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The Beetle had underwent extensive testing by [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) as well as [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS. In NHTSA's evaluation, the vehicle had achieved a four-star rating for front driver side and front passenger side. The New Beetle had achieved five stars for the driver in the Side Barrier test, while it had scored three stars for the rear passenger. Additionally, it had received three stars on its rollover side rating; NHTSA claims it has a rollover risk of 11.30%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/vehicle/2010/VOLKSWAGEN/NEW%252520BEETLE/2%252520DR/FWD#safety-ratings-frontal|title=2010 VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE|website=[[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA]]|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> During IIHS' evaluation, they had given the Beetle's front an overall Good rating, taking into consideration its structure and injury measures. Despite good front ratings, the New Beetle's side evaluation had resulted in a "Poor" rating to the its side, and a "Marginal" rating to its structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iihs.org/ratings/vehicle/volkswagen/new-beetle-2-door-hatchback/2010|title=2010 Volkswagen New Beetle / Small Car / 2-door hatchback|website=[[IIHS]]|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
The Beetle had underwent extensive testing by [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) as well as [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS. In NHTSA's evaluation, the vehicle had achieved a four-star rating for front driver side and front passenger side. The New Beetle had achieved five stars for the driver in the Side Barrier test, while it had scored three stars for the rear passenger. Additionally, it had received three stars on its rollover side rating; NHTSA claims it has a rollover risk of 11.30%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/vehicle/2010/VOLKSWAGEN/NEW%252520BEETLE/2%252520DR/FWD#safety-ratings-frontal|title=2010 VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE|website=[[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA]]|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> During IIHS' evaluation, they had given the Beetle's front an overall Good rating, taking into consideration its structure and injury measures. Despite good front ratings, the New Beetle's side evaluation had resulted in a "Poor" rating to the its side, and a "Marginal" rating to its structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iihs.org/ratings/vehicle/volkswagen/new-beetle-2-door-hatchback/2010|title=2010 Volkswagen New Beetle / Small Car / 2-door hatchback|website=[[IIHS]]|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>


== North American models ==
== North ==
Engine choices include the {{Convert|115|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|inline-four]] for the base model, the {{Convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.9&nbsp;L [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] turbodiesel inline-four (discontinued after the 2006 model year due to more stringent emissions requirements), and the {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.8&nbsp;L turbo inline-four for the Turbo and Sport models.
Engine choices include the {{Convert|115|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|inline-four]] for the base model, the {{Convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.9&nbsp;L [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] turbodiesel inline-four (discontinued after the 2006 model year due to more stringent emissions requirements), and the {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.8&nbsp;L turbo inline-four for the Turbo and Sport models.


The Turbo S model (sold 2002–2004) included the 1.8&nbsp;L turbo but with {{Convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. It also included a sport suspension, six-speed manual transmission, aluminum interior trim, revised front/rear fascias, and bigger wheels and tires. A close relative of the Turbo S was the 2002–2004 Color Concept. This limited edition variant was available in limited exterior colors, with interior door panel inserts, seat inserts, floor mat piping, and wheel opening inserts color-matched to the exterior paint. Wheel color inserts, diameter, and style varied with model year. It came standard with the {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.8 turbo gasoline engine, 5-speed manual gearbox, speed-activated rear spoiler, power windows/sunroof/door locks, heated leather seats, and fog lamps.
The Turbo S model (sold 2002–2004) included the 1.8&nbsp;L turbo but with {{Convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. It also included a sport suspension, six-speed manual transmission, aluminum interior trim, revised front/rear fascias, and wheels and tires. A close relative of the Turbo S was the 2002–2004 Color Concept. This limited edition variant was available in limited exterior colors, with interior door panel inserts, seat inserts, floor mat piping, and wheel opening inserts -matched to the exterior paint. Wheel color inserts, diameter, and style varied with model year. It came standard with the {{Convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.8 turbo gasoline engine, 5-speed manual gearbox, speed-activated rear spoiler, power windows/sunroof/door locks, heated leather seats, and fog lamps.


All 1.8L Turbo and Turbo S inline-four models were equipped with a retractable rear spoiler which was not available on the 1.9&nbsp;L TDI inline-4, 2.0&nbsp;L inline-four and 2.5&nbsp;L inline-five models.
All 1.8L Turbo and Turbo S inline-four models were equipped with a retractable rear spoiler which was not available on the 1.9&nbsp;L TDI inline-4, 2.0&nbsp;L inline-four and 2.5&nbsp;L inline-five models.

Revision as of 05:33, 18 November 2023

x351

Simple English Wikipedia does not use Short Description at this time. Please remove this template. This template categorizes the page it is put on for cleanup to remove the template call.

For an overview of all Jaguar XJ models, see Jaguar XJ.
Jaguar XJ (X351)
Overview
Manufacturer
ProductionSeptember 2009 – July 2019[1][2] (122,330 examples)
Model years2010–2019
Assembly
Designer
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size luxury car
Body style4-door saloon
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive / all-wheel-drive
PlatformJLR D2a[5]
Powertrain
Engine
[6]
Transmission6-speed automatic (2009-2013)[6]
8-speed automatic (2013-2019)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • XJ: 3,032 mm (119.4 in)
  • XJ-L: 3,157 mm (124.3 in)[6]
Length
  • XJ: 5,130 mm (202 in)
  • XJ-L: 5,255 mm (206.9 in)[6]
Width
  • 1,899 mm (74.8 in)
  • With mirrors: 2,110 mm (83 in)[6]
Height1,461 mm (57.5 in)
Kerb weightXJ:
  • Diesel: 1,796 kg (3,960 lb)
  • Petrol: 1,755 kg (3,869 lb)
  • Supercharged: 1,892 kg (4,171 lb)
XJ-L:
  • Diesel: 1,813 kg (3,997 lb)
  • Petrol: 1,773 kg (3,909 lb)
  • Supercharged: 1,915 kg (4,222 lb)[6]
Chronology
PredecessorJaguar XJ (X350) / Jaguar XJ (X358)

X351[7][8] is the internal designation for the final generation of the Jaguar XJ, a range of full-size luxury saloons (F-segment)[9][10][11] produced by British manufacturer Jaguar Cars, later known as Jaguar Land Rover, from 2009 to 2019. Representing the fourth generation of the XJ saloon range, the X351 succeeds the X350.

