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===Oppama, Japan===
===Oppama, Japan===
The first vehicles sold in the U.S. were produced at Nissan’s plant in [[Yokosuka, Kanagawa#Economy|Oppama]], Japan, which started production on 22 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europe.autonews.com/article/20101025/ANE/101029924/nissan-begins-production-of-leaf-electric-vehicle|title=Nissan begins production of Leaf electric vehicle|first=Hans|last=Greimel|website=[[Automotive News|Automotive News Europe]]|access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> The plant has an annual production capacity of 50,000 vehicles.<ref name=Production1010/> Production of the electric car was disrupted for several months beginning in March 2011 due to the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|earthquake and tsunami in Japan]], and as a result, Nissan announced it was not able to reach its 2011 production target of 50,000 Leafs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nissan Leaf sales hit 7,550, quake-related delays loom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616132229/http://www.green.autoblog.com/2011/06/14/report-nissan-leaf-sales-hit-7-550-quake-related-delays-loom/|archive-date=16 June 2011|url=http://www.green.autoblog.com/2011/06/14/report-nissan-leaf-sales-hit-7-550-quake-related-delays-loom/|first=Eric|last=Loveday|website=Autoblog Green |publisher=[[AOL]]|accessdate=23 December 2023}}</ref> Nissan expected to increase sales in 2012 to 40,000 units from 20,000 in 2011, as production returned to normal output and the Leaf became available in more European countries and more regional markets in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.inautonews.com/nissan-expects-leaf-sales-to-double-in-2012|title=Nissan expects Leaf sales to double in 2012|author=Financial Times|work=InAutoNews|date=2011-12-12|accessdate=2011-12-20}}</ref>
The first vehicles sold in the U.S. were produced at Nissan’s plant in [[Yokosuka, Kanagawa#Economy|Oppama]], Japan, which started production on 22 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://europe.autonews.com/article/20101025/ANE/101029924/nissan-begins-production-of-leaf-electric-vehicle|title=Nissan begins production of Leaf electric vehicle|first=Hans|last=Greimel|website=[[Automotive News|Automotive News Europe]]|access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> The plant has an annual production capacity of 50,000 vehicles.<ref name=/> Production of the electric car for several months in March 2011 due to the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|earthquake and tsunami in Japan]] , Nissan its 2011 production target of 50,000 Leafs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nissan Leaf sales hit 7,550, quake-related delays loom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616132229/http://www.green.autoblog.com/2011/06/14/report-nissan-leaf-sales-hit-7-550-quake-related-delays-loom/|archive-date=16 June 2011|url=http://www.green.autoblog.com/2011/06/14/report-nissan-leaf-sales-hit-7-550-quake-related-delays-loom/|first=Eric|last=Loveday|website=Autoblog Green |publisher=[[AOL]]|accessdate=23 December 2023}}</ref> Nissan to sales to 40,000 units from 20,000 in 2011 output and the Leaf European countries and regional markets in the U.S.<ref>{{cite |url=://www..com/--leaf-sales--double-in-2012|title= Leaf sales double in 2012|= |=|date=}}</ref>


With cumulative sales of more than 49,000 Leafs through December 2012, Nissan achieved only a 22% increase in sales during 2012, which according with Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn "''was a disappointment for us''." Mr Ghosn cited the adverse dollar-yen exchange rate as one of the factors affecting the Leaf price. He also said that they realized the price of the original Leaf models was a problem, and the decision to drop the price on the 2013 model year Leaf by 18% is possible due to the start of U.S. production of the battery car on the new assembly line in Smyrna, Tennessee, which will reduce production costs. Nissan has also taken other steps to improve production efficiency and lower component costs{{snd}} especially for the battery pack, the single-costliest part of an electric vehicle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/nissan-slashing-price-leaf-battery-car-1B7972322|title=Nissan slashing price on Leaf battery car|author=Paul A. Eisenstein |publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=2013-01-14|accessdate=2013-01-26}}</ref>
cumulative sales 49,000 Leafs December 2012, Nissan only a 22% increase in sales during 2012, which Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn ''a disappointment for us." the adverse dollar-yen exchange rate affecting the Leaf price. the original Leaf models the decision to the price the 2013 model year Leaf by 18% the of U.S. production of the car on new assembly line in Smyrna, Tennessee, production costs. Nissan has also to production efficiency and component costs the battery of vehicle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/nissan-slashing-price-leaf-battery-car-1B7972322|title=Nissan slashing price on Leaf battery car|=PaulA. Eisenstein|=[[NBC News]]|date=14|accessdate=}}</ref>


