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{{Infobox treaty|name=Abraham Accords|date_signed=September 15, 2020|location_signed=White House, Washington, D.C., United States|mediators=<br/>{{flag|United States}}|image=File:President Trump and The First Lady Participate in an Abraham Accords Signing Ceremony (50345629858).jpg|image_size=|signatories={{flag|Bahrain}}<br/>{{flag|Israel}}<br/>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}

The '''Abraham Accords''' are a set of diplomatic documents between [[Israel]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), and [[Bahrain]]. They were signed on September 15, 2020 at the White House, with [[Donald Trump]] as a witness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The Abraham Accords|url=https://www.state.gov/the-abraham-accords/|access-date=May 2, 2023|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> It was first an agreement between Israel, and the UAE, but later Bahrain joined due to similar interests. The goal was to make diplomatic relations and trade easier between the countries. The focus was on improving peace and stability in the Middle East.  

[[File:AccordAbrahamMap-01.svg|thumb|Map of Israel (blue), Bahrain (orange) and the United Arab Emirates (red)]]
== Background ==
Arab states and Israel began to normalize their relationship with the [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty|Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty]] (1979) and the [[Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty]] (1994).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benstead|first=Lindsay J.|date=2021-12-27|title=Civil society, insecurity and Arab support for normalization with Israel: Contextualizing the Abraham Accords|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629395.2021.2008669|journal=Mediterranean Politics|volume=28 |issue=4 |language=en|pages=525–553|doi=10.1080/13629395.2021.2008669|s2cid=245545841 |issn=1362-9395}}</ref> In March 2002, the [[Arab League]] also agreed on the Arab Peace Initiative (API). The API is in favor of normalized relations with Israel in exchange for its withdrawal from the occupied [[Palestinian territories|territories of Palestine]].<ref name=":3" />


On June 12, 2020 Youseif Al-Otaiba, ambassador of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the United States, wrote a piece disagreeing with the Israeli annexation of the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Otaiba|first=Yousef Al|date=2020-06-12|title=Annexation will be a serious setback for better relations with the Arab world|language=en|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/H1Gu1ceTL|access-date=2023-05-02}}</ref> Following the API, he thought of normalizing relations with Israel to put an end to the annexation. The United States agreed that it was a good solution and decided to supervise negotiations. On August 13, 2020 Donald Trump announced publicly that discussions were ongoing between Israel and the UAE.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|last2=Kershner|first2=Isabel|last3=Kirkpatrick|first3=David D.|last4=Bergman|first4=Ronen|date=2020-08-13|title=Israel and United Arab Emirates Strike Major Diplomatic Agreement|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/13/us/politics/trump-israel-united-arab-emirates-uae.html|access-date=2023-05-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Following the announcement, Bahrain asked to participate in the exchanges with Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ravid|first=Barak|date=September 11, 2020|title=Behind the scenes of the U.S.-brokered Israel-Bahrain agreement|url=https://www.axios.com/2020/09/11/behind-scenes-us-brokered-bahrain-israel-deal|access-date=May 2, 2023|website=Axios}}</ref> The negotiations ended on September 15, 2020 with the official signature of the Abraham Accords at the White House between the United States, Israel, the UAE and Bahrain.<ref name=":2" />
== Document ==
[[File:Abraham Accords Declaration.jpg|thumb|250px|Abraham Accords Declaration]]The signatories of the declaration are the Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (upper left), the American President Donald Trump (bottom left), the Bahraini Foreign Minister Abdullatif Al Zayani (upper right) and the Emirati minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nayhan (bottom right).

== Motives ==
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain share similar motivations for signing the accords. These include securing peace in the region, shared opposition toward Iran, and wanting improved relations with the United States (US) and Israel. Instability in the region refers to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] that has created divisions between Arab nations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Rami|date=May 30, 2022|title=The Palestinian Refugees in Light of the 2020 Abraham Accords|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mepo.12624|journal=Middle East Policy|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=46–54|doi=10.1111/mepo.12624|s2cid=249259066 |issn=1061-1924}}</ref> The UAE and Bahrain claim that signing the accords will help improve stability due to potential free-trade and economic advantages.<ref name=":0" /> However, other members of the Arab League, such as [[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]], refuse to recognize Israel until the Palestinian issue is solved.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Guzansky|first1=Yoel|last2=Marshall|first2=Zachary A.|date=2020-09-01|title=The Abraham Accords: Immediate Significance and Long-Term Implications|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2020.1831861|journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=379–389|doi=10.1080/23739770.2020.1831861|s2cid=228954228 |issn=2373-9770}}</ref> The UAE, Bahrain and Israel were all opposed to the Iranian Nuclear Deal and sided with the US in fighting the Islamic regime.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-13|title=The Abraham Accords: Israel–Gulf Arab Normalisation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13567888.2020.1853892|journal=Strategic Comments|language=en|volume=26|issue=8|pages=iv–v|doi=10.1080/13567888.2020.1853892|s2cid=227163530 |issn=1356-7888}}</ref> Donald Trump's role in mediating the agreements, opened doors for more economic and military support from the US to the UAE and Bahrain, particularly naval and aviation resources.<ref name=":1" />

== US Role as Mediator ==
Donald Trump helped mediate the accords and signed the documents with representatives for Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Bahrain. The accords were also signed at the White House. Facing re-election, Trump wanted to improve his role in international affairs and shares similar beliefs regarding the Iranian Nuclear Deal and the region's instability.<ref name=":3" /> His position also reflects the United State's allies, interests and complicated history in the region. 

== Impacts and Consequences ==
[[Morocco]] signed a similar agreement with Israel on December 22, 2020. [[Sudan]] also declared a wish to normalize its relations with Israel.<ref name=":2" /> The other Gulf states did not follow suit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last1=Feierstein|first1=Gerald M.|last2=Guzansky|first2=Yoel|date=September 14, 2022|title=Two years on, what is the state of the Abraham Accords?|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/two-years-what-state-abraham-accords|access-date=May 2, 2023|website=Middle East Institute}}</ref> 

The Abraham Accords benefited Israel more than the other signatories. Even without annexing the West Bank, the state is able to establish new settlements.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Fetouri|first=Mustafa|date=July 23, 2022|title=The Abraham Accords at Two: Who is Getting What? To What Result?|url=https://www.wrmea.org/north-africa/the-abraham-accords-at-two-who-is-getting-what-to-what-result.html|access-date=May 2, 2023|website=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs}}</ref> It didn't significantly impact the Palestinians. The signatories all gained trade and economic opportunities.<ref name=":4" /> The United Arab Emirates and Bahrain won the support of the United States.<ref name=":5" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2020s in history}}
{{Donald Trump}}
{{Israel–United States relations}}

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[[Category:Israel]]
[[Category:Politics of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Bahrain]]
[[Category:August 2020 events]]
[[Category:2020s treaties]]

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