Designed and developed under the direction of British exterior designer Ian Callum, the whole development process lasted three years. The X351 utilises the JLR D2a, a platform dedicated to making vehicles that feature a longitudinally-mounted combustion engine and an aluminium-alloy structure. It was announced in 2009 before going on sale in 2010, and combines revised styling with underpinnings of the previous Jaguar X350 generation. It is the final generation of the XJ, after the electric Jaguar XJ was cancelled in February 2021.[12]

The X351 is the first XJ to feature an all-wheel drive system, due to the popularity of AWD vehicles in the United States. The XJ, ditching its quad headlamps, adopts a more streamlined exterior design to match the current design trend of cars in that generation.[13] Production of the car was due to begin in September 2009, with first deliveries being made in early 2010.[14] Mass production later began in 2010, with the car arriving in dealer showrooms in May 2010.[15][16] Production was initially carried out only at the Castle Bromwich Assembly plant in Birmingham, England.[17] From 2014, assembly from complete knockdown kits (CKD) of the XJ commenced at Jaguar Land Rover's facility in Pune, India.[18] The final XJ rolled of the production line on 5 July 2019. This model had represented the last model out of all 122,330 X351 units produced.[19]

Development and engineering

2013 Jaguar XJ 3.0 Kompressor Premium Luxury (Germany; pre-facelift)

Development of the fourth generation XJ—designated X351—had commenced in 2005, with final design approval taking place in November 2006 and the design being frozen in the first half of 2008. The design team was led by design director Ian Callum,[20] however it was Matthew Beaven who had led the XJ design group, which was initially composed of Giles Taylor, Adam Hatton, Mark Phillips, Nicholas Finney and Kim Challinor. The designers were given the task of producing a new body style using a majority of the underpinnings from the outgoing X350.[21][22][23] Julian Thomson, Jaguar's Head of Advanced Design and subsequently Director of Design at Jaguar defined it as "a period of great reinvention" and that he and his team "all contributed to what we thought the new XJ should look like and all of us had our own personal vision for the XJ". Ultimately, the team had made a total of eight computer-aided design models for viewing.[21] The design team had desired to keep what they call the "Jaguar look" and pay admiration to iconic Jaguar XJ6, while simultaneously revolutionising the marque's large luxury vehicle.[21] Consequently, one of the first things the designers did was remove the quad headlamps, which has been a staple look of the XJ since 1968.[24] They had also removed the small grille style that had also been on the XJ since its launch. The designers had understood that the size of the grille was important; Callum had stated that design concepts seemed "extraordinarily assertive".[21]

Despite the X350 being used as a basis for the X351, the XJ had to incorporate a style that fit in with the newly-introduced X250 XF (2007) and the X150 XK (2006), which were both already successful vehicles within the market sector.[21] Matthew Beaven had stated that the team had developed range of concepts, ranging from a sports sedan—dubbed the "Goodwood"—to a conventional large luxury sedan. He had stated that these were all designed via computer-aided design. Meetings were held daily where the team discussed the drawings and viewed the CAD models.[21][25] By March 2006, a foundational design had been established.[26] Use of computer-aided design in the development studio was standard; however, Callum and Thomson had encouraged the team to start sketching ideas of what they thought the XJ should look like.[21]

Jaguar's on-set manufacturing and engineering departments were involved in converting the concepts to a production vehicle.[21][27] At this time, Jaguar was a worldwide leader in the use of aerospace technology in the vehicle industry. The previous X350 XJ and the XK X150 had made use of alloys being combined and fixed to form a strong and light structure.[21][28][21] The X351 featured these technologies, however these were upgraded by utilising larger panels that matched with the overall size of the car. Using experience from the earlier XJ and XF aluminium build techniques, engineers at Castle Bromwich Assembly plant were conceiving new ways of decreasing the number of components that make up its body structure.[29] The previous XJ uses three aluminium components for the doors; however, the X351 featured a single-piece design which was lighter and stiffer.[21][30] The X351 also utilised Jaguar's in-house developed "Fusion" alloy where high-strength aluminium is sandwiched between layers of alloy. It allows panel thicknesses to be reduced by 10 per cent, reducing weight and increasing strength of the its structure.[21] Jaguar says that more than 50 per cent of its body structure is built on recycled aluminium.[31][32][33]

Once the foundational design was established, designers had spent the next six months continuously designing and developing. Callum and Thomson had other responsibilities, however they monitored the team's progress on a daily basis.[21] By November 2006, the design was chosen and was ready to be developed further. Through 2007 and for the first half of 2008, a single unit was designed for the final sign-off. The design had underwent several CAD stages, and full-size clay models were made to present to the Jaguar board.[21] Prototypes of the X351 were produced and tested across the world in hot, dry, humid, wet, cold, and freezing climates.[34] According to Callum, the outdated styling of the XJ has severely reduced sales, meaning for considerably lower figures than the smaller XF.[34] While testing, Mike Cross, Jaguar's Chief Engineer of Vehicle Integrity, had praised the XJ's superior handling.[21] Jaguar had desired to make the 135 mm (5.3 in) longer LWB model has similar as possible to the short-wheelbase variant.[21]