===Smyrna, U.S.===
===Smyrna, U.S.===

Revision as of 09:24, 23 December 2023

W222 S

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leaf

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For an overview of all models, see Nissan Leaf.
Nissan Leaf
Overview
ManufacturerNissan
Also calledVenucia e30 (China)
ProductionOctober 2010 – September 2017
Model years2011–2017
Assembly
DesignerKazuki Yamazaki and Masahide Fujiwara
Body and chassis
ClassCompact car
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutFront-motor, front-wheel-drive
PlatformNissan EV platform
Powertrain
Electric motor80 kW (107 hp), 280 N⋅m (210 ft⋅lb) Nissan EM motor, synchronous motor
Transmission1-speed fixed gear ratio (7.937:1 for 2011–2012 and 8.193:1 for 2013–2017)
Battery
  • MY 2011–15 (all trims) and MY 2016 S trim
  • 24 kWh lithium-ion battery
  • MY 2016 (SL and SV trims)
  • 30 kWh lithium-ion battery
Range
  • MY 2011/12
  • 117 km (73 miles) EPA
  • 175 km (109 miles) NEDC
  • MY 2013
  • 121 km (75 miles) EPA
  • 200 km (124 miles) NEDC
  • MY 2014/15
  • 135 km (84 miles) EPA
  • MY 2016
  • with 24 kWh battery
  • 135 km (84 miles) EPA
  • with 30 kWh battery
  • 172 km (107 miles) EPA
Plug-in charging3.6 kW (3.3 kW output) and optional 6.6 kW (6.0 kW output) 240 V AC on SAE J1772-2009 inlet, max 44 kW 480 V DC on CHAdeMO inlet, adapters for domestic AC sockets (110–240 V)
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length4,445 mm (175.0 in)
Width1,770 mm (69.7 in)
Height1,550 mm (61.0 in)
Curb weight1,500–1,521 kg (3,307–3,354 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorNissan Altra
SuccessorNissan Leaf (second generation)

The Nissan Leaf is a compact car that was manufactured by Japanese automaker Nissan Motor Company from 2010 to 2017. A battery electric vehicle, its name—also formatted as LEAF—serves as a backronym to "leading environmentally-friendly affordable family car." It is the world's first series-produced battery electric automobile and has been offered exclusively as a five-door hatchback.

The Leaf—Nissan's second battery-electric automobile—debuted on 2 August 2009. It is the first generation of the model and was succeeded by the second generation in 2017. Before official production commencement, Nissan developed three prototype battery electric vehicles—dubbed the EV-01, EV-02 and EV-12. The Leaf followed the unsuccessful Altra and began production in Japan on 22 October 2010. The Smyrna plant commenced manufacture of the Leaf on 13 December 2012,[1] and the Sunderland plant followed on 27 March 2013.[2] It was launched in Japan and the United States in December 2010, with subsequent introductions in several European countries and Canada in 2011.

