"The Warp is a strange and terrible place. You might as well throw a traveller into a sea of sharks and tell him to swim home as send him through the Warp unprotected. Better it is not to let common man travel through the stars. Better still, let him not know such a thing is feasible."
- —Fra Safrane, 5th Aide to Navigator De'el
The never-ending tides of the Warp's madness.
The Immaterium, also referred to as the Empyrean, the Aether, the Sea of Souls, the Realm of Chaos, Warpspace or most commonly, "the Warp," is an alternate dimension of purely psychic energy that echoes and underlies the familiar four dimensions of the material universe.
The Warp is the source of all psychic powers and known instances of so-called "sorcery" or "magic" as well as the home dimension of the powerful entities known as the Chaos Gods and their myriad legions of Daemonic servants. In fact, the terms "Chaos" and the "Warp" are often used interchangeably by those aware of their existence within the Imperium of Man.
Superficially, the Immaterium is Mankind's solution to the problem of faster-than-light travel. The Warp functions as the medium for FTL interstellar travel, with voidcraft entering it through the use of a Warp-Drive. They then use their own mundane reaction drive systems and the aid of a psychic Navigator to navigate between its flowing currents of psychic energy, as if they were moving through an ocean.
A look into the hellish Realm of Chaos.
The psychic energy that makes up the Immaterium is believed to be the direct result of the existence of sentience in the universe, in particular the intelligent species of the Milky Way Galaxy. Considered to be a dark reflection of the material universe, the Warp is an ocean of chaotic psychic energy, raw emotion given physical form.
The Immaterium is also rumoured by many cultures, Human and xenos alike, to be the final resting place of the souls of the dead, and therefore can be considered the "underworld" of the Warhammer 40,000 universe.
Warp Travel
"The Warp is our greatest gift, and also our greatest threat. It is curse and boon, hope and terror, a raging inferno through which we must plunge, or else be lost."
- —Navigator D'Halnari
Space Marine Legion warships emerge safely from the Warp into realspace during the Horus Heresy.
A voidcraft enters the Warp by activating its Warp-Drive. As a starship leaves the material universe it enters a corresponding point in Warpspace. The ship is then carried along by the tides and currents of the Warp, like a pebble in a raging river. After travelling in this fashion for an appropriate time, the voidship uses its Warp engines to drop back into realspace.
Because the material universe and the Warp move relative to one another, the voidship reappears in a new position several light years from the starting point. This process is called a Warp jump or a hop, and the process of entering or leaving the Immaterium is known as a drop, shift, or translation.
Journeys through the Warp are usually undertaken in short jumps of up to four or five light years. Longer jumps are unpredictable and dangerous. The tides of Warpspace move in complex and inconsistent patterns, and voidships attempting longer hops often end up widely off-course. Were this limitation to apply to all Warp travel, then Humanity would not have spread throughout the galaxy as it has.
It is possible to make long jumps of many light years by steering a voidship in the Warp itself -- sensing, responding to, and exploiting its currents and thereby directing the craft towards a corresponding point in the material universe. Only the strain of Human mutants known as Navigators can pilot a craft through the Warp in this way.
Some individuals are sensitive to the movements of Warpspace. They can, for example, sometimes tell that a voidcraft is approaching even before it drops back into the material universe. Human sensitivity to the Warp is not generally well-developed.
However, in a minority of people this sensitivity is far more finely-tuned. These people are known as psykers, and they are able to consciously control and use the energy of the Warp to affect the material universe. Navigators possess psychic gifts of a more specialised kind that only allows them to use their powers to actually look into the Immaterium without going insane and then use this knowledge to steer their spacecraft through its flowing currents.
The Astronomican and the Warp
The Astronomican is a psychic homing signal centred upon Terra and directed through the Warp by the mind of the Emperor of Mankind. It is powered by the continuous mental concentration of a thousand Human psykers, whose life essences are slowly drained until they die and must be replaced. The Astronomican cannot be detected in the real universe -- only in the Warp.
