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Jaguar XJ (X351)
Overview
Manufacturer	Jaguar Cars (2009–2012) Jaguar Land Rover (2013–2019)
Production	September 2009 – July 2019[1][2] (122,330 examples)
Model years	2010–2019
Assembly	England: Castle Bromwich, Birmingham (Castle Bromwich Assembly) India: Pune[3]
Designer	Ian Callum (design director: 2005–2008)[4] Giles Taylor (2006, 2008)
Body and chassis
Class	Full-size luxury car
Body style	4-door saloon
Layout	Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive / all-wheel-drive
Platform	JLR D2a[5]
Powertrain
Engine	Petrol: 3.0 L supercharged AJ V6 5.0 L AJ Gen III V8 5.0 L AJ Gen III supercharged V8 Diesel: 3.0 L Ford AJD twin-turbocharged V6 [6]
Transmission	6-speed automatic (2009-2013)[6] 8-speed automatic (2013-2019)
Dimensions
Wheelbase	XJ: 3,032 mm (119.4 in) XJ-L: 3,157 mm (124.3 in)[6]
Length	XJ: 5,130 mm (202 in) XJ-L: 5,255 mm (206.9 in)[6]
Width	1,899 mm (74.8 in) With mirrors: 2,110 mm (83 in)[6]
Height	1,461 mm (57.5 in)
Kerb weight	XJ: Diesel: 1,796 kg (3,960 lb) Petrol: 1,755 kg (3,869 lb) Supercharged: 1,892 kg (4,171 lb) XJ-L: Diesel: 1,813 kg (3,997 lb) Petrol: 1,773 kg (3,909 lb) Supercharged: 1,915 kg (4,222 lb)[6]
Chronology
Predecessor	Jaguar XJ (X350) / Jaguar XJ (X358)

X351^[7][8] is the internal designation for the final generation of the Jaguar XJ, a range of full-size luxury saloons (F-segment)^[9][10][11] produced by British manufacturer Jaguar Cars, later known as Jaguar Land Rover, from 2009 to 2019. Representing the fourth generation of the XJ saloon range, the X351 succeeds the X350.

Designed and developed under the direction of British exterior designer Ian Callum, the whole development process lasted three years. The X351 utilises the JLR D2a, a platform dedicated to making vehicles that feature a longitudinally-mounted combustion engine and an aluminium-alloy structure. It was announced in 2009 before going on sale in 2010, and combines revised styling with underpinnings of the previous Jaguar X350 generation. It is the final generation of the XJ, after the electric Jaguar XJ was cancelled in February 2021.^[12]

The X351 is the first XJ to feature an all-wheel drive system, due to the popularity of AWD vehicles in the United States. The XJ, ditching its quad headlamps, adopts a more streamlined exterior design to match the current design trend of cars in that generation.^[13] Production of the car was due to begin in September 2009, with first deliveries being made in early 2010.^[14] Mass production later began in 2010, with the car arriving in dealer showrooms in May 2010.^[15][16] Production was initially carried out only at the Castle Bromwich Assembly plant in Birmingham, England.^[17] From 2014, assembly from complete knockdown kits (CKD) of the XJ commenced at Jaguar Land Rover's facility in Pune, India.^[18] The final XJ rolled of the production line on 5 July 2019. This model had represented the last model out of all 122,330 X351 units produced.^[19]

2013 Jaguar XJ 3.0 Kompressor Premium Luxury (Germany; pre-facelift)

Development of the fourth generation XJ—designated X351—had commenced in 2005, with final design approval taking place in November 2006 and the design being frozen in the first half of 2008. The design team was led by design director Ian Callum,^[20] however it was Matthew Beaven who had led the XJ design group, which was initially composed of Giles Taylor, Adam Hatton, Mark Phillips, Nicholas Finney and Kim Challinor. The designers were given the task of producing a new body style using a majority of the underpinnings from the outgoing X350.^[21][22][23] Julian Thomson, Jaguar's Head of Advanced Design and subsequently Director of Design at Jaguar defined it as "a period of great reinvention" and that he and his team "all contributed to what we thought the new XJ should look like and all of us had our own personal vision for the XJ". Ultimately, the team had made a total of eight computer-aided design models for viewing.^[21] The design team had desired to keep what they call the "Jaguar look" and pay admiration to iconic Jaguar XJ6, while simultaneously revolutionising the marque's large luxury vehicle.^[21] Consequently, one of the first things the designers did was remove the quad headlamps, which has been a staple look of the XJ since 1968.^[24] They had also removed the small grille style that had also been on the XJ since its launch. The designers had understood that the size of the grille was important; Callum had stated that design concepts seemed "extraordinarily assertive".^[21]