The X351 was also tested on the Nürburgring track and on other tracks in the UK and US. Designers had specifically focused on weight, due to Jaguar's decision to make both SWB and LWB models as similar as possible. The LWB weighs 20 kg (44 lb) more than the short model; this was because of extensive use of aluminium and magnesium to construct the XJ, which had resulted in little difference in weight between the two models.[21] Cross had stated that any extra weight is caused by rear air springs and the Adaptive Dynamics suspension system.[21][35]

To launch the X351, Jaguar had chosen the Saatchi Gallery in London on 9 July 2009.[36] Jaguar had invited more than 500 guests, including television host and comedian Jay Leno.[37][38][39] The event was broadcast live on the Jaguar website. The US model was unveiled at the 2009 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance.[40]

Design

In addition to the standard version with a 3,035 mm (119.5 in) wheelbase, a long-wheelbase version was available with a 3,160 mm (124 in) wheelbase.[41] At the 2010 Moscow Motor Show, a high security version of the car called the XJ Sentinel was introduced.[42][43] This model is an armoured version of the LWB XJ with B7-level ballistic protection as well as providing protection against 15 kg (33 lb) TNT or other explosives. It features the 5.0 L supercharged V8 engine shared with the XJ Supersport, having a power output of 510 PS (375 kW) and 19-inch wheels with Dunlop Self Supporting Technology run-flat tyres.[44] Unlike other full-size luxury cars, the long-wheelbase variant was designed first and was expected to make up 67 per cent of sales in the US market.[45] Unlike the XF, or the XE which had came five years after, the XJ introduces newly-designed rear features wrap-over taillamps, unique to any Jaguar vehicles.[21] The glass roof utilises specially-toughened and heavy-duty film, which is bonded to the lower surfaces.[46] The XJ features a concealed aluminium panel, which stretches across the XJ above the rear-seat passengers to add strength to the bodyshell for extra security.Cite error: Invalid parameter in <ref> tag At the time, the XJ was crowned one of the most aerodynamically efficient Jaguars at a figure of 0.29 C d.[47] As well as reduced drag and relatively low noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), its exterior design achieves aerodynamic loads that are balanced between front and rear axles to ensure optimum handling balance and high-speed stability.[47]

The XJ offers a boot space ranging from 479 litres (16.9 cu ft) to 520 litres (18 cu ft), larger than the G11 BMW 7 and the D5 Audi A8, however smaller than the W222 Mercedes-Benz S-Class.[48][49] The air vents are made of solid metal, while the doors are made of polished wood veneer.[49] For the standard wheelbase XJ in the front row, headroom is rated at 39.5 in (1,000 mm), while legroom is rated at 41.5 in (1,050 mm). For the rear row on the standard wheelbase model, headroom is rated at 37.2 in (940 mm), while legroom is rated at 38.9 in (990 mm).[50] LWB models offer 4.7 in (12 cm) more legroom than the standard model.[49] Mark Phillips had stated that the interior was inspired by the 2001 Jaguar R-Coupe concept. Jaguar had moved the dashboard down by about 50 mm (2.0 in), which had allowed for a low-slung design.[21] The XJ features a near-perfect weight distribution of 51 front, 49 rear.[51]

The most significant change is reversion to steel coil springs for the front suspension, retaining air suspension for the rear only. Continuously variable damping is electronically controlled as before but with driver selectable modes.[52][53] The aluminium unibody chassis makes the XJL one of the lightest of the F-segment saloons despite its exterior proportions, weighing in at 1,874 kg (4,131 lb), which is 111 kg (245 lb) lighter than the smaller BMW 550i.[45]

Powertrain

The engine used by the X351 are enlarged and upgraded versions of the previously used V8 petrol and V6 diesel engines.

Model Type (displacement, bore × stroke) Power and torque (at rpm) Acceleration 0–100 km/h (62 mph) (seconds) Top speed[54]
3.0-litre twin-turbocharged V6 Diesel AJ-V6D GEN III 2,993 cc (2.993 L; 182.6 cu in), 84 mm × 90 mm (3.3 in × 3.5 in) 275 PS (202 kW; 271 hp) at 4,000, 600 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft) at 2,000 6.4 250 km/h (155 mph)
3.0-litre Supercharged V6 Petrol AJ126 2,995 cc (2.995 L; 182.8 cu in), 84.5 mm × 89 mm (3.33 in × 3.50 in) 340 PS (250 kW; 340 hp) at 6,500, 450 N⋅m (330 lbf⋅ft) at 3,500-5,000 5.9 250 km/h (155 mph)
5.0-litre V8 Petrol AJ-V8 GEN III 5,000 cc (5.0 L; 310 cu in), 92.5 mm × 93 mm (3.64 in × 3.66 in) 385 PS (283 kW; 380 hp) at 6,500, 515 N⋅m (380 lbf⋅ft) at 3,500 5.7 250 km/h (155 mph)
5.0-litre Supercharged V8 Petrol AJ-V8 GEN III 5,000 cc (5.0 L; 310 cu in), 92.5 mm × 93 mm (3.64 in × 3.66 in) 470 PS (346 kW; 464 hp) at 6,000–6,500, 575 N⋅m (424 lbf⋅ft) at 2,500–5,500 5.2 250 km/h (155 mph)
5.0-litre Supercharged V8 Petrol AJ-V8 GEN III 5,000 cc (5.0 L; 310 cu in) V8 supercharged, 92.5 mm × 93 mm (3.64 in × 3.66 in) 510 PS (375 kW; 503 hp) at 6,000–6,500, 625 N⋅m (461 lbf⋅ft) at 2,500–5,500 4.9 250 km/h (155 mph) [280 km/h (174 mph) for the XJR]
5.0-litre Supercharged V8 Petrol AJ-V8 GEN III 5,000 cc (5.0 L; 310 cu in) V8 supercharged, 92.5 mm × 93 mm (3.64 in × 3.66 in) 550 PS (405 kW; 542 hp) at 6,000–6,500, 625 N⋅m (461 lbf⋅ft) at 2,500–5,500 4.6 280 km/h (174 mph)