Initially, the Leaf was available exclusively with a large battery pack composed of 192 flat, laminated lithium-ion cells developed in collaboration with NEC, which offers advantages such as simplified design, efficient cooling, and optimal packaging. The battery pack is located under the floor and between the wheels, optimising the vehicle's handling and interior space. The 80 kW (110 hp) AC electric motor can be powered for up to 100 miles (160 km) when the battery is fully charged. Recharging can take 16 hours on 110V or 8 hours on 220V power. Fast charging is also available with a specific charger, which can restore 80% of the battery capacity in approximately 30 minutes.

The Leaf has garnered both acclaim and criticism from multiple automotive critics. Car and Driver, an American automotive magazine, expressed unfavourable opinions about the inexpensive materials used in the vehicle, asserting that they seem more fitting for a car priced at half its actual cost. However, they commended the Leaf for its spacious boot/trunk, along with features like standard heated seats and, in higher-end models, a heated steering wheel and leather seats. Opinions on the battery performance and safety aspects vary, with some finding the battery and range underwhelming and others expressing concerns about safety levels.

Development

Nissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle, the Nissan Altra, at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on 29 December 1997.[3] The Altra EV was in production from 1998 to 2002, with a limited production of approximately 200 vehicles primarily used as fleet vehicles for companies such as electric utilities.[4] During the same period, Nissan also developed the Nissan Hypermini, conducting a demonstration programme and selling a limited number to government and corporate fleets in Japan from 1999 to 2001. A small fleet of Hyperminis underwent field testing in various Californian cities between 2001 and 2005.[5]

In 2009, Nissan unveiled the EV-11 prototype electric car, which was based on the Nissan Tiida hatchback. The prototype featured a substitution of the conventional gasoline engine with an all-electric system, comprising an 80 kW (110 hp)/280 N⋅m (210 lbf⋅ft) electric motor, a 24 kWh lithium-ion battery pack with an estimated range of 175 km (109 miles) on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's LA-4 or "city" driving cycle. Noteworthy features included a navigation system and remote control and monitoring capabilities via a cellphone connection through Nissan's secure data centre to the car.[6] The technology in the EV-11 had previously undergone development and testing in the EV-01 and EV-02 test cars, both equipped with an all-electric powertrain and using the Nissan Cube (Z11) as a development mule.[7][8] The EV-11 prototype was publicly showcased on 26 July 2009.[6] A week later, on 2 August 2009, Nissan unveiled the Leaf at its Yokohama headquarters and committed to initiating retail sales in both the North American market and Japan by the end of 2010.[9][10]

Manufacture

Nissan has an installed capacity to produce 250,000 Leafs per year, 150,000 at Smyrna, U.S., 50,000 at Oppama, Japan, and 50,000 at Sunderland, England.[11]

Oppama, Japan

The first vehicles sold in the U.S. were produced at Nissan’s plant in Oppama, Japan, which started production on 22 October 2010.[12][13][14] The plant has an annual production capacity of 50,000 vehicles.[14] Production of the electric car faced disruption for several months starting in March 2011 due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Consequently, Nissan fell short of its 2011 production target of 50,000 Leafs.[15] Anticipating a rebound in production and an expanded market presence, Nissan aimed to boost sales to 40,000 units in 2012, up from 20,000 in 2011. This strategy involved normalizing production output and introducing the Leaf to additional European countries and regional markets in the U.S.[16]

Despite cumulative sales exceeding 49,000 Leafs by December 2012, Nissan experienced only a 22% increase in sales during 2012, which Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn deemed "a disappointment for us." He attributed this to factors such as the adverse dollar-yen exchange rate affecting the Leaf's price. Recognising the pricing issues with the original Leaf models, Ghosn highlighted the decision to reduce the price of the 2013 model year Leaf by 18%. This reduction was made possible by the initiation of U.S. production of the electric car on a new assembly line in Smyrna, Tennessee, contributing to lowered production costs. Nissan has also implemented measures to enhance production efficiency and decrease component costs, with a particular focus on the battery pack—the most expensive component of the vehicle.[17]

Smyrna, U.S.