It is by means of this signal that the Navigators can steer their voidships through the Warp over long distances. The Astronomican's signal is strongest close to Terra and the Emperor of Mankind who is its source and gets increasingly weaker further away. It extends over a spherical area with a diameter of about 50,000 light years.
The Astronomican does not extend to the extreme fringes of the galaxy, and because Terra is situated in the galactic west, its signal does not reach a massive swathe of the eastern part of the galaxy at all. Nor is the extent or strength of the signal constant -- it can at times be blocked by localised disturbances of the energy within the Warp itself.
Such activity may be compared to the hurricanes or storms of a terrestrial weather system and is known as a Warp Storm. Warp Storms may be so bad, and so long-lasting, that entire star systems are isolated for hundreds of standard years at a time.
A Warp Storm not only obscures the signal of the Astronomican, it is also dangerous for spacecraft travelling nearby. No spacecraft can venture within a Warp Storm and expect to survive, although there are tales of miraculous escapes and of starships being thrown tens of thousands of light years off course.
Warp Storms are not the only dangers within the Warp. There are sentient energies and other immaterial life-forms that inhabit it, creatures formed from, and part of, the shifting stuff of the Warp. Few are friendly and most are hostile. They are known to Mankind as "Daemons."
Time Displacement
Chart displaying subjective and objective durations for travel across various light year distances in the Immaterium.
The time differences between realspace and Warpspace are quite drastic. Not only does time pass at different rates in both kinds of space, but it also passes at very variable rates.
Until a starship finishes its jump, it is impossible for a vessel's crew to know exactly how long their journey has taken in realspace. Time passing in realspace is referred to as "real time." Time passing on board a spacecraft in the Immaterium is referred to as "Warp time."
The relationship between real time and Warp time is shown on the chart above. So, for example, a 100 light year jump will seem to take from 2.5 to 9.5 solar hours to the crew of a vessel in the Warp, but between 3 solar days and 3 solar weeks will have actually passed in realspace.
These times do not include the journey times out to and from the Mandeville Points within each star system before a Warp translation can begin or end.
It can take solar days to weeks of travel at sub-light speed to reach a Mandeville Point, and a similar time to re-enter a new star system from the destination Mandeville Point.
The Imperium is approximately 75,000 light years from edge to edge. A journey of this length could take between 75 and 300 solar days in subjective Warp time, and between 6 and 40 Terran years in real time.
Before a starship can enter the Warp, it must first travel at sublight speed to a star system's so-called "Mandeville Point." This is the closest distance that a voidship can safely enter or exit the Immaterium from its origin or destination system, respectively.
Once a spacecraft activates its Warp-Drive, it is plunged into a dimension very different from the material universe. It is convenient to imagine Warpspace as consisting of a relatively dense, almost liquid, energy, devoid of stars, light and life as it is commonly known. Once within Warpspace a voidship may move by means of its main Newtonian reaction drive (such as a standard Imperial Plasma Drive), following powerful eddies and currents in the Warp, eventually reaching a point in the Warp corresponding to a destination in realspace.
The most difficult aspect of Warp travel is that it is impossible to detect the spatial movement of Warpspace once a voidship is in the Warp. The ship can only blindly carry on, its crew trusting that it is going in the right direction. The longer a ship remains in the Immaterium, the greater the chances of encountering some unexpected current that can turn it unknowingly off-course.
Navigation of Warpspace can be achieved in two ways: the calculated jump and the piloted jump.
All Warp-Drives incorporate navigational mechanisms. When the voidship is in realspace, these monitor the ever-shifting movements of that part of the Warp corresponding to the voidship's current position. It is a "window" into Warpspace. By means of observing these movements in the Warp it is possible to calculate a course, corrective manoeuvres, and approximate journey time to a proposed destination.
Calculation relies on the assumption that the Warp-currents observed from realspace do not change significantly during flight. This method is known as a "calculated jump." It is not safe to make a calculated jump of more than four light years at one go. The longer the jump, the greater the chances of a significant change in Warp current movement.