References

  1. ↑ "Jaguar XJ luxury sedan on the way out, to be replaced by electric car in 2020". Electrek. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  2. ↑ Howe, James (8 September 2022). "Jaguar XJ (X351) buyer's guide". Prestige and Performance Car. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  3. ↑ IST (23 May 2014). "Locally Assembled Jaguar XJ Makes India Debut; Price, Features Details". International Business Times. India Edition. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  4. ↑ Glancey, Jonathan (9 July 2009). "Jaguar defies recession to launch lavish new XJ". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  5. ↑ Brooks, Glenn (11 July 2016). "New 300PS diesel for Jaguar XJ - ANALYSIS". Just Auto. Archived from the original on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "Jaguar XJ Specifications". Jaguar Cars. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  7. ↑ Horrell, Paul. "Retro review: our first impressions of the X351 Jaguar XJ". Top Speed.
  8. ↑ Sokolovski, Marko (23 March 2023). "2011-2019 Jaguar XJ (X351): Prices, Specs, And Features". www.hotcars.com. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  9. ↑ Vrij-Alahwal, Yasser (23 September 2023). "The Forgotten Supercharged V-8 Full-Size Luxury Sedan That's An Irresistible Used Car Bargain". Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  10. ↑ "2019 Jaguar XJ Review, Pricing | XJ Sedan Models". CarBuzz. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  11. ↑ "2016 Jaguar XJ". media.jaguar.com. 15 June 2015. Jaguar today announced updates to the 2016 Jaguar XJ. Launched in the U.S. in 2011, the brand's flagship full-size, all-aluminum luxury sedan becomes even more desirable in 2016 with an updated exterior design, enhanced information and entertainment systems, new available driver assistance features and greater differentiation in the model line-up.
  12. ↑ Nedelea, Andrei (15 February 2021). "Op-Ed: Jaguar Kills Off Electric XJ Sedan After Working On It For Years, But Why?". InsideEVs. Retrieved 28 March 2023. The XJ is one of the manufacturer's oldest and most prestigious nameplates, with over five decades of history behind it. The last XJ rolled off the production line in 2019 and at that point, it was announced that it would not get a direct replacement. But then Jaguar reconsidered the decision and began working on a fully-electric XJ to challenge the Mercedes-Benz EQS, BMW i7 and the Tesla Model S.
  13. ↑ "2009 Jaguar XJ". www.thecarconnection.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  14. ↑ "Jaguar XJ: in detail". What Car?. Haymarket Consumer Media. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  15. ↑ Garlitos, Kirby (19 March 2010). "Video: An Inside Look At How A 2010 Jaguar XJ Is Produced | car News at Top Speed". Topspeed.com. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  16. ↑ "Jaguar ramps up free maintenance program on 2011 models". Autoweek. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  17. ↑ Shunk, Chris (9 July 2009). "VIDEO: 2010 Jaguar XJ in motion, interior and interviews + expanded gallery and pricing!". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  18. ↑ D'Souza, Gavin (22 May 2014). "Locally assembled Jaguar XJ launched at Rs 92.1 lakh". Autocar India. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  19. ↑ Shale-Hester, Tristan (30 May 2019). "Jaguar XJ production to end in July". www.autoexpress.co.uk. Auto Express. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  20. ↑ Plisner, Peter (9 July 2009). "Changing face of Jaguar". BBC. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.19 "Eighth Generation Jaguar XJ Saloon -X351". www.jaguarheritage.com. 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "JHXJ" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ Patton, Phil (9 October 2009). "Jaguar Introduces Students to Its Latest XJ". Wheels Blog. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  23. ↑ "Jaguar XJ model X351 specifications: versions & types". Automobile-catalog.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  24. ↑ Kane, Tony (5 August 2010). "2010 Jaguar XJ Launched In Australia". www.drive.com.au. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  25. ↑ "Jaguar XJ Design Sketch by Giles Taylor". www.carbodydesign.com. Car Body Design. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  26. ↑ David Wilkins (10 July 2009). "Jaguar unveils new XJ saloon". The Independent. London. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
  27. ↑ "E-Type To XJ: fifty years of design integrity". media.jaguar.com. Jaguar Newsroom. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  28. ↑ "Jaguar's Aluminum-Bodied Concept Points to the Next XK". www.nytimes.com. The New York Times. 10 January 2005. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  29. ↑ "PICS: Jaguar's Castle Bromwich (UK) Factory. Detailed report on the making of the XJ". www.team-bhp.com. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  30. ↑ "Brochure: Jaguar X351 XJ (March 2012)" (PDF). australiancar.reviews. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  31. ↑ Williams, Emma (16 January 2014). "Auto Review: Lighter Weight, Unique Styling Sets Jaguar XJ Apart From Predecessors". The Ledger. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  32. ↑ "Revealed today, the all new 2010 Jaguar XJ". www.guideautoweb.com. 9 July 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  33. ↑ Schwartzapfel, Stuart (9 July 2009). "Jaguar Pounces With The New XJ". WIRED. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Skentzos, George (14 April 2009). "2011 Jaguar XJ prototype spied". Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  35. ↑ "On road in the Jaguar XJ". Autocar. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  36. ↑ "Jaguar XJ: the full story". Autocar. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  37. ↑ Geyser, Henrie (7 July 2009). "Live online launch of new Jaguar XJ". www.bizcommunity.com. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  38. ↑ Gillies, Mark (10 July 2009). "Jay Leno Hosts the XJ Reveal in London". Car and Driver. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  39. ↑ "Jaguar XJ: full details and pics". Autocar. Haymarket Consumer Media. 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  40. ↑ Filipponio, Frank (23 August 2009). "Monterey 2009: 2010 Jaguar XJ has North American debut at Pebble". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  41. ↑ Cite error: The named reference autocar_1 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  42. ↑ Luke Harding in Moscow (25 August 2010). "Jaguar's XJ Sentinel uncaged at Moscow motor show". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  43. ↑ "New Jaguar XJ Sentinel Armored Version to Debut at Moscow Show". Carscoops.com. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  44. ↑ Foulds, Ben (18 August 2010). "Jaguar XJ Sentinel (2010) first details". Carmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "2011 Jaguar XJ". Autoblog.com.
  46. ↑ "XJ16MY" (PDF). www.jaguar.pl. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Moore, Alina (9 July 2009). "2010-2012 Jaguar XJ". www.topspeed.com.
  48. ↑ Ingram, Richard (3 March 2020). "Jaguar XJ saloon - Interior & comfort (2010-2020)". Carbuyer. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "Jaguar XJ review - Practicality, comfort and boot space". Auto Express. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  50. ↑ "Your Guide to the 2019 Jaguar XJ interior". www.jaguarwestchester.com. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  51. ↑ "Jaguar XJ" (PDF). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  52. ↑ "Jaguar XJ (X351) 2010-". differentcarreview.com. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  53. ↑ Baker, Erin (9 July 2009). "New Jaguar XJ revealed". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  54. ↑ Jaguar XJ eBrocure Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, page 65