Prior to early 2013, Nissan Leafs made for the United States were imported from Japan. The model pictured is a Japanese-import adapted for the U.S. market, as shown by its amber reflectors.

Commercial U.S. production began in January 2013, at Nissan's manufacturing facility in Smyrna, Tennessee.[18] This plant was modified with a US$1.4 billion loan granted by the U.S. Department of Energy to allow the manufacturing plant to produce the Nissan Leaf and its advanced batteries.[19][20] The Smyrna plant is expected to produce up to 150,000 vehicles and 200,000 battery packs annually.[20] Nissan planned to unveil the upgraded 2013 model year version Nissan Leaf for the North American market in December 2012, once production of the electric car had begun in the Smyrna plant, but rescheduled the introduction of the 2013 model to January 2013, during the North American International Auto Show.[18][21][22] The Smyrna plant began producing lithium-ion cells in December 2012. These cells are used in the battery pack of the 2013 model year Leaf built at the adjacent assembly plant. The cell fabrication factory in Smyrna is the largest plant in the U.S. that builds automotive-scale lithium-ion batteries, and it can produce batteries for up to 200,000 electric vehicles a year.[23] Leaf production in the Smyrna plant began in January 2013, sharing the production line with the Altima mid-size sedan and Maxima full-size sedan.[24]

Sunderland, United Kingdom

Production of the Leaf at Nissan's plant in Sunderland, England, began in March 2013.[25] Nissan benefited from a GB£20.7 million grant from the British government and up to GB£220 million from the European Investment Bank.[26][27] The plant has the capacity to produce 60,000 lithium-ion batteries and 50,000 Leafs a year.[26] The UK produced Leaf is destined for the European market.[28] In January 2013 Nissan announced an immediate price reduction of GB£2,500 or €3,000 for the Japanese-made Leaf model sold in the UK and other European markets. The price of the 2013 Leaf produced in Sunderland is lower than the model built in Japan,[11][29] and Nissan is offering a battery leasing option for the three trims produced at Sunderland, which further reduces the purchase price by GB£5,000 in the UK,[30][31] and €5,900 in the other European countries where the leasing option is available.[32] The first retail delivery of a 2013 Leaf built in the Sunderland plant took place in the UK in late May 2013.[33]

Guangdong, China

In March 2013, the Chinese government announced that a partnership between Nissan and Dongfeng Motor to build Leafs is being planned. The initial production line will be able to produce 10,000 units per year until it is upgraded to 50,000 units by 2015.[34]

Safety

Euro NCAP test results
5-door RHD hatchback[35] (2011)
Test Points %
Overall: 5 /5 stars
Adult occupant: 31.9 89%
Child occupant: 40.4 83%
Pedestrian: 23.4 65%
Safety assist: 5.9 84%

The 2011 and 2012 model years received a five-star overall rating from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), while the 2013 and 2014 model years are rated four stars overall. The latter rating is attributed to lower scores in front and side tests for passengers.[36][37]

In terms of safety recognition, the Nissan Leaf was awarded with the "Top Safety Pick" designation by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in 2011. The Leaf received top ratings of "Good" for front, side, and rear impact crash tests, and also on rollover protection. The injury measurements except one received a "Good" rating, indicating a relatively low risk of significant injuries in crashes based on the IIHS's severity scale.[38][39] In 2011, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) conducted testing on a Nissan Leaf. The specific model subjected to the assessment was a 1,545 kg (3,406 lb), right-hand-drive, 80 kW (110 hp) small family hatchback.