The second, and more efficient, form of Warp-navigation is the piloted jump. This method relies upon two factors: the Navigators and the psychic beacon of the Astronomican. The Astronomican is centred on Terra and is not only controlled by, but is directed by, the psychic power of the Emperor.
The Astronomican is a psychic beacon that penetrates into Warpspace. A Navigator on board a voidship in the Warp is able to pick up these signals and can steer a spacecraft through Warpspace, compensating for current changes as he does so. A piloted jump can cover a far longer distance than a calculated jump. Most piloted jumps are no more than 5,000 light years at a time, but longer jumps have been made.
A typical interstellar voyage might begin with a cargo ship lying in orbit around an Imperial world. Tiny shuttlecraft busily transfer precious minerals, foodstuffs, crew, and manufactured items from the world below. The loading procedure may take solar days or weeks, as the shuttles return time and time again to the huge voidship.
Once loading is complete, the colossal spacecraft slowly accelerates out of orbit under the power of its main reaction drive. The voidship heads outwards towards the rim of the solar system, carefully increasing speed by tiny increments as it does so.
Although the vessel's engines are capable of terrific acceleration, the risk of collision with inter-planetary debris is high if the voidship accelerates too quickly or too much. As the sun shrinks in the ship's wake, the density of debris lessens and the ship's speed reaches approximately one percent of light speed in a vacuum.
After several solar weeks of travel, the voidship arrives at its point of departure into the Warp. This is the Mandeville "jump-point" lying around the star system like the circumference of a circle. This delineates the point at which inter-planetary debris falls below maximum Warp density and gravitic stresses cannot affect the transition from realspace.
Once this invisible line has been crossed, it is safe to activate the Warp engines to enter or exit the Immaterium. A crew careless or foolhardy enough to prematurely activate Warp-Drive would be lucky to find their ship hurled thousands of light years off course. More likely, the voidship would be torn apart and destroyed, never to be heard of again.
With the safe activation of its Warp-Drive, the ship is plucked out of the real universe and enters the dimension of the Immaterium. Its true interstellar journey has begun. Ships travelling in the Immaterium with the aid of a Navigator do so by means of jumps varying in length up to 5,000 light years. Only a long journey would involve more than a single jump. Even so, almost two solar weeks may pass onboard ship before the craft is ready to end its jump. Meanwhile, because of time shifts in the Warp, it is possible that over a standard year has passed in the real universe.
The ship re-enters realspace just beyond the Mandeville Point of its destination solar system. If it is lucky, the ship will come out close to the jump-point, otherwise it may take many extra solar weeks to reach the inner planets. It is always wise to allow a safe margin when jumping towards a star. The results of reentering space within the radius of the Mandeville Point would be the same as prematurely activating the Warp-Drive on the outward journey, and would almost certainly end in disaster.
The ship is now ready for its final haul, beginning by broadcasting to its destination and establishing a new time coordinate. Time in Warpspace is so different from time in normal space that the crew has no idea whether their journey has taken a few solar months or standard years. Initially, the voidship travels at approximately one percent of light speed, decelerating gradually through the denser inner regions. Eventually, the ship reaches its destination, where swarms of tiny shuttles once more make themselves busy loading and unloading cargo and passengers in preparation for the voidship's next journey.
Warpspace Channels
In theory it is possible to travel anywhere in the universe through the Warp. However, the shifting tides of the Warp make it easier to travel from some star systems to others, and short Warp jumps are always more accurate than longer ones.
This is particularly true when moving a large fleet, which may become spread out across several light years of space over an extended journey.
Long established and well-charted Warp channels connect star systems and entire regions of the galaxy, providing relatively predictable conduits through which the majority of Imperial shipping passes.
Warp Gates
A Tech-priest investigating a newly discovered Warp Gate.