Bibliography

d

Simple English Wikipedia does not use Short Description at this time. Please remove this template. This template categorizes the page it is put on for cleanup to remove the template call.

For a complete overview of all S-Class models, see Mercedes-Benz S-Class.
Mercedes-Benz S (W221)
Overview
ManufacturerDaimlerChrysler (2005–2007)
Daimler AG (2007–2013)
ProductionAugust 2005 – June 2013
Model years
  • 2006–2013 (Worldwide)
  • 2007–2013 (Canada & US)
Assembly
DesignerGorden Wagener (2001)
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size luxury car
Body style4-door saloon
Layout
RelatedMercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)
Powertrain
EnginePetrol:
3.0 V6
3.5 V6
3.5 V6 Hybrid
4.7 V8
5.5 V8
6.2 AMG V8
5.5 V12 T
6.0 AMG V12 T
Diesel:
2.1 I4
3.0 V6
4.0 V8
Electric motor20 hp (15 kW) Additional AC permanent-magnet synchronous electric motor
Transmission5-speed 5G-Tronic automatic
7-speed 7G-Tronic automatic
Hybrid drivetrainFHEV (Parallel Hybrid) (S400 Hybrid)
Dimensions
WheelbaseSWB: 3,035 mm (119.5 in)
LWB: 3,165 mm (124.6 in)
Pullman:4,315 mm (169.9 in)
LengthSWB: 5,076–5,079 mm (199.8–200.0 in)
LWB: 5,208–5,218 mm (205.0–205.4 in)
Width1,871–1,872 mm (73.7–73.7 in)
BlueHybrid: 2,116 mm (83.3 in)
Height1,473 mm (58.0 in)
Curb weight1,955–2,270 kg (4,310–5,004 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorMercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)
SuccessorMercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)

The W221 designation represents the fifth generation of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, a series of full-size luxury vehicles (F-segment) marketed by German premium marque Mercedes-Benz from 2005 to 2013. Sold by Mercedes-Benz, it was produced by DaimlerChrysler from 2005 to 2007 and was made by Daimler AG from 2007. Introduced at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, it is the successor of the S-Class (W220) of which was produced from 1998 to 2006. Akin to previous generations, the short-wheelbase—designated W221—is sold alongside a long-wheelbase variant designated V221, with a wheelbase length increase of 130 mm (5.1 in). The fifth generation S-Class was replaced by the sixth generation S-Class (W/V222) in June 2013. Development and engineering of the W221 S-Class had commenced in 1999, while design work had began in 2000 at the Advanced Design Center in Tokyo, Japan. The final design was approved by Gorden Wagener in 2001 at the Sindelfingen Advanced Design Center. Series production had initiated on August 2005, with a life cycle impulse introduced in May 2009. The W221 shares its full-size, rear-wheel drive-based architecture with the CL-Class (C216) grand touring coupe. In 2005, Mercedes-Benz had claimed that the MY06 S-Class would be the most technologically advanced car in the world.[1]

Both wheelbase forms are available in regions excluding the United States,[2] Mexico,[3] China,[4] and a few other Asian countries; models sold in these regions are exclusively long-wheelbase. Like most S-Class models, the W221 is built at the Daimler AG factory in the city of Sindelfingen, West Germany. Other locations were introduced throughout its production, including Malaysia, Egypt, Indonesia, and Mexico.[5] The W221 made its North American premiere at the North American International Auto Show in January 2006.[6] Larger in all dimensions than its predecessor, it features three newly developed engines with up to a 26 per cent power increase.[7] Models sold in North America are the S450 (SWB, Canada), S400 Hybrid, S350 Bluetec 4MATIC, S550, S600, S63 AMG and S65 AMG; other models to be sold outside North America include the S280, S350, S300, S420 CDI and S320 CDI. The first W221 model released in North America and Japan was the S550 (called S500 outside North America), with the S600 arriving in the following spring.[8]

Production of the W221 had concluded on 3 June 2013. 537,519 examples were produced, which had made the W221 one of the best-selling generations.[9]