Warning sounds
See also: Electric vehicle warning sounds
2011 Nissan Leaf featuring the warning sound off switch

In response to the considerable noise reduction inherent in electric vehicles operating at low speeds, the 2011 Nissan Leaf incorporates digital warning sounds—distinct for forward and reverse motions—to notify pedestrians, including those with visual impairments, and others of its presence.[40][41] Nissan introduced the Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians (VSP) system for this purpose, also utilised in the Nissan Fuga hybrid. The VSP system generates audible alerts detectable by individuals outside the vehicle while avoiding distraction to occupants inside. During the sound's development, Nissan conducted behavioral research on the visually impaired, collaborating with cognitive and acoustic psychologists.[41][42] The sine-wave sound system spans from 2.5 kHz to 600 Hz, ensuring audibility across age groups. It produces varying high-low sounds based on speed, acceleration, or deceleration, ceasing at 30 km/h (18.6 mph) and resuming below 25 km/h (16 mph). The 2011 model allowed drivers to temporarily disable the sounds, but the system automatically resets to "On" at the next ignition cycle. Controlled by a computer and synthesizer in the dash panel, the sound emanates from a speaker in the front driver’s side wheel well.[41] Nissan discontinued the option to disable the pedestrian alert from the 2012 model onward, anticipating a U.S. ruling by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).[43]

2013 Nissan Leaf (ZE0 MY13) hatchback (Australia)

Upon publicising the new sounds, the U.S. National Federation of the Blind commented that "while we were pleased that the alert existed, we were unhappy that the driver could turn it off."[41] In the United Kingdom, compliance with local regulations necessitated the removal of the Leaf's electric warning sound, as the law mandates the capability to disable any hazard warning sound between 11:00 pm and 6:00 am—a feature not supported by the Leaf's audible warning system.[44]

Safety protection

The Leaf's battery pack benefits from protective structural steel reinforcement, safeguarding it against crash damage.[45] To prevent shock and fire hazards, the Leaf is equipped with a battery safety system triggered during a crash involving the deployment of airbags. The airbag control unit signals a mechanical disconnection of the high voltage from the vehicle.[46] In December 2011, Nissan reported, as an indication of the Leaf safety performance, that none of the around two dozen Leafs that were destroyed during the March 2011 tsunami caught fire and their batteries remained intact.[47] As of December 2011, no fires after a crash have been reported in the U.S. associated with the Leaf or other plug-in electric cars available in the market.[48]