A Warp Gate is a point in realspace which is linked to another point in realspace by a tunnel through the Warp. The tunnel somehow avoids the normal disturbances of the Immaterium, allowing a journey to be made within a fixed time and in perfect safety.
The existence of Warp Gates represents something of a mystery, and much debate rages over whether they are natural or artificial. If artificial, then none can say who made them or for what purpose.
Furthermore, some Warp Gates have been artificially enhanced, their entrances delineated by mechanical constructions whose exact function can only be guessed at. Other Warp Gates are mere black holes in space.
Warp Gates occur in the depths of space, at the boundaries of star systems, within star systems, and even on planets.
The largest are easily big enough to permit the passage of spacecraft and are usually situated at the edge of a star system or amongst its outer planets.
Other gates are only large enough to permit the passage of small vehicles, or perhaps Human-sized creatures.
These occur mostly on planet surfaces and lead directly to other gates on the surfaces of other planets. All gates are rare, the smaller types extremely so.
Planetary gates are often disguised, or respond only to electrical, psychic, or other signals, which would seem to indicate a certain amount of intended secrecy on the part of their builders.
All space-going species are prepared to utilise Warp Gates when they find them, although discovering where they lead can often be hazardous.
Many gates appear to be defective, and can dump a ship randomly into the Warp. Others can lead to places which may once have been stars or planets, but which are now no more than empty space.
The possibility of emerging into a distant, hostile alien star empire also has to be considered. It may be that spacecraft vanishing into Warpspace have been transported beyond the galaxy itself.
Warp Gates often become extremely important to whoever controls them, and many are of vital strategic value to the Imperium.
Imperial Commanders and other interests vie for control of a Warp Gate in their sphere of influence, and these relics are often heavily defended against outside attack.
Warp Portals
A Warp portal is a point in space where the Warp and realspace interface, forming a stable entrance into, and exit from, the Warp.
It is not necessary to activate a Warp-Drive to enter the Warp in this manner, although any vessel not equipped with a Gellar Field would be unlikely to survive for long within the Empyrean.
It does not lead to a tunnel, and a voidcraft entering a portal is directly cast into the chance currents of Warpspace.
With careful manoeuvring it may be possible to re-enter normal space using the same portal from the other side. Again, the exact nature of the portals is not understood, and no one knows whether they are mere accidents of nature and non-Euclidian geometries or have some secret purpose.
Some aliens use Warp portals to travel between the Warp and realspace, specifically the creatures known as Enslavers, who live within the Warp itself. Like Warp Gates, portals occur in all places in the universe and may appear on a planet's surface.
Some have a definite physical constituent, whilst others are invisible or take the form of a hole in the ground or a dark cave mouth.
Warp portals do have their uses, for there are recorded instances of spacecraft with damaged Warp-Drives, trapped within the Warp and doomed to destruction, suddenly locating a Warp portal enabling them to return to realspace.
A Thin Veil
The barrier between reality and the Warp is not equally strong across the galaxy. In some places, the veil is thin, allowing the influence of the Warp to leech through. Such areas might be permanent or temporary, and could be of nearly any size, the result of random chance or the intentional acts of malefic Chaos Cults.
Some are the result of experiments performed during the Dark Age of Technology, while others are a side effect of psychic activity or a great effusion of powerful emotion, many deaths or other extreme psychic trauma within a small area.
In the Askellon Sector, for example, the unpredictable currents of the Pandaemonium batter the shores of reality, weakening the barrier between dimensions.
Various disturbing phenomena can manifest in areas where the veil is thin, for the Warp and its influence are never predictable or consistent.
Such places are often considered haunted or ill-omened, for people might hear voices, glimpse movement out of the corners of their eyes, or experience nightmares or even waking visions.
Chronos might run backwards, temperatures plummet or fluctuate, and auspexes and scanners provide inconsistent or contradictory readings.
Individuals might feel a sense of wrongness that they cannot describe, or strange and disturbing sensations, from tingling on the skin to the smell of burning flesh.