Despite the X350 being used as a basis for the X351, the XJ had to incorporate a style that fit in with the newly-introduced X250 XF (2007) and the X150 XK (2006), which were both already successful vehicles within the market sector.^[21] Matthew Beaven had stated that the team had developed range of concepts, ranging from a sports sedan—dubbed the "Goodwood"—to a conventional large luxury sedan. He had stated that these were all designed via computer-aided design. Meetings were held daily where the team discussed the drawings and viewed the CAD models.^[21][25] By March 2006, a foundational design had been established.^[26] Use of computer-aided design in the development studio was standard; however, Callum and Thomson had encouraged the team to start sketching ideas of what they thought the XJ should look like.^[21]

Jaguar's on-set manufacturing and engineering departments were involved in converting the concepts to a production vehicle.^[21][27] At this time, Jaguar was a worldwide leader in the use of aerospace technology in the vehicle industry. The previous X350 XJ and the XK X150 had made use of alloys being combined and fixed to form a strong and light structure.^[21][28][21] The X351 featured these technologies, however these were upgraded by utilising larger panels that matched with the overall size of the car. Using experience from the earlier XJ and XF aluminium build techniques, engineers at Castle Bromwich Assembly plant were conceiving new ways of decreasing the number of components that make up its body structure.^[29] The previous XJ uses three aluminium components for the doors; however, the X351 featured a single-piece design which was lighter and stiffer.^[21][30] The X351 also utilised Jaguar's in-house developed "Fusion" alloy where high-strength aluminium is sandwiched between layers of alloy. It allows panel thicknesses to be reduced by 10 per cent, reducing weight and increasing strength of the its structure.^[21] Jaguar says that more than 50 per cent of its body structure is built on recycled aluminium.^[31][32][33]

Once the foundational design was established, designers had spent the next six months continuously designing and developing. Callum and Thomson had other responsibilities, however they monitored the team's progress on a daily basis.^[21] By November 2006, the design was chosen and was ready to be developed further. Through 2007 and for the first half of 2008, a single unit was designed for the final sign-off. The design had underwent several CAD stages, and full-size clay models were made to present to the Jaguar board.^[21] Prototypes of the X351 were produced and tested across the world in hot, dry, humid, wet, cold, and freezing climates.^[34] According to Callum, the outdated styling of the XJ has severely reduced sales, meaning for considerably lower figures than the smaller XF.^[34] While testing, Mike Cross, Jaguar's Chief Engineer of Vehicle Integrity, had praised the XJ's superior handling.^[21] Jaguar had desired to make the 135 mm (5.3 in) longer LWB model has similar as possible to the short-wheelbase variant.^[21]

The X351 was also tested on the Nürburgring track and on other tracks in the UK and US. Designers had specifically focused on weight, due to Jaguar's decision to make both SWB and LWB models as similar as possible. The LWB weighs 20 kg (44 lb) more than the short model; this was because of extensive use of aluminium and magnesium to construct the XJ, which had resulted in little difference in weight between the two models.^[21] Cross had stated that any extra weight is caused by rear air springs and the Adaptive Dynamics suspension system.^[21][35]

To launch the X351, Jaguar had chosen the Saatchi Gallery in London on 9 July 2009.^[36] Jaguar had invited more than 500 guests, including television host and comedian Jay Leno.^[37][38][39] The event was broadcast live on the Jaguar website. The US model was unveiled at the 2009 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance.^[40]