References

  1. ↑ King, Danny (13 December 2012). "Nissan starts up Leaf battery production in Smyrna, Tennesse". Autoblog. Weblogs, Inc. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  2. ↑ Blanco, Sebastian (28 March 2013). "Nissan starts 2013 Leaf production in UK, EV now made on three continents". Autoblog. Weblogs Inc. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  3. ↑ "All-New Nissan Altra EV: A Friendly, High-Tech Electric Vehicle for Everyday Life". The Auto Channel. 29 December 1997. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "1947-1998". Nissan Motor Corporation. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  5. ↑ Brayer, Roberta; Francfort, James (January 2006). "Nissan Hypermini Urban Electric Vehicle Testing" (PDF). United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Abuelsamid, Sam (27 July 2009). "Nissan shows off new Versa-based electric vehicle prototype". Autoblog. Weblogs Inc. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  7. ↑ "Nissan shows test models of electric car, hybrid". MSNBC. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  8. ↑ Goodwin, Antuan (2 April 2009). "Test-driving the Nissan EV-02 electric car". CNET. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  9. ↑ Webb, Tim (3 August 2009). "Nissan unveils its electric car, the Leaf". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  10. ↑ Paukert, Chris (1 August 2009). "2010 Nissan Leaf electric car: In person, in depth – and U.S. bound". Autoblog. Weblogs Inc. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cole, Jay (28 March 2013). "Nissan LEAF Production Starts At 3rd Assembly Plant In Sunderland, UK (Factory Video)". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  12. ↑ Motavalli, Jim (12 February 2010). "Nissan Leaf Electric Car Comes to New York". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  13. ↑ "Production of 100% Electric, Zero-Emission Nissan LEAF begins at Oppama, Japan". The Car Guide (fr). 22 October 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Greimel, Hans. "Nissan begins production of Leaf electric vehicle". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  15. ↑ Loveday, Eric. "Nissan Leaf sales hit 7,550, quake-related delays loom". Autoblog Green. AOL. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  16. ↑ "Ghosn says Leaf sales will double in 2012". The Seattle Times. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  17. ↑ A. Eisenstein, Paul (14 January 2013). "Nissan slashing price on Leaf battery car". NBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: The named reference TDN032012 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  19. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Electric was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Secretary Chu Announces Closing of $1.4 Billion Loan to Nissan". U.S. Department of Energy. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  21. ↑ Sebastian Blanco (12 April 2012). "Nissan Leaf getting upgraded looks, more range in Europe; lower price likely". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  22. ↑ Luke Vandezande (21 December 2012). "2012 Nissan Leaf Offered with Big Cash Discount". AutoGuide.com. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  23. ↑ John Voelcker (12 December 2012). "Nissan Builds First Lithium-Ion Cells For 2013 Leaf Electric Car (Video)". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  24. ↑ Ben Timmins (9 January 2013). "Nissan Updates Leaf EV for 2013; Production Starts in Tennessee". Automobile Magazine. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  25. ↑ Sebastian Blanco (28 March 2013). "Nissan starts 2013 Leaf production in UK, EV now made on three continents". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 28 March 2013. See Press Release.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Nissan Leaf electric car to be built in Sunderland". BBC News. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  27. ↑ "Third Factory For 2011 Nissan Leaf Production Is Smart Move In EV Production War". AllCarsElectric.com. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  28. ↑ Nick Gibbs (12 April 2012). "Nissan Leaf EV to be restyled for European tastes". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  29. ↑ Cite error: The named reference FT012013 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  30. ↑ Cite error: The named reference BLease01 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  31. ↑ Cite error: The named reference BLease02 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  32. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Leaf60K was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  33. ↑ Faye Sunderland (31 May 2013). "New Nissan LEAF finds first home with DJ Mark Goodier". The Green Car Website. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  34. ↑ Bloomberg News (15 March 2013). "Nissan May Build Leaf Cars in China, Government Site Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  35. ↑ "2012 Nissan Leaf small family car". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  36. ↑ "Nissan Leaf Earns Top NHTSA Safety Rating". U.S. News & World Report. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  37. ↑ "2015 Nissan Leaf". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  38. ↑ Jensen, Cheryl (26 April 2011). "Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf Earn Top Marks in First U.S. Crash Tests". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  39. ↑ "Chevrolet Volt & Nissan Leaf earn top ratings in 1st U.S. crash tests of mainstream electric cars". Insurance Institute for Highway Safetydate=26 April 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  40. ↑ Motavalli, Jim (1 June 2010). "Electric Car Warning Sounds: Don't Expect Ring Tones". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Motavalli, Jim (17 June 2010). "Blind Advocates 'Disappointed' in Nissan E.V. Sounds for Pedestrians". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2023. The article includes a sample of the two sounds.
  42. ↑ "Nissan Leaf will break the EV silence with a digital whistle [w/video]". Autoblog. Weblogs Inc. 14 June 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2023. The article has a video with the Leaf warning sounds.
  43. ↑ Cole, Jay (7 January 2013). "All EVs Operating Under 18 MPH To Have Audible Warning". InsideEVs. Motorsport Network. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  44. ↑ Richardson, Andy (1 March 2011). "Nissan Leaf facing delay". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  45. ↑ Vlasic, Bill; Bunkley, Nick (7 December 2011). "G.M. Re-examines Volt as Safety Concerns Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  46. ↑ "Chevy Volt Unplugged: When To Depower Your EV After a Crash". Translogic. AOL Autos. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  47. ↑ Nick Bunkley (21 December 2011). "Tsunami Reveals Durability of Nissan's Leaf". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  48. ↑ Welch, David (1 December 2011). "GM's Volt Battery Fires Threaten to Disrupt 'Moon Shot': Cars". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
 
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