Development and testing

Mercedes-Benz S-Class (short-wheelbase, pre-facelift)
Mercedes-Benz S-Class (long-wheelbase, pre-facelift)

Development began in 1999, with the design work beginning in 2000 at the Advanced Design Center in Tokyo, and the final design by Gorden Wagener at the Sindelfingen Advanced Design Center being approved in 2001, frozen for production in early 2002 and patented in Japan on 21 May 2003, under 1208488 and in Germany on 4 December 2003. A final design prototype W221 was presented in December 2002 to journalist AutoSpies at a consumer design clinic, two and a half years prior to the official production model unveiling in June 2005. The S-Class was shown to the journalist alongside the Lexus LS 430, Audi A8 D3, and the Volkswagen Phaeton.[10][11] The W221 features well-engineered safety features that Daimler claims will make the S-Class the most advanced passenger vehicle in the world. The S-Class is the first Mercedes-Benz vehicle to come standard with Brake Assist Plus: this system automatically activates a brake booster when sensors in the front bumper predict a critical braking situation appears more imminent. The system is also able to brake automatically. In-house simulator tests found the accident rate was reduced by 75 per cent with the additional technology. Daimler says these systems would eventually be available to other vehicle manufacturers.[1][12] The Night View Assist system uses infrared light, which is invisible to the eye and does not dazzle traffic. Engineers had tested this system, comparing the Night Vision system with conventional bi-xenon beams using test dummies. Firstly, they had used test dummies dressed in light clothes on average at a distance of about 210 m (690 ft) which is 41 m (135 ft) earlier than bi-xenon beams. Tested with dark clothes, the engineers had seen the dummies at about 164 m (538 ft), about 72 m (236 ft) more than the bi-xenon beams.[13]

Structure

references

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Benz pulls out all stops". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  2. ↑ Lassa, Todd (8 November 2005). "2006 Mercedes-Benz S-Class First Look". Motor Trend. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  3. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz México - Asesoramiento - Lista de precios". Mercedes-Benz of Mexico. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  4. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz China Homepage - Advice and purchase - Price list". Mercedes-Benz of China. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  5. ↑ Tan, Paul (27 November 2008). "Locally assembled Mercedes-Benz S 500 L goes for just under RM1 million!". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  6. ↑ "Highlights From The Detroit Auto Show 2006". Forbes. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  7. ↑ Moore, Alina (6 February 2007). "2005 Mercedes S-Class from 2005 (W221)". Top Speed. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  8. ↑ "2010 Mercedes-Benz S550 4Matic". Motor Trend. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  9. ↑ Gnaticov, Cristian (18 September 2019). "Lorinser Wants To Make Your Old Mercedes-Benz S-Class W221 Stand Out". CarScoops. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  10. ↑ "History of the Mercedes S-class - picture special". Autocar. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  11. ↑ "Back by popular demand-2005-06 MB S-class insider report" (PDF). AutoSpies. 18 March 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  12. ↑ "S-Class stars for Benz". Carsales. 15 September 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "221 series S-Class Saloons, 2005 - 2009". Mercedes-Benz. Retrieved 11 November 2023.

h

Simple English Wikipedia does not use Short Description at this time. Please remove this template. This template categorizes the page it is put on for cleanup to remove the template call.

This page is about the Volkswagen New Beetle from 1997–2011. For the original Beetle from 1938–2003, see Volkswagen Beetle. For the car from 2011–2019, see Volkswagen Beetle (A5).
Volkswagen New Beetle
(Typ 9C/1C/1Y)
Overview
ManufacturerVolkswagen
Also calledVolkswagen Beetle (Mexico)
Volkswagen Bjalla (Iceland)
ProductionOctober 1997 – July 2011
Model years1998–2011
Assembly
DesignerJ Mays (1993, 1995),
Freeman Thomas (1993, 1995),
Peter Schreyer (1993)
Body and chassis
ClassSmall family car
Body style3-door hatchback
2-door convertible
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive layout
Front-engine, all-wheel-drive (4motion, RSi)
PlatformVolkswagen Group A4 (PQ34) platform
RelatedAudi A3 Mk1
Audi TT Mk1
SEAT León Mk1
SEAT Toledo Mk2
Škoda Octavia Mk1
Volkswagen Golf Mk4
Volkswagen Jetta/Bora
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission5-speed manual
6-speed manual
4-speed 01M automatic
6-speed 09G automatic tiptronic)
6-speed DSG dual-clutch automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,515 mm (99.0 in)
Length4,081–4,148 mm (160.7–163.3 in)
Width1,721 mm (67.8 in)
Height1,498–1,511 mm (59.0–59.5 in) (hatchback),
1,501 mm (59.1 in) (convertible)
Curb weight1,182–1,292 kg (2,606–2,848 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorVolkswagen Beetle (Type 1)
SuccessorVolkswagen Beetle (A5)

The Volkswagen New Beetle, manufactured by Volkswagen from 1997 to 2011, is a small family car (C-segment) that draws heavy inspiration from the original Type 1 Beetle of which was produced for 65 years. Produced from October 1997 as a 1998, it was manufactured by Volkswagen AG until July 2011 where it was replaced by the Volkswagen A5 Beetle.

The New Beetle project had made its inception in 1991; during its time of design and engineering, the team developing the model had produced a number of sketches and conceptualizations.[1] The New Beetle was unveiled at the 1998 North American International Auto Show[2] and had commenced production in October 1997. While the New Beetle shares its overall design as the original model, the two models are mechanically distinct. As opposed to the the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout of which its predecessor had utilised, the New Beetle adopts a front-engine, front-wheel-drive configuration due its newly-designed architecture which was not developed for rear-wheel drive layouts.[3]

The design of the New Beetle was conceived by Freeman Thomas and J Carrol Mays, both of whom had studied at the American Art Center of Design.[1][4] The "Concept One" prototype was revealed to the public in 1994 at the North American International Auto Show—this model had served as a conceptual representation that had laid out the fundamentals for the upcoming production model.[4][5][6] Subsequently, a red cabriolet variant of the Concept One was unveiled at the 1995 Geneva International Motor Show. Volkswagen had displayed a black near-production unit at the 1995 Tokyo Motor Show, accompanied by the brand announcing that the vehicle would be given the New Beetle designation.[7][8] However, the brand had officially disclosed in 1996 that a production would be made towards the conclusion of the 1990s.[9]

The New Beetle was built alongside the Type 1 for six years until 30 June 2003, where the 21,529,464th unit was produced and sent to the Volkswagen AutoMuseum.[10] After a fourteen year run, the 9C New Beetle was replaced by the A5 Beetle that had started production in July 2011. Notably, the 2011 model was introduced as the Beetle, ditching the word "New" from its nomenclature.

Development

The designers responsible for the Beetle's design were J Carrol Mays and Freeman Thomas, both of whom had studied design at the American Art Centre of Design.[11][12][13][14] After graduating from the design centre, the partners had crossed the Atlantic Ocean, where Mays had joined Audi's styling department, while Thomas had joined Porsche's. However, they had returned to California to open Volkswagen's Design Centre in Simi Valley. Volkswagen was in search of a successor to the near-70 year old nameplate of the Beetle. This had led to the company spending several years and millions of Deutschmarks on developing a modern city car referred to as the "Chico".[15] In 1993, the brand had claimed that the Chico was planned to commence production in 1995,[16] however plans had came to a halt once Volkswagen had came to the realisation that the project was commercially infeasible. Mays and Thomas, understanding the challenges faced by the brand, had believed that the company needed a vehicle that had embodied the iconic design of the Beetle in order to regain customer appeal.[15]

In March 1994, the official request was given to the engineers to make the car.[17] The designers and engineers had chosen the project codename "Concept One". Initial sketches of the New Beetle had shown a rounded-styled vehicle with obvious design allusions to the previous air-cooled Beetle. A sketch was made featuring the incorporation of air vents positioned beneath the rear window. However, the vents were omitted from the final design.[18] Engineers had put a considerable amount of thought was put into the concept's dashboard—a majority of the elements seen in the concept's interior were later incorporated into the production New Beetle.[19] During planning time, the Concept One's exterior had progressively began to come together. During early development stages, a consensus was reached regarding fundamental design elements such as the usage of large diameter wheels and separate fenders. After a number of conceptualisations were produced, the team had subsequently came to a finalised design and had converted it into a three-dimensional concept—that prototype serving as a basis to the following production model.[20][10] A year after the appearance of the hatchback Concept One at the 1994 North American International Auto Show, Volkswagen had subsequently unveiled a red cabriolet variant at the 1995 Geneva International Motor Show. The aforementioned unveiling had served as a catalyst for increased public demands regarding the anticipated availability of the vehicle. In spite of this, the brand had still kept quiet about the project.[20]

Volkswagen New Beetle (9C MY02.5) hatchback[note 1]
Volkswagen New Beetle (1Y MY04) cabriolet

A presentation, led by Rudiger Folten—design strategy manager for Volkswagen—and Reinhard Szidat—technical project leader for the New Beetle—had detailed the vehicle's development from concept car to series production, highlighting the New Beetle's engineering improvements. Steve Keyes, director of corporate communications for VW America, had provided an overview of the New Beetle's marketing strategy and advertising campaign.[21] Work on the Concept One had continued in the mid-1990s, with further redesigns of the front end. A sketch from 1995 had shown a front bumper that closely resembles that of the production model. Despite its retro styling, the intention was to create a modern vehicle; consequently, Volkswagen had allocated significant attention to its drivetrain.[22] In October 1995, Volkswagen had shown a near-production, Golf-based prototype of the Concept One at the 1995 Tokyo Motor Show. The company had also announced that this model would be called the New Beetle.[8]

The New Beetle utilises the PQ34 platform shared with the fourth-generation Golf, the first-generation A3 and the first-generation Audi TT. Instead of the air-cooled, rear-engine design, the New Beetle's uses a water-cooled engine positioned at the front for a front-wheel drive layout. Like its predecessor, the New Beetle had remained an affordable vehicle; in 1999, its first model year in the US market, American consumers purchased nearly 83,500 New Beetles. The convertible model was introduced in 2003.[23] The New Beetle carries many design similarities with the original VW Beetle: separate fenders, vestigial running boards, sloping headlamps, and large round taillights, as well as a high rounded roofline. It was assembled in VW's Puebla factory in Mexico. Its coefficient of drag had reached 0.38.[24]

Safety

A European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) testing was conducted in 2000. The model tested was a left-hand-drive, 1,228 kg (2,707 lb) unit, scoring an adult rating of four out of five stars with a score of 26, and two out of four stars for vulnerable road users with a score of 14.[25] Euro NCAP claims, "although the door opened in the test, this was thought to be unlikely to happen in a real accident because the test barrier had gripped onto and pulled the door's handle. The rear seat belts are able to be switched to provide better support for child restraints.[26] The New Beetle features two front airbags and pretensioner seat belts with load-limiting devices.[27] Volkswagen's safety engineers have expended significant efforts to protect the knees and legs of front occupants. Positioned below the steering wheel is a composite steel plate with foam padding on top of strong structures and steel bolster to protect other areas.[26] In the Euro NCAP testing, the side airbag was made effective, supporting the seat wing and driver's chest. Volkswagen had added foam blocks into the door to transfer load to the pelvis, however these were not crushed during impact. The 18-month-old child's restraint was positioned in a rear-facing, adhering to recommended safety guidelines for young children. Meanwhile, the three-year-old's restraint had utilised specialized mounting points known as ISOFIX within the car.[26]

