B-17 Flying Fortress in Detail and Scale, Vol. 20: More derivatives, Part 3''. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-8168-5029-1}}.
* Lloyd, Alwyn T. and Terry D. Moore. ''B-17 Flying Fortress in Detail and Scale, Vol. 1: Production Versions, Part 1''. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1981. {{ISBN|0-8168-5012-7}}.
* O'Leary, Michael. ''Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress (Osprey Production Line to Frontline 2)''. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. {{ISBN|1-85532-814-3}}.
* Thompson, Scott A. ''Final Cut: The Post War B-17 Flying Fortress, The Survivors: Revised and Updated Edition''. Highland County, Ohio: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 2000. {{ISBN|1-57510-077-0}}.
* Willmott, H.P. ''B-17 Flying Fortress''. London: Bison Books, 1980. {{ISBN|0-85368-444-8}}.
* Wagner, Ray, "American Combat Planes of the 20th Century", Reno, Nevada, 2004, Jack Bacon & Company, {{ISBN|0-930083-17-2}}.
{{refend}}

== Pautan luar ==
{{Commons category|Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|B-17 Flying Fortress}}
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