Realm of Chaos
A map of the Realm of Chaos; note the positions and distances between the places on this map are only allegorical; distance and time have no meanings in the Immaterium.
The Ruinous Powers of Chaos and their Daemonic servants are known to inhabit the portion of the Immaterium often called the "Realm of Chaos."
Daemons are only able to exist within the Immaterium, unless certain conditions are met within the material realm.
The Immaterium is what empowers the Daemonic and mortal servants alike of the four Dark Gods -- Khorne the Blood God, Slaanesh the Prince of Pleasure, Tzeentch the Lord of Change, and Nurgle the Lord of Decay -- and their followers will undertake any action to increase this power and their standing with their unholy masters.
Each of the Chaos Gods maintains a domain within the Realm of Chaos, the nature of which matches his own personality and interests exactly. Khorne commands the Blood God's Domain, Nurgle the Land of the Plaguelord, Tzeentch the Realm of the Sorcerer, and Slaanesh the Dark Prince's Realm.
The Realm of Chaos is marked by nearly constant warfare and strife between the Daemonic servants of the Ruinous Powers, who constantly scheme and battle against one another in an eternal struggle for dominance known as the "Great Game" that can never be won.
The Chaos Gods and their servants are consumed by this struggle and in truth pay very little attention to the doings of realspace, save when the actions of mortals either present a threat to all of the Chaos Gods' continued activities or an opportunity for the Ruinous Powers to enhance their position against one another in their eternal conflict.
Formless Wastes
The Formless Wastes, also known as the "Chaotic Abyss" and the "Land of Lost Souls," are those regions of the Immaterium that do not fall under the dominion of one of the four major Chaos Gods.
Much of its landscape is simply a terrain of pure chaos that is forming and reforming constantly based on the psychic currents roiling the minds of the sentient mortals of the Milky Way Galaxy as well as the psychic currents of the Realm of Chaos.
The Formless Wastes are a place where the laws of physics hold no sway. Within the Formless Wastes sit rivers of tar that flow through petrified woodlands beneath crimson skies. Great stairways ascend into the heavens where they connect back on themselves in an endless loop. These celestial stairways sit alongside castles crafted from bone and fortresses of ichor while pillars of fire burn on the horizon.
Every dream, nightmare and vision ever had by one of the sentient species of the galaxy has a representation within the Formless Wastes. The Wastes are also the home of the Daemonic Furies who watch for any prey, mortal or Daemon, that comes within their reach.
Those Greater Daemons and Daemon Princes that are strong enough to maintain a level of psychic control over their environment within the Warp also make their homes within the Wastes. These islands of horrific stability stand out within this chaotic wilderness with some only appearing for an instant whilst others are as old as the Ruinous Powers themselves.
Each of these sub-realms is a small extension of the Realm of Chaos that embodies the whims of its creator and has a shrine or temple dedicated to its beliefs.
Some are even populated by Daemons born from the mind of the Greater Daemon or Daemon Prince, though these entities are usually short-lived as they tend to be consumed by the Furies that populate the Formless Wastes and are much weaker than the Daemons of the four major Chaos Gods.
The minor Chaos Gods are also believed to sometimes maintain their demesnes within the Formless Wastes. Also within the Formless Wastes of the Immaterium resides the dark Daemonic foundry known as the Forge of Souls.
Psychic Realm
The Immaterium is a dimension of the spiritual and metaphysical, created, sustained and influenced by intelligent mortal emotions and actions in the physical universe.
The mind of every sentient being in the material universe save the Necrons and the C'tan leaves a psychic imprint within the Immaterium.
Although the signature of one mind is almost insignificant in the energy or influence it generates, when the imprints of an entire intelligent species of billions upon billions of individuals are combined they have a huge impact on the very nature and shape of the Warp.
This seems to imply that the Immaterium is not chaotic by nature, but has been made so by the conflict, misery and war that defines so much of the material realm.
When an emotion or faith in an entity or concept grows strong enough, it actually becomