SQuAD2.0

The Stanford Question Answering Dataset

What is SQuAD?

Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) is a reading comprehension dataset, consisting of questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to every question is a segment of text, or span, from the corresponding reading passage, or the question might be unanswerable.

SQuAD2.0 combines the 100,000 questions in SQuAD1.1 with over 50,000 unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers to look similar to answerable ones. To do well on SQuAD2.0, systems must not only answer questions when possible, but also determine when no answer is supported by the paragraph and abstain from answering.

Explore SQuAD2.0 and model predictionsSQuAD2.0 paper (Rajpurkar & Jia et al. '18)

SQuAD 1.1, the previous version of the SQuAD dataset, contains 100,000+ question-answer pairs on 500+ articles.

Explore SQuAD1.1 and model predictionsSQuAD1.0 paper (Rajpurkar et al. '16)

Getting Started

We've built a few resources to help you get started with the dataset.

Download a copy of the dataset (distributed under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license):

To evaluate your models, we have also made available the evaluation script we will use for official evaluation, along with a sample prediction file that the script will take as input. To run the evaluation, use python evaluate-v2.0.py <path_to_dev-v2.0> <path_to_predictions>.

Once you have a built a model that works to your expectations on the dev set, you submit it to get official scores on the dev and a hidden test set. To preserve the integrity of test results, we do not release the test set to the public. Instead, we require you to submit your model so that we can run it on the test set for you. Here's a tutorial walking you through official evaluation of your model:

Submission Tutorial

Because SQuAD is an ongoing effort, we expect the dataset to evolve.

To keep up to date with major changes to the dataset, please subscribe:

Have Questions?

Ask us questions at our google group or at robinjia@stanford.edu.

Star

Leaderboard

SQuAD2.0 tests the ability of a system to not only answer reading comprehension questions, but also abstain when presented with a question that cannot be answered based on the provided paragraph.

RankModelEMF1
Human Performance

Stanford University

(Rajpurkar & Jia et al. '18)		86.83189.452

1

Jun 04, 2021		IE-Net (ensemble)

RICOH_SRCB_DML

90.93993.214

2

Feb 21, 2021		FPNet (ensemble)

Ant Service Intelligence Team

90.87193.183

3

May 16, 2021		IE-NetV2 (ensemble)

RICOH_SRCB_DML

90.86093.100

4

Apr 06, 2020		SA-Net on Albert (ensemble)

QIANXIN

90.72493.011

5

May 05, 2020		SA-Net-V2 (ensemble)

QIANXIN

90.67992.948

5

Apr 05, 2020		Retro-Reader (ensemble)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09694		90.57892.978

5

Feb 05, 2021		FPNet (ensemble)

YuYang

90.60092.899

6

Apr 18, 2021		TransNets + SFVerifier + SFEnsembler (ensemble)

Senseforth AI Research

https://www.senseforth.ai/		90.48792.894

6

Dec 01, 2020		EntitySpanFocusV2 (ensemble)

RICOH_SRCB_DML

90.52192.824

6

Jul 31, 2020		ATRLP+PV (ensemble)

Hithink RoyalFlush

90.44292.877

7

May 16, 2022		LANetV2 (ensemble)

2digit-david

http://2digit.io/		90.42092.807

8

Mar 12, 2020		ALBERT + DAAF + Verifier (ensemble)

PINGAN Omni-Sinitic

90.38692.777

9

Feb 05, 2021		MixEnsemble (ensemble)

Anonymous

90.19492.594

10

Jan 10, 2020		Retro-Reader on ALBERT (ensemble)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09694		90.11592.580

11

Jan 12, 2021		Answer Dependent Classify (single model)

YITU

90.05992.517

11

Jan 30, 2021		ANet

ensemble

90.08192.457

12

Nov 06, 2019		ALBERT + DAAF + Verifier (ensemble)

PINGAN Omni-Sinitic

90.00292.425

13

Apr 04, 2022		LANet (ensemble)

2digit-david

89.92392.425

14

Sep 18, 2019		ALBERT (ensemble model)

Google Research & TTIC

https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942		89.73192.215

14

Feb 25, 2020		Albert_Verifier_AA_Net (ensemble)

QIANXIN

89.74392.180

14

Jun 27, 2020		ELECTRA+ATRLP+PV (single model)

Hithink RoyalFlush

89.55192.366

14

Jan 10, 2021		Span Extract + Classify (single model)

Anonymous

89.56292.226

14

Mar 28, 2020		Retro-Reader on ELECTRA (single model)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09694		89.56292.052

14

Mar 27, 2020		albert+KD+transfer (ensemble)

Anonymous

89.46192.134

15

Nov 18, 2020		ROaD-Electra

single model

89.44992.118

16

Feb 02, 2021		ELECTRA + E-Verifier (ensemble)

Midea NLP Team

89.34891.985

16

Jan 03, 2021		ELECTRA + ROBERTA + ALBERT (ensemble)

Midea NLP Team

89.32591.994

16

Jan 12, 2021		2task (single model)

Ted

89.32591.939

17

Oct 13, 2022		Deberta

single model

89.23591.900

18

Apr 21, 2020		albert+KD+transfer+twopass (single)

SPPD

89.11191.877

18

Apr 18, 2020		ALBERT + MTDA + SFVerifier (ensemble model)

Senseforth AI Research

https://www.senseforth.ai/		89.23591.739

19

Apr 15, 2020		ALBERT + SFVerifier (ensemble model)

Senseforth AI Research

https://www.senseforth.ai/		89.13391.666

19

Apr 22, 2020		ELECTRA+RL+EV (single model)

Hithink RoyalFlush

89.02191.765

20

Sep 17, 2021		AE-TEST

ensemble

88.99891.635

20

Dec 08, 2019		ALBERT+Entailment DA (ensemble)

CloudWalk

88.76191.745

20

May 02, 2020		ELECTRA+EntitySpanFocus (Single model)

SRCB_DML

88.87491.546

21

Apr 14, 2020		SA-Net on Electra (single model)

QIANXIN

88.85191.486

22

Mar 06, 2020		ELECTRA (single model)

Google Brain & Stanford

88.71691.365

23

Aug 13, 2020		ELECTRA_ATT (single model)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

88.61491.303

24

Aug 27, 2021		Deberta+prefix

Tsinghua University

88.60391.299

25

Feb 24, 2020		ALBERT (Single model)

SRCB_DML

88.59291.286

25

Feb 20, 2020		Tuned ALBERT (ensemble model)

Group Data & Analytics Cell | Aditya Birla Group)

https://www.adityabirla.com/About/group-data-and-analytics		88.63791.230

25

Jun 24, 2020		ALBERT + IG + NE (single model)

Anonymous

88.56991.287

26

Jun 24, 2020		ALBERT + IG (single model)

Anonymous

88.52491.256

26

Jan 19, 2020		Retro-Reader on ALBERT (single model)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09694		88.10791.419

26

Jul 22, 2019		XLNet + DAAF + Verifier (ensemble)

PINGAN Omni-Sinitic

88.59290.859

26

Mar 13, 2020		aanet_v2.0 (single model)

QIANXIN

88.43490.918

26

Dec 08, 2019		ALBERT+Entailment DA Verifier (single model)

CloudWalk

87.84791.265

26

Jan 07, 2020		ALBERT + SFVerifier (single model)

Senseforth AI Research

https://www.senseforth.ai/		88.19790.830

26

Sep 16, 2019		ALBERT (single model)

Google Research & TTIC

https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942		88.10790.902

26

Mar 30, 2020		MTL (single model)

HAPTIK AI RESEARCH

https://haptik.ai		88.10790.902

26

Jul 26, 2019		UPM (ensemble)

Anonymous

88.23190.713

26

Feb 10, 2020		SkERT-Large (single model)

Skelter Labs

87.99490.944

26

Aug 04, 2019		XLNet + SG-Net Verifier (ensemble)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University & CloudWalk

https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.05147		88.17490.702

26

May 21, 2020		albert+KD+transfer+twopass (single)

SPPD

87.94990.818

26

Feb 29, 2020		ALBERT+RL (single model)

Hithink RoyalFlush

87.87090.823

26

May 22, 2020		albert_xxlarge (single model)

Zheyu Ye

87.80290.872

26

Nov 15, 2019		XLNet (single model)

Google Brain & CMU

87.92690.689

27

Feb 12, 2020		Tuned ALBERT (single model)

Group Data & Analytics Cell | Aditya Birla Group)

https://www.adityabirla.com/About/group-data-and-analytics		87.84790.532

27

Feb 10, 2020		ALBERT 1.1 (single model)

Anonymous

87.70090.588

28

Apr 04, 2020		LUKE (single model)

Studio Ousia & NAIST & RIKEN AIP

https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01057		87.42990.163

29

Aug 04, 2019		XLNet + SG-Net Verifier++ (single model)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University & CloudWalk

https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.05147		87.23890.071

30

Jul 26, 2019		UPM (single model)

Anonymous

87.19389.934

30

Nov 27, 2019		RoBERTa+Verify (ensemble)

CW

86.93390.037

30

Mar 20, 2019		BERT + DAE + AoA (ensemble)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

87.14789.474

30

Jul 20, 2019		RoBERTa (single model)

Facebook AI

86.82089.795

31

Nov 12, 2019		RoBERTa+Verify (single model)

CW

86.44889.586

31

Mar 15, 2019		BERT + ConvLSTM + MTL + Verifier (ensemble)

Layer 6 AI

86.73089.286

32

Mar 05, 2019		BERT + N-Gram Masking + Synthetic Self-Training (ensemble)

Google AI Language

https://github.com/google-research/bert		86.67389.147

32

May 29, 2020		Enhanced Albert+Verifier (ensemble)

Microsoft STCA AIC

86.09889.634

32

Oct 16, 2019		Xlnet+Verifier

single model

86.59489.082

33

Aug 30, 2019		Xlnet+Verifier (single model)

Ping An Life Insurance Company AI Team

86.57289.063

33

May 30, 2020		Enhanced Albert+Verifier3 (ensemble)

Microsoft STCA AIC

85.82789.778

33

Dec 09, 2019		XLNET-V2-123+ (single model)

MST/EOI

http://tia.today		86.40389.148

34

May 21, 2019		XLNet (single model)

Google Brain & CMU

86.34689.133

35

May 14, 2019		SG-Net (ensemble)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.05147		86.21188.848

35

Apr 13, 2019		SemBERT (ensemble)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.02209		86.16688.886

35

Sep 29, 2019		BERTSP (single model)

NEUKG

http://www.techkg.cn/--please		85.83888.921

35

Sep 22, 2020		RoBERTa-Large (ensemble model)

SAIL

85.87288.793

35

Mar 16, 2019		BERT + DAE + AoA (single model)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

85.88488.621

35

Jul 22, 2019		SpanBERT (single model)

FAIR & UW

85.74888.709

36

Sep 21, 2020		RoBERTa-Large (single model)

SAIL

85.17388.425

36

May 14, 2019		SG-Net (single model)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.05147		85.22987.926

36

Mar 13, 2019		BERT + ConvLSTM + MTL + Verifier (single model)

Layer 6 AI

84.92488.204

36

Mar 05, 2019		BERT + N-Gram Masking + Synthetic Self-Training (single model)

Google AI Language

https://github.com/google-research/bert		85.15087.715

36

Jun 19, 2019		BNDVnet (single model)

PAOS

85.00387.833

36

Jan 15, 2019		BERT + MMFT + ADA (ensemble)

Microsoft Research Asia

85.08287.615

36

Apr 11, 2019		SemBERT (single model)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.02209		84.80087.864

36

Sep 13, 2019		xlnet (single model)

VerifiedXiaoPAI

84.64288.000

36

Apr 16, 2019		Insight-baseline-BERT (single model)

PAII Insight Team

84.83487.644

37

Sep 03, 2019		Hanvon_model (single model)

Hanvon_WuHan

84.72187.117

38

Jan 10, 2019		BERT + Synthetic Self-Training (ensemble)

Google AI Language

https://github.com/google-research/bert		84.29286.967

38

Sep 29, 2023		RoberTa+Parallel+Adapters (single model)

Quant Studio

84.12387.013

38

Nov 08, 2019		BERT + Multiple-CNN (ensemble)

Kyonggi University (ICL) & KISTI

84.20286.767

39

Jun 02, 2021		SemNet (single model)

JAIST

83.81986.669

40

Jul 22, 2019		Tuned BERT-1seq Large Cased (single model)

FAIR & UW

83.75186.594

41

Jun 01, 2021		SynNet (single model)

JAIST

83.52586.222

41

Mar 20, 2019		Bert-raw (ensemble)

None

83.60486.036

41

Dec 13, 2018		BERT finetune baseline (ensemble)

Anonymous

83.53686.096

41

Dec 21, 2018		PAML+BERT (ensemble model)

PINGAN GammaLab

83.45786.122

41

Dec 16, 2018		Lunet + Verifier + BERT (ensemble)

Layer 6 AI NLP Team

83.46986.043

42

Dec 15, 2018		Lunet + Verifier + BERT (single model)

Layer 6 AI NLP Team

82.99586.035

42

Jun 20, 2019		SENSEFORTH + BERT

single

https://senseforth.ai		83.14285.873

42

Jan 14, 2019		BERT + MMFT + ADA (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia

83.04085.892

42

May 14, 2019		ATB (single model)

Anonymous

82.88286.002

42

Feb 16, 2019		Bert-raw (ensemble)

None

83.17585.635

42

Feb 26, 2019		BERT with Something (ensemble)

Anonymous

83.05185.737

42

Jan 10, 2019		BERT + Synthetic Self-Training (single model)

Google AI Language

https://github.com/google-research/bert		82.97285.810

42

Jul 22, 2019		Tuned BERT Large Cased (single model)

FAIR & UW

82.80385.863

42

Mar 11, 2019		Bert-raw (ensemble)

None

83.11985.510

42

Feb 15, 2019		BERT + NeurQuRI (ensemble)

2SAH

82.80385.703

43

Feb 27, 2019		BERT + NeurQuRI (ensemble)

2SAH

82.71385.584

43

May 13, 2019		BERT-Base + QA Pre-training (single model)

Anonymous

82.72485.491

43

Dec 16, 2018		PAML+BERT (single model)

PINGAN GammaLab

82.57785.603

43

Aug 05, 2021		BART + Adapters + Lohfink-Rossi-Leaveout (single-model)

Georgia Institute of Technology

https://adapterhub.ml/adapters/lohfink-rossi/facebook-bart-large_qa_squad2_lohfink-rossi-leaveout/		82.30685.670

43

Nov 16, 2018		AoA + DA + BERT (ensemble)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

82.37485.310

44

Dec 12, 2018		BERT finetune baseline (single model)

Anonymous

82.12684.820

44

Sep 22, 2020		BERT-Base PMI-Masking Additional Data (single model)

AI21 Labs

82.02484.854

45

Feb 28, 2019		BERT_s (single model)

Anonymous

81.97984.846

46

Feb 28, 2019		BERT-large+UBFT (single model)

anonymous

81.57384.535

47

Feb 15, 2019		BERT + NeurQuRI (single model)

2SAH

81.25784.342

47

Feb 25, 2019		BERT with Something (single model)

Anonymous

81.11084.386

47

Nov 16, 2018		AoA + DA + BERT (single model)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

81.17884.251

48

Mar 20, 2019		Bert-raw (single)

None

80.69383.922

48

Mar 07, 2019		BERT + UnAnsQ (single model)

Anonymous

80.74983.851

48

Sep 21, 2020		BERT-Base PMI-Masking (single model)

AI21 Labs

80.89683.604

49

Jan 22, 2019		BERT + NeurQuRI (single model)

2SAH

80.59183.391

49

Mar 11, 2019		Bert-raw (single)

None

80.41183.457

50

Sep 22, 2020		PMI-Masking Additional Data Random Baseline (single model)

AI21 Labs

80.37783.262

51

Feb 16, 2019		Bert-raw (single model)

None

80.34383.243

51

May 28, 2019		Bert

Single Model

https://senseforth.ai		80.42283.118

51

Sep 22, 2020		PMI-Masking Pure-PMI (single model)

AI21 Labs

80.24183.175

52

Apr 04, 2019		BISAN-CC (single model)

Seoul National University & Hyundai Motors

80.20883.149

52

Dec 03, 2018		PwP+BERT (single model)

AITRICS

80.11783.189

52

Jul 22, 2019		Original BERT Large Cased (single model)

FAIR & UW

79.97183.266

52

Feb 19, 2019		BERT + UDA (single model)

Anonymous

80.00583.208

53

Apr 10, 2019		bert (single model)

vinda msqjmxx

79.97183.184

53

Feb 28, 2019		ST_bl

single model

80.14082.962

53

Nov 08, 2018		BERT (single model)

Google AI Language

80.00583.061

54

Sep 22, 2020		PMI-Masking Additional Data Pure-PMI (single model)

AI21 Labs

79.99383.039

55

Feb 12, 2019		BERT + Sparse-Transformer

single model

79.94883.023

55

Sep 21, 2020		PMI-Masking Random Baseline (single model)

AI21 Labs

80.03882.796

55

Mar 07, 2019		BERT uncased (single model)

Anonymous

79.74583.020

55

Dec 06, 2018		NEXYS_BASE (single model)

NEXYS, DGIST R7

79.77982.912

56

Feb 01, 2019		{bert-finetuning} (single model)

ksai

79.63282.852

57

Feb 25, 2020		BERT-Large-Cased

single model

79.61082.692

58

Nov 09, 2018		L6Net + BERT (single model)

Layer 6 AI

79.18182.259

58

Mar 14, 2019		{Anonymous} (single model)

Anonymous

78.87682.524

58

Sep 29, 2023		RoberTa+Fusion+Adapters (single model)

Quant Studio

78.93381.863

59

Apr 24, 2019		BERT + WIAN (ensemble)

Infosys Limited

78.65081.497

60

Aug 02, 2020		AMBERT (single model)

ByteDance

78.59481.445

60

Mar 14, 2019		BISAN (single model)

Seoul National University & Hyundai Motors

78.48181.531

61

Dec 26, 2019		BERT-Large-Cased

single model

78.35781.500

62

Dec 14, 2018		BERT+AC (single model)

Hithink RoyalFlush

78.05281.174

63

Aug 03, 2020		BERT (single model)

ByteDance

77.31980.310

64

Sep 17, 2023		RoberTa+Adapter (single model)

Quant Studio

77.26280.258

65

Nov 06, 2018		SLQA+BERT (single model)

Alibaba DAMO NLP

http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1158		77.00380.209

66

Aug 03, 2020		AMBERT-H (single model)

ByteDance

76.71079.659

66

Aug 03, 2020		AMBERT-S (single model)

ByteDance

76.56379.776

67

Jan 05, 2019		synss (single model)

bert_finetune

76.05579.329

68

May 21, 2021		mgrc

single model

75.34478.381

68

Apr 05, 2021		BERT-Base-L (single model)

Anonymous

75.45778.232

69

Dec 18, 2018		ARSG-BERT (single model)

TRINITI RESEARCH LABS, Active.ai

https://active.ai		74.74678.227

69

Aug 29, 2020		BERT-Base-V (single model)

Anonymous

75.07377.805

69

Nov 05, 2018		MIR-MRC(F-Net) (single model)

Kangwon National University, Natural Language Processing Lab. & ForceWin, KP Lab.

74.79177.988

70

Aug 06, 2020		BERT-Base-DT (single model)

Anonymous

74.76977.706

71

Dec 03, 2020		BERT-Base-V2

single model

74.65677.404

71

Feb 25, 2021		BERT-Base-DP (single model)

Anonymous

74.57777.464

72

Aug 14, 2020		BERT-Base-Add (single model)

Anonymous

74.32977.396

72

May 23, 2019		{BERTcw} (single model)

private

74.38577.308

73

Sep 13, 2018		nlnet (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia

74.27277.052

74

Jan 12, 2020		batch2 (single model)

THU

73.74276.858

75

Dec 29, 2018		MMIPN

Single

73.50576.424

76

Aug 09, 2020		BERT-Base-Baseline (single model)

Anonymous

73.30276.284

77

Apr 20, 2019		BERT-Base (single model)

Dining Philosophers

73.09976.236

78

Oct 12, 2018		YARCS (ensemble)

IBM Research AI

72.67075.507

78

Apr 23, 2020		BERT-base

single model

72.07275.513

78

Apr 25, 2020		BERTBase (single model)

Anonymous

72.07275.513

79

Nov 14, 2018		BERT+Answer Verifier (single model)

Pingan Tech Olatop Lab

71.66675.457

80

Sep 17, 2018		Unet (ensemble)

Fudan University & Liulishuo Lab

https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.06638		71.41774.869

80

Apr 24, 2019		BERT-Base (single)

GreenflyAI

https://greenfly.ai		71.69974.430

80

Aug 15, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader + Answer Verifier (single model)

NUDT

https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.05759		71.76774.295

80

Aug 28, 2018		SLQA+ (single model)

Alibaba DAMO NLP

http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1158		71.46274.434

80

Apr 25, 2021		HYDRA_BERT (single model)

JAIST

71.29374.578

81

Jan 19, 2019		{BERT-base} (single-model)

Anonymous

70.76374.449

81

Sep 14, 2018		SAN (ensemble model)

Microsoft Business Applications AI Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03556		71.31673.704

82

Aug 21, 2018		FusionNet++ (ensemble)

Microsoft Business Applications Group AI Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.07341		70.30072.484

82

Sep 26, 2018		Multi-Level Attention Fusion(MLAF) (single model)

Chonbuk National University, Cognitive Computing Lab.

69.47672.857

83

Sep 14, 2018		Unet (single model)

Fudan University & Liulishuo Lab

69.26272.642

84

Dec 20, 2018		DocQA + NeurQuRI (single model)

2SAH

68.76671.662

85

Aug 21, 2018		SAN (single model)

Microsoft Business Applications AI Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03556		68.65371.439

85

Sep 13, 2018		BiDAF++ with pair2vec (single model)

UW and FAIR

68.02171.583

85

Jun 24, 2018		KACTEIL-MRC(GFN-Net) (single model)

Kangwon National University, Natural Language Processing Lab.

68.21370.878

85

Jul 13, 2018		VS^3-NET (single model)

Kangwon National University in South Korea

67.89770.884

86

Jan 01, 2019		EBB-Net (single model)

Enliple AI

66.61070.303

87

Jun 25, 2018		KakaoNet2 (single model)

Kakao NLP Team

65.71969.381

88

Sep 13, 2018		BiDAF++ (single model)

UW and FAIR

65.65168.866

88

Jul 11, 2018		abcNet (single model)

Fudan University & Liulishuo AI Lab

65.25669.206

89

Jun 27, 2018		BSAE AddText (single model)

reciTAL.ai

63.33867.422

90

Aug 14, 2018		eeAttNet (single model)

BBD NLP Team

https://www.bbdservice.com		63.32766.633

90

May 30, 2018		BiDAF + Self Attention + ELMo (single model)

Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence [modified by Stanford]

63.37266.251

91

May 30, 2018		BiDAF + Self Attention (single model)

Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence [modified by Stanford]

59.33262.305

92

May 30, 2018		BiDAF-No-Answer (single model)

University of Washington [modified by Stanford]

59.17462.093

92

Nov 27, 2018		Tree-LSTM + BiDAF + ELMo (single model)

Carnegie Mellon University

57.70762.341

SQuAD1.1 Leaderboard

Here are the ExactMatch (EM) and F1 scores evaluated on the test set of SQuAD v1.1.

RankModelEMF1
Human Performance

Stanford University

(Rajpurkar et al. '16)		82.30491.221

1

Jul 24, 2021		{ANNA} (single model)

LG AI Research

90.62295.719

2

Apr 10, 2020		LUKE (single model)

Studio Ousia & NAIST & RIKEN AIP

https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01057		90.20295.379

3

May 21, 2019		XLNet (single model)

Google Brain & CMU

89.89895.080

4

Dec 11, 2019		XLNET-123++ (single model)

MST/EOI

http://tia.today		89.85694.903

4

Aug 11, 2019		XLNET-123 (single model)

MST/EOI

89.64694.930

5

Jul 21, 2019		SpanBERT (single model)

FAIR & UW

88.83994.635

6

Jul 03, 2019		BERT+WWM+MT (single model)

Xiaoi Research

88.65094.393

7

Jul 21, 2019		Tuned BERT-1seq Large Cased (single model)

FAIR & UW

87.46593.294

8

Oct 05, 2018		BERT (ensemble)

Google AI Language

https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805		87.43393.160

9

May 14, 2019		ATB (single model)

Anonymous

86.94092.641

10

Jul 21, 2019		Tuned BERT Large Cased (single model)

FAIR & UW

86.52192.617

10

Jul 04, 2019		BERT+MT (single model)

Xiaoi Research

86.45892.645

11

Feb 14, 2019		KT-NET (single model)

Baidu NLP

85.94492.425

11

Sep 26, 2018		nlnet (ensemble)

Microsoft Research Asia

85.95491.677

11

Feb 28, 2019		ST_bl

single model

85.43091.976

12

Nov 21, 2019		EL-BERT (single model)

YeonTaek Oh

85.33591.807

13

Mar 14, 2019		BISAN (single model)

Seoul National University & Hyundai Motors

85.31491.756

13

Jun 03, 2019		DPN (single model)

Anonymous

84.97892.019

13

Oct 05, 2018		BERT (single model)

Google AI Language

https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805		85.08391.835

13

Jul 10, 2019		BERT-uncased (single model)

Anonymous

84.92691.932

13

Feb 16, 2019		BERT+Sparse-Transformer

single model

85.12591.623

13

Sep 09, 2018		nlnet (ensemble)

Microsoft Research Asia

85.35691.202

13

Jul 21, 2019		Original BERT Large Cased (single model)

FAIR & UW

84.32891.281

13

Feb 19, 2019		WD (single model)

Anonymous

84.40290.561

13

Jul 11, 2018		QANet (ensemble)

Google Brain & CMU

84.45490.490

13

Apr 21, 2019		Common-sense Governed BERT-123 (single model)

Jerry AGI Ragtag

83.93090.613

14

Feb 21, 2019		WD1 (single model)

Anonymous

83.80490.429

14

Jul 08, 2018		r-net (ensemble)

Microsoft Research Asia

84.00390.147

14

May 08, 2019		Common-sense Governed BERT-123 (single model)

MST/EOI

82.94391.074

14

Jun 20, 2018		MARS (ensemble)

YUANFUDAO research NLP

83.98289.796

15

Mar 19, 2018		QANet (ensemble)

Google Brain & CMU

83.87789.737

15

Sep 09, 2018		nlnet (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia

83.46890.133

16

Sep 01, 2018		MARS (single model)

YUANFUDAO research NLP

83.18589.547

16

Dec 28, 2020		Pytalk + Stanza + BERT (single model)

University of North Texas

83.42689.218

16

Jun 21, 2018		MARS (single model)

YUANFUDAO research NLP

83.12289.224

16

Jul 01, 2020		BERT-Base mod (single model)

Anonymous

82.68189.379

16

Mar 06, 2018		QANet (ensemble)

Google Brain & CMU

82.74489.045

16

Jun 20, 2018		QANet (single)

Google Brain & CMU

82.47189.306

16

Jan 22, 2018		Hybrid AoA Reader (ensemble)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

82.48289.281

16

Feb 19, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader + A2D (ensemble model)

Microsoft Research Asia & NUDT

82.84988.764

16

May 09, 2018		MARS (single model)

YUANFUDAO research NLP

82.58788.880

16

Jan 03, 2018		r-net+ (ensemble)

Microsoft Research Asia

82.65088.493

16

Jan 05, 2018		SLQA+ (ensemble)

Alibaba iDST NLP

82.44088.607

16

Jul 14, 2019		BERT (single model)

KTNET

82.06288.947

16

Feb 27, 2018		QANet (single model)

Google Brain & CMU

82.20988.608

16

Feb 02, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader (ensemble model)

NUDT and Fudan University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02798		82.28388.533

16

Dec 23, 2018		MMIPN

Single

81.58088.948

16

Dec 17, 2017		r-net (ensemble)

Microsoft Research Asia

http://aka.ms/rnet		82.13688.126

16

Dec 17, 2018		ARSG-BERT (single model)

TRINITI RESEARCH LABS, Active.ai

https://active.ai		81.30788.909

16

Dec 22, 2017		AttentionReader+ (ensemble)

Tencent DPDAC NLP

81.79088.163

17

May 09, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader + A2D (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia & NUDT

81.53888.130

17

Apr 23, 2018		r-net (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia

81.39188.170

17

May 09, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader + A2D + DA (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia & NUDT

81.40188.122

17

Apr 03, 2018		KACTEIL-MRC(GF-Net+) (ensemble)

Kangwon National University, Natural Language Processing Lab.

81.49687.557

17

Nov 20, 2020		mBERT + Task Adapter (Single)

TU Darmstadt

80.66788.169

17

Feb 27, 2018		QANet (single model)

Google Brain & CMU

80.92987.773

17

Nov 17, 2017		BiDAF + Self Attention + ELMo (ensemble)

Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence

81.00387.432

17

Feb 19, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader + A2D (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia & NUDT

80.91987.492

17

Mar 11, 2020		batch (single model)

THU

79.85988.263

17

Feb 12, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader + A2D (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia & NUDT

80.48987.454

17

Apr 12, 2018		AVIQA+ (ensemble)

aviqa team

80.61587.311

18

Jan 13, 2018		SLQA+

single model

80.43687.021

18

Jan 04, 2018		{EAZI} (ensemble)

Yiwise NLP Group

80.43686.912

18

Jan 12, 2018		EAZI+ (ensemble)

Yiwise NLP Group

80.42686.912

18

Jan 22, 2018		Hybrid AoA Reader (single model)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

80.02787.288

18

Jan 06, 2020		BERT-INDEPENDENT-DSS-FILTERED (single model)

Brno University of Technology

79.59787.374

18

Mar 20, 2018		DNET (ensemble)

QA geeks

80.16486.721

19

Feb 12, 2018		BiDAF + Self Attention + ELMo + A2D (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia & NUDT

79.99686.711

20

Jan 03, 2018		r-net+ (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia

79.90186.536

20

Feb 23, 2018		MAMCN+ (single model)

Samsung Research

79.69286.727

21

Jan 29, 2018		Reinforced Mnemonic Reader (single model)

NUDT and Fudan University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02798		79.54586.654

21

Dec 05, 2017		SAN (ensemble model)

Microsoft Business AI Solutions Team

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03556		79.60886.496

21

Dec 28, 2017		SLQA+ (single model)

Alibaba iDST NLP

79.19986.590

22

Oct 17, 2017		Interactive AoA Reader+ (ensemble)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK

79.08386.450

22

Nov 05, 2018		KACTEIL-MRC(GF-Net+Distillation) (single model)

Kangwon National University, Natural Language Processing Lab.