In addition to the standard version with a 3,035 mm (119.5 in) wheelbase, a long-wheelbase version was available with a 3,160 mm (124 in) wheelbase.^[41] At the 2010 Moscow Motor Show, a high security version of the car called the XJ Sentinel was introduced.^[42][43] This model is an armoured version of the LWB XJ with B7-level ballistic protection as well as providing protection against 15 kg (33 lb) TNT or other explosives. It features the 5.0 L supercharged V8 engine shared with the XJ Supersport, having a power output of 510 PS (375 kW) and 19-inch wheels with Dunlop Self Supporting Technology run-flat tyres.^[44] Unlike other full-size luxury cars, the long-wheelbase variant was designed first and was expected to make up 67 per cent of sales in the US market.^[45] Unlike the XF, or the XE which had came five years after, the XJ introduces newly-designed rear features wrap-over taillamps, unique to any Jaguar vehicles.^[21] The glass roof utilises specially-toughened and heavy-duty film, which is bonded to the lower surfaces.^[46] The XJ features a concealed aluminium panel, which stretches across the XJ above the rear-seat passengers to add strength to the bodyshell for extra security.Cite error: Invalid parameter in <ref> tag At the time, the XJ was crowned one of the most aerodynamically efficient Jaguars at a figure of 0.29 C _d.^[47] As well as reduced drag and relatively low noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), its exterior design achieves aerodynamic loads that are balanced between front and rear axles to ensure optimum handling balance and high-speed stability.^[47]

The XJ offers a boot space ranging from 479 litres (16.9 cu ft) to 520 litres (18 cu ft), larger than the G11 BMW 7 and the D5 Audi A8, however smaller than the W222 Mercedes-Benz S-Class.^[48][49] The air vents are made of solid metal, while the doors are made of polished wood veneer.^[49] For the standard wheelbase XJ in the front row, headroom is rated at 39.5 in (1,000 mm), while legroom is rated at 41.5 in (1,050 mm). For the rear row on the standard wheelbase model, headroom is rated at 37.2 in (940 mm), while legroom is rated at 38.9 in (990 mm).^[50] LWB models offer 4.7 in (12 cm) more legroom than the standard model.^[49] Mark Phillips had stated that the interior was inspired by the 2001 Jaguar R-Coupe concept. Jaguar had moved the dashboard down by about 50 mm (2.0 in), which had allowed for a low-slung design.^[21] The XJ features a near-perfect weight distribution of 51 front, 49 rear.^[51]

The most significant change is reversion to steel coil springs for the front suspension, retaining air suspension for the rear only. Continuously variable damping is electronically controlled as before but with driver selectable modes.^[52][53] The aluminium unibody chassis makes the XJL one of the lightest of the F-segment saloons despite its exterior proportions, weighing in at 1,874 kg (4,131 lb), which is 111 kg (245 lb) lighter than the smaller BMW 550i.^[45]

The engine used by the X351 are enlarged and upgraded versions of the previously used V8 petrol and V6 diesel engines.

• Thorley, Nigel (17 September 2019). "The Modern Jaguars". The Complete Book of Jaguar: Every Model Since 1935 (hardcover ed.). Motorbooks. pp. 230–252. ISBN 978-0-7603-6390-4. Retrieved 26 April 2023 – via Google Books.

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Mercedes-Benz S (W221)
Overview
Manufacturer	DaimlerChrysler (2005–2007) Daimler AG (2007–2013)
Production	August 2005 – June 2013
Model years	2006–2013 (Worldwide) 2007–2013 (Canada & US)
Assembly	Germany: Sindelfingen Mexico: Toluca Egypt: 6th of October City (EGA) Malaysia: Pekan (HICOM) Indonesia: Bogor (MBI)
Designer	Gorden Wagener (2001)
Body and chassis
Class	Full-size luxury car
Body style	4-door saloon
Layout	Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive Front-engine, all-wheel-drive (4MATIC)
Related	Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)
Powertrain
Engine	Petrol: 3.0 V6 3.5 V6 3.5 V6 Hybrid 4.7 V8 5.5 V8 6.2 AMG V8 5.5 V12 T 6.0 AMG V12 T Diesel: 2.1 I4 3.0 V6 4.0 V8
Electric motor	20 hp (15 kW) Additional AC permanent-magnet synchronous electric motor
Transmission	5-speed 5G-Tronic automatic 7-speed 7G-Tronic automatic
Hybrid drivetrain	FHEV (Parallel Hybrid) (S400 Hybrid)
Dimensions
Wheelbase	SWB: 3,035 mm (119.5 in) LWB: 3,165 mm (124.6 in) Pullman:4,315 mm (169.9 in)
Length	SWB: 5,076–5,079 mm (199.8–200.0 in) LWB: 5,208–5,218 mm (205.0–205.4 in)
Width	1,871–1,872 mm (73.7–73.7 in) BlueHybrid: 2,116 mm (83.3 in)
Height	1,473 mm (58.0 in)
Curb weight	1,955–2,270 kg (4,310–5,004 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)
Successor	Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)