The Beetle had underwent extensive testing by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as well as Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS. In NHTSA's evaluation, the vehicle had achieved a four-star rating for front driver side and front passenger side. The New Beetle had achieved five stars for the driver in the Side Barrier test, while it had scored three stars for the rear passenger. Additionally, it had received three stars on its rollover side rating; NHTSA claims it has a rollover risk of 11.30%.[28] During IIHS' evaluation, they had given the Beetle's front an overall Good rating, taking into consideration its structure and injury measures. Despite good front ratings, the New Beetle's side evaluation had resulted in a "Poor" rating to the its side, and a "Marginal" rating to its structure.[29]

North America

Engine choices include the 115 hp (86 kW) 2.0 L inline-four for the base model, the 100 hp (75 kW) 1.9 L TDI turbodiesel inline-four (discontinued after the 2006 model year due to more stringent emissions requirements), and the 150 hp (112 kW) 1.8 L turbo inline-four for the Turbo and Sport models.[30]

The Turbo S model (sold 2002–2004) included the 1.8 L turbo but with 180 hp (134 kW). It also included a sport suspension, six-speed manual transmission, aluminum interior trim, revised front/rear fascias, and larger wheels and tires.[31] A close relative of the Turbo S was the 2002–2004 Color Concept. This limited edition variant was available in limited exterior colors, with interior door panel inserts, seat inserts, floor mat piping, and wheel opening inserts colour-matched to the exterior paint. Wheel color inserts, diameter, and style varied with model year. It came standard with the 150 hp (112 kW) 1.8 turbo gasoline engine, 5-speed manual gearbox, speed-activated rear spoiler, power windows/sunroof/door locks, heated leather seats, and fog lamps.

All 1.8L Turbo and Turbo S inline-four models were equipped with a retractable rear spoiler which was not available on the 1.9 L TDI inline-4, 2.0 L inline-four and 2.5 L inline-five models.

For the 2006 model, the exterior was slightly redesigned with more angular bumpers and wheel wells, and these models were fitted with the 2.5 L 5-cylinder engine with 150 hp (112 kW) which was also fitted on the Rabbit and Jetta, later becoming the sole engine option. The New Beetle would not be given the upgraded 2.5 L engine (engine code CBTA/CBUA) that 2008 and later Jettas and Rabbits received.

  • 2001 Volkswagen New Beetle GLS hatchback (US; pre-facelift)
    2001 Volkswagen New Beetle GLS hatchback (US; pre-facelift)
  • 1999 Volkswagen New Beetle GLS hatchback (US; pre-facelift)
    1999 Volkswagen New Beetle GLS hatchback (US; pre-facelift)
  • 2005 Volkswagen New Beetle GLS cabriolet (US; pre-facelift)
    2005 Volkswagen New Beetle GLS cabriolet (US; pre-facelift)

Notes

  1. ↑ Despite little size difference, the New Beetle weighs up to 450 kg (990 lb) more than the original model

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Seume 2001, p. 6-7
  2. ↑ Nagy, Bob (2 March 1998). "1998 Volkswagen Beetle - First Look". Motor Trend. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  3. ↑ Wright 2002, p. 20
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 McAleer, Brendan (4 April 2018). "Volkswagen New Beetle squashed but not forgotten". Hagerty. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Hunting, Benjamin (12 July 2021). "The 1994 VW Concept One Gave Us the Modern Retro Design Craze". The Drive. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  6. ↑ Seume 2001, p. 10
  7. ↑ "Bye bye, Beetle". Volkswagen Newsroom. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Seume 2001, p. 13
  9. ↑ Seume 2001, p. 11
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 McCourt, Mark (26 December 2014). "Iconic Bug Love: 1994 Volkswagen Concept 1 brochure". Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  11. ↑ Seume 2001, pp. 6–7
  12. ↑ Henry, Jim (29 June 2012). "Ford Designer J Mays Says The Past Isn't What It Used to Be". Forbes. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  13. ↑ Denwalt, Dale (10 July 2019). "Meet the Oklahoman who redesigned the VW Beetle". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  14. ↑ Allen, Leslie (8 February 2007). "On The Beach With Freeman Thomas: A Quick Chat With A Ford Designer". Autoweek. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Seume 2001, p. 7
  16. ↑ Mitchener, Brandon (19 January 1993). "Germans Join Race To Build Small Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  17. ↑ "New Beetle 2003". Volkswagen Media Press (Press release). Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  18. ↑ Seume 2001, p. 8
  19. ↑ Seume 2001, p. 9
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Seume 2001, pp. 10–11
  21. ↑ "SAE November Meeting Features Volkswagen's 'New Beetle'". The Auto Channel. 20 October 1998. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  22. ↑ Seume 2001, p. 12
  23. ↑ Ernst, Kurt (18 September 2018). "After 30 years, then 20 more, Volkswagen kills the Beetle (again)". Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  24. ↑ "2012 Volkswagen Beetle". Autoblog. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  25. ↑ "VW Beetle (2000)". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Euro NCAP VW Beetle 4 stars (PDF)" (PDF). Euro NCAP. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  27. ↑ "2000 Volkswagen New Beetle Safety Features". Autoblog. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  28. ↑ "2010 VOLKSWAGEN NEW BEETLE". NHTSA. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  29. ↑ "2010 Volkswagen New Beetle / Small Car / 2-door hatchback". IIHS. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  30. ↑ "2008 Volkswagen New Beetle". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  31. ↑ Swan, Tony (1 March 2002). "2002 Volkswagen New Beetle Turbo S". Car and Driver. Retrieved 18 November 2023.

Bibliography

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