79.08386.288

23

Jun 01, 2018		MDReader

single model

79.03186.006

23

Oct 24, 2017		FusionNet (ensemble)

Microsoft Business AI Solutions Team

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.07341		78.97886.016

24

Oct 22, 2017		DCN+ (ensemble)

Salesforce Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00106		78.85285.996

25

Mar 29, 2018		KACTEIL-MRC(GF-Net+) (single model)

Kangwon National University, Natural Language Processing Lab.

78.66485.780

25

Nov 03, 2017		BiDAF + Self Attention + ELMo (single model)

Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence

78.58085.833

26

May 09, 2018		KakaoNet (single model)

Kakao NLP Team

78.40185.724

27

Nov 30, 2017		SLQA (ensemble)

Alibaba iDST NLP

78.32885.682

27

Mar 19, 2018		aviqa (ensemble)

aviqa team

78.49685.469

27

Jan 02, 2018		Conductor-net (ensemble)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10504		78.43385.517

27

Sep 18, 2018		BiDAF++ with pair2vec (single model)

UW and FAIR

78.22385.535

27

Jun 01, 2018		MDReader0

single model

78.17185.543

27

Jan 03, 2018		MEMEN (single model)

Zhejiang University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.09098		78.23485.344

27

Jan 29, 2018		test

single

78.08785.348

28

Jul 25, 2017		Interactive AoA Reader (ensemble)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

77.84585.297

29

Mar 20, 2018		DNET (single model)

QA geeks

77.64684.905

30

Sep 18, 2018		BiDAF++ (single model)

UW and FAIR

77.57384.858

30

Dec 06, 2017		AttentionReader+ (single)

Tencent DPDAC NLP

77.34284.925

30

Dec 13, 2017		RaSoR + TR + LM (single model)

Tel-Aviv University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03609		77.58384.163

30

Dec 21, 2017		Jenga (ensemble)

Facebook AI Research

77.23784.466

30

Nov 06, 2017		Conductor-net (ensemble)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10504		76.99684.630

30

Jan 23, 2018		MARS (single model)

YUANFUDAO research NLP

76.85984.739

31

May 14, 2018		VS^3-NET (single model)

Kangwon National University in South Korea

76.77584.491

31

Nov 01, 2017		SAN (single model)

Microsoft Business AI Solutions Team

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03556		76.82884.396

31

Sep 26, 2018		{gqa} (single model)

FAIR

77.09083.931

31

Dec 19, 2017		FRC (single model)

in review

76.24084.599

31

Oct 13, 2017		r-net (single model)

Microsoft Research Asia

http://aka.ms/rnet		76.46184.265

32

Oct 22, 2017		Conductor-net (ensemble)

CMU

76.14683.991

33

Sep 08, 2017		FusionNet (single model)

Microsoft Business AI Solutions team

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.07341		75.96883.900

34

Oct 22, 2017		Interactive AoA Reader+ (single model)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK

75.82183.843

34

Oct 18, 2018		KAR (single model)

York University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03449		76.12583.538

35

Jul 14, 2017		smarnet (ensemble)

Eigen Technology & Zhejiang University

75.98983.475

36

Mar 15, 2018		AVIQA-v2 (single model)

aviqa team

75.92683.305

37

Aug 18, 2017		RaSoR + TR (single model)

Tel-Aviv University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03609		75.78983.261

37

Mar 20, 2020		Kbs (single model)

Tsinghua University

75.03483.405

37

Oct 23, 2017		DCN+ (single model)

Salesforce Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00106		75.08783.081

37

Nov 01, 2017		Mixed model (ensemble)

Sean

75.26582.769

37

May 21, 2017		MEMEN (ensemble)

Eigen Technology & Zhejiang University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.09098		75.37082.658

37

Nov 17, 2017		two-attention-self-attention (ensemble)

guotong1988

75.22382.716

37

Jul 10, 2017		DCN+ (single model)

Salesforce Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00106		74.86682.806

37

Mar 09, 2017		ReasoNet (ensemble)

MSR Redmond

https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05284		75.03482.552

37

Oct 31, 2017		SLQA (single model)

Alibaba iDST NLP

74.48982.815

37

Feb 06, 2018		Jenga (single model)

Facebook AI Research

74.37382.845

37

Jan 02, 2018		Conductor-net (single model)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10504		74.40582.742

37

Aug 14, 2018		eeAttNet (single model)

BBD NLP Team

https://www.bbdservice.com		74.60482.501

38

Feb 13, 2018		SSR-BiDAF

ensemble model

74.54182.477

39

Jul 14, 2017		Mnemonic Reader (ensemble)

NUDT and Fudan University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02798		74.26882.371

40

Dec 23, 2017		S^3-Net (ensemble)

Kangwon National University in South Korea

74.12182.342

41

Jul 29, 2017		SEDT (ensemble model)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00572		74.09081.761

42

Jul 06, 2017		SSAE (ensemble)

Tsinghua University

74.08081.665

42

Jul 25, 2017		Interactive AoA Reader (single model)

Joint Laboratory of HIT and iFLYTEK Research

73.63981.931

42

Feb 22, 2017		BiDAF (ensemble)

Allen Institute for AI & University of Washington

https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01603		73.74481.525

42

Apr 22, 2017		SEDT+BiDAF (ensemble)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00572		73.72381.530

42

Nov 06, 2017		Conductor-net (single)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10504		73.24081.933

42

Dec 14, 2017		Jenga (single model)

Facebook AI Research

73.30381.754

42

Jan 24, 2017		Multi-Perspective Matching (ensemble)

IBM Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.04211		73.76581.257

42

May 01, 2017		jNet (ensemble)

USTC & National Research Council Canada & York University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04617		73.01081.517

43

Oct 22, 2017		Conductor-net (single)

CMU

72.59081.415

43

Apr 12, 2017		T-gating (ensemble)

Peking University

72.75881.001

43

Nov 16, 2017		two-attention-self-attention (single model)

guotong1988

72.60081.011

43

Sep 20, 2017		BiDAF + Self Attention (single model)

Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10723		72.13981.048

43

Mar 03, 2018		AVIQA (single model)

aviqa team

72.48580.550

43

Dec 15, 2017		S^3-Net (single model)

Kangwon National University in South Korea

71.90881.023

44

Nov 06, 2017		attention+self-attention (single model)

guotong1988

71.69880.462

45

Nov 01, 2016		Dynamic Coattention Networks (ensemble)

Salesforce Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01604		71.62580.383

45

Apr 13, 2017		QFASE

NUS

71.89879.989

45

Jul 14, 2017		smarnet (single model)

Eigen Technology & Zhejiang University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.02772		71.41580.160

46

Jul 14, 2017		Mnemonic Reader (single model)

NUDT and Fudan University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02798		70.99580.146

46

May 23, 2018		AttReader (single)

College of Computer & Information Science, SouthWest University, Chongqing, China

71.37379.725

46

Apr 22, 2018		MAMCN (single model)

Samsung Research

70.98579.939

46

Oct 27, 2017		M-NET (single)

UFL

71.01679.835

47

Mar 24, 2017		jNet (single model)

USTC & National Research Council Canada & York University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04617		70.60779.821

47

Apr 02, 2017		Ruminating Reader (single model)

New York University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.07415		70.63979.456

47

Mar 14, 2017		Document Reader (single model)

Facebook AI Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.00051		70.73379.353

47

Mar 08, 2017		ReasoNet (single model)

MSR Redmond

https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05284		70.55579.364

47

Dec 28, 2016		FastQAExt

German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04816		70.84978.857

47

May 13, 2017		RaSoR (single model)

Google NY, Tel-Aviv University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01436		70.84978.741

47

Apr 14, 2017		Multi-Perspective Matching (single model)

IBM Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.04211		70.38778.784

48

Aug 30, 2017		SimpleBaseline (single model)

Technical University of Vienna

69.60078.236

48

Feb 05, 2018		SSR-BiDAF

single model

69.44378.358

49

Apr 12, 2017		SEDT+BiDAF (single model)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00572		68.47877.971

50

Jun 25, 2017		PQMN (single model)

KAIST & AIBrain & Crosscert

68.33177.783

51

Apr 12, 2017		T-gating (single model)

Peking University

68.13277.569

51

Jul 29, 2017		SEDT (single model)

CMU

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00572		68.16377.527

51

Dec 28, 2016		FastQA

German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04816		68.43677.070

51

Jan 22, 2018		FABIR

Single Model

https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09580		67.74477.605

51

Nov 28, 2016		BiDAF (single model)

Allen Institute for AI & University of Washington

https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01603		67.97477.323

52

Oct 26, 2016		Match-LSTM with Ans-Ptr (Boundary) (ensemble)

Singapore Management University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.07905		67.90177.022

52

Sep 19, 2017		AllenNLP BiDAF (single model)

Allen Institute for AI

http://allennlp.org/		67.61877.151

53

Feb 05, 2017		Iterative Co-attention Network

Fudan University

67.50276.786

54

Jan 03, 2018		newtest

single model

66.52775.787

54

Nov 01, 2016		Dynamic Coattention Networks (single model)

Salesforce Research

https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01604		66.23375.896

55

Oct 26, 2016		Match-LSTM with Bi-Ans-Ptr (Boundary)

Singapore Management University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.07905		64.74473.743

56

Sep 21, 2017		OTF dict+spelling (single)

University of Montreal

https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.00286		64.08373.056

56

Feb 19, 2017		Attentive CNN context with LSTM

NLPR, CASIA

63.30673.463

57

Nov 02, 2016		Fine-Grained Gating

Carnegie Mellon University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01724		62.44673.327

57

Sep 21, 2017		OTF spelling (single)

University of Montreal

https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.00286		62.89772.016

58

Sep 21, 2017		OTF spelling+lemma (single)

University of Montreal

https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.00286		62.60471.968

59

Sep 28, 2016		Dynamic Chunk Reader

IBM

https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.09996		62.49970.956

59

Nov 15, 2019		RQA+IDR (single model)

BUAA & MSRA

https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02925		61.14571.389

60

Aug 27, 2016		Match-LSTM with Ans-Ptr (Boundary)

Singapore Management University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.07905		60.47470.695

61

Aug 27, 2016		Match-LSTM with Ans-Ptr (Sentence)

Singapore Management University

https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.07905		54.50567.748

61

Nov 15, 2019		RQA (single model)

BUAA & MSRA

https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02925		55.82765.467

62

Aug 22, 2019		UQA (single model)

Anonymous

53.69864.036