The W221 designation represents the fifth generation of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, a series of full-size luxury vehicles (F-segment) marketed by German premium marque Mercedes-Benz from 2005 to 2013. Sold by Mercedes-Benz, it was produced by DaimlerChrysler from 2005 to 2007 and was made by Daimler AG from 2007. Introduced at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, it is the successor of the S-Class (W220) of which was produced from 1998 to 2006. Akin to previous generations, the short-wheelbase—designated W221—is sold alongside a long-wheelbase variant designated V221, with a wheelbase length increase of 130 mm (5.1 in). The fifth generation S-Class was replaced by the sixth generation S-Class (W/V222) in June 2013. Development and engineering of the W221 S-Class had commenced in 1999, while design work had began in 2000 at the Advanced Design Center in Tokyo, Japan. The final design was approved by Gorden Wagener in 2001 at the Sindelfingen Advanced Design Center. Series production had initiated on August 2005, with a life cycle impulse introduced in May 2009. The W221 shares its full-size, rear-wheel drive-based architecture with the CL-Class (C216) grand touring coupe. In 2005, Mercedes-Benz had claimed that the MY06 S-Class would be the most technologically advanced car in the world.^[1]

Both wheelbase forms are available in regions excluding the United States,^[2] Mexico,^[3] China,^[4] and a few other Asian countries; models sold in these regions are exclusively long-wheelbase. Like most S-Class models, the W221 is built at the Daimler AG factory in the city of Sindelfingen, West Germany. Other locations were introduced throughout its production, including Malaysia, Egypt, Indonesia, and Mexico.^[5] The W221 made its North American premiere at the North American International Auto Show in January 2006.^[6] Larger in all dimensions than its predecessor, it features three newly developed engines with up to a 26 per cent power increase.^[7] Models sold in North America are the S450 (SWB, Canada), S400 Hybrid, S350 Bluetec 4MATIC, S550, S600, S63 AMG and S65 AMG; other models to be sold outside North America include the S280, S350, S300, S420 CDI and S320 CDI. The first W221 model released in North America and Japan was the S550 (called S500 outside North America), with the S600 arriving in the following spring.^[8]

Production of the W221 had concluded on 3 June 2013. 537,519 examples were produced, which had made the W221 one of the best-selling generations.^[9]

Mercedes-Benz S-Class (short-wheelbase, pre-facelift)

Mercedes-Benz S-Class (long-wheelbase, pre-facelift)

Development began in 1999, with the design work beginning in 2000 at the Advanced Design Center in Tokyo, and the final design by Gorden Wagener at the Sindelfingen Advanced Design Center being approved in 2001, frozen for production in early 2002 and patented in Japan on 21 May 2003, under 1208488 and in Germany on 4 December 2003. A final design prototype W221 was presented in December 2002 to journalist AutoSpies at a consumer design clinic, two and a half years prior to the official production model unveiling in June 2005. The S-Class was shown to the journalist alongside the Lexus LS 430, Audi A8 D3, and the Volkswagen Phaeton.^[10][11] The W221 features well-engineered safety features that Daimler claims will make the S-Class the most advanced passenger vehicle in the world. The S-Class is the first Mercedes-Benz vehicle to come standard with Brake Assist Plus: this system automatically activates a brake booster when sensors in the front bumper predict a critical braking situation appears more imminent. The system is also able to brake automatically. In-house simulator tests found the accident rate was reduced by 75 per cent with the additional technology. Daimler says these systems would eventually be available to other vehicle manufacturers.^[1][12] The Night View Assist system uses infrared light, which is invisible to the eye and does not dazzle traffic. Engineers had tested this system, comparing the Night Vision system with conventional bi-xenon beams using test dummies. Firstly, they had used test dummies dressed in light clothes on average at a distance of about 210 m (690 ft) which is 41 m (135 ft) earlier than bi-xenon beams. Tested with dark clothes, the engineers had seen the dummies at about 164 m (538 ft), about 72 m (236 ft) more than the bi-xenon beams.^[13]

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Volkswagen New Beetle (Typ 9C/1C/1Y)
Overview
Manufacturer	Volkswagen
Also called	Volkswagen Beetle (Mexico) Volkswagen Bjalla (Iceland)
Production	October 1997 – July 2011
Model years	1998–2011
Assembly	1997–1999: Germany: Wolfsburg (Wolfsburg Volkswagen plant) 1999–2011: Mexico: Puebla (Volkswagen de México S.A. de C.V.) Vietnam: 2011–2019: Hai Phong (CKD by World Auto)
Designer	J Mays (1993, 1995), Freeman Thomas (1993, 1995), Peter Schreyer (1993)
Body and chassis
Class	Small family car
Body style	3-door hatchback 2-door convertible
Layout	Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout Front-engine, all-wheel-drive (4motion, RSi)
Platform	Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34) platform
Related	Audi A3 Mk1 Audi TT Mk1 SEAT León Mk1 SEAT Toledo Mk2 Škoda Octavia Mk1 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 Volkswagen Jetta/Bora
Powertrain
Engine	petrol engines: 1.4 L I4 1.6 L I4 1.8 L I4 turbo 2.0 L I4 2.3 L VR5 2.5 L I5 3.2 L VR6 (RSI) diesel engine: 1.9 L I4 TDI
Transmission	5-speed manual 6-speed manual 4-speed 01M automatic 6-speed 09G automatic tiptronic) 6-speed DSG dual-clutch automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,515 mm (99.0 in)
Length	4,081–4,148 mm (160.7–163.3 in)
Width	1,721 mm (67.8 in)
Height	1,498–1,511 mm (59.0–59.5 in) (hatchback), 1,501 mm (59.1 in) (convertible)
Curb weight	1,182–1,292 kg (2,606–2,848 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	Volkswagen Beetle (Type 1)
Successor	Volkswagen Beetle (A5)

The Volkswagen New Beetle, manufactured by Volkswagen from 1997 to 2011, is a small family car (C-segment) that draws heavy inspiration from the original Type 1 Beetle of which was produced for 65 years. The New Beetle project had made its inception in 1991; during its time of design and engineering, the team developing the model had produced a number of sketches and conceptualizations.^[1] The New Beetle was unveiled at the 1998 North American International Auto Show^[2] and had commenced production in October 1997. While the New Beetle shares its overall design as the original model, the two models are mechanically distinct. As opposed to the the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout of which its predecessor had utilised, the New Beetle adopts a front-engine, front-wheel-drive configuration due its newly-designed architecture which was not developed for rear-wheel drive layouts.^[3]

The design of the New Beetle was conceived by Freeman Thomas and J Carrol Mays, both of whom had studied at the American Art Center of Design.^[1][4] The "Concept One" prototype was revealed to the public in 1994 at the North American International Auto Show—this model had served as a conceptual representation that had laid out the fundamentals for the upcoming production model.^[4][5][6] Subsequently, a red cabriolet variant of the Concept One was unveiled at the 1995 Geneva International Motor Show. Volkswagen had displayed a black near-production unit at the 1995 Tokyo Motor Show, accompanied by the brand announcing that the vehicle would be given the New Beetle designation.^[7][8] However, the brand had officially disclosed in 1996 that a production would be made towards the conclusion of the 1990s.^[9]

The New Beetle was built alongside the Type 1 for six years until 30 June 2003, where the 21,529,464th unit was produced and sent to the Volkswagen AutoMuseum.^[10] After a fourteen year run, the 9C New Beetle was replaced by the A5 Beetle that had started production in July 2011. Notably, the 2011 model was introduced as the Beetle, ditching the word "New" from its nomenclature.

The designers responsible for the Beetle's design were J Carrol Mays and Freeman Thomas, both of whom had studied design at the American Art Centre of Design.^{[11][12][13][14]} After graduating from the design centre, the partners had crossed the Atlantic Ocean, where Mays had joined Audi's styling department, while Thomas had joined Porsche's. However, they had returned to California to open Volkswagen's Design Centre in Simi Valley. Volkswagen was in search of a successor to the near-70 year old nameplate of the Beetle. This had led to the company spending several years and millions of Deutschmarks on developing a modern city car referred to as the "Chico".^[15] In 1993, the brand had claimed that the Chico was planned to commence production in 1995,^[16] however plans had came to a halt once Volkswagen had came to the realisation that the project was commercially infeasible. Mays and Thomas, understanding the challenges faced by the brand, had believed that the company needed a vehicle that had embodied the iconic design of the Beetle in order to regain customer appeal.^[15]

In March 1994, the official request was given to the engineers to make the car.^[17] The designers and engineers had chosen the project codename "Concept One". Initial sketches of the New Beetle had shown a rounded-styled vehicle with obvious design allusions to the previous air-cooled Beetle. A sketch was made featuring the incorporation of air vents positioned beneath the rear window. However, the vents were omitted from the final design.^[18] A considerable amount of thought was put into the concept's dashboard. A majority of the elements seen in the concept's interior were later incorporated into the production New Beetle.^[19] During planning time, the Concept One's exterior had progressively began to come together. During early development stages, a consensus was reached regarding fundamental design elements such as the usage of large diameter wheels and separate fenders. After a number of conceptualisations were produced, the team had subsequently came to a finalised design and had converted it into a three-dimensional concept—that prototype serving as a basis to the following production model.^[20][10] A year after the appearance of the hatchback Concept One at the 1994 North American International Auto Show, Volkswagen had subsequently unveiled a red cabriolet variant at the 1995 Geneva International Motor Show. The aforementioned unveiling had served as a catalyst for increased public demands regarding the anticipated availability of the vehicle. In spite of this, the brand had still kept quiet about the project.^[20]

A presentation, led by Rudiger Folten—design strategy manager for Volkswagen—and Reinhard Szidat—technical project leader for the New Beetle—had detailed the vehicle's development from concept car to series production, highlighting the New Beetle's engineering improvements. Steve Keyes, director of corporate communications for VW America, had provided an overview of the New Beetle's marketing strategy and advertising campaign.^[21] Work on the Concept One had continued in the mid-1990s, with further redesigns of the front end. A sketch from 1995 had shown a front bumper that closely resembles that of the production model. Despite its retro styling, the intention was to create a modern vehicle; consequently, Volkswagen had allocated significant attention to its drivetrain.^[22] In October 1995, Volkswagen had shown a near-production, Golf-based prototype of the Concept One at the 1995 Tokyo Motor Show. The company had also announced that this model would be called the New Beetle.^[8]

A European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) testing was conducted in 2000. The model tested was a left-hand-drive, 1,228 kg (2,707 lb) unit, scoring an adult rating of four out of five stars with a score of 26, and two out of four stars for vulnerable road users with a score of 14.^[23] Euro NCAP claims, "although the door opened in the test, this was thought to be unlikely to happen in a real accident because the test barrier had gripped onto and pulled the door's handle. The rear seat belts are able to be switched to provide better support for child restraints.^[24] The New Beetle features two front airbags and pretensioner seat belts with load-limiting devices.^[25] Volkswagen's safety engineers have expended significant efforts to protect the knees and legs of front occupants. Positioned below the steering wheel is a composite steel plate with foam padding on top of strong structures and steel bolster to protect other areas.^[24] In the Euro NCAP testing, the side airbag was made effective, supporting the seat wing and driver's chest. Volkswagen had added foam blocks into the door to transfer load to the pelvis, however these were not crushed during impact. The 18-month-old child's restraint was positioned in a rear-facing, adhering to recommended safety guidelines for young children. Meanwhile, the three-year-old's restraint had utilised specialized mounting points known as ISOFIX within the car.^[24]

• Seume, Keith (2001). VW New Beetle: The Performance Handbook. MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-1-610-59248-2 – via Google Books.
• Burt, William (2002). Volkswagen Beetle. MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-1-610-59244-4 – via Google Books.
• Wright, David (2002). The Story of Volkswagen Beetles. Gareth Stevens Publishing. ISBN 978-0-836-83194-8 – via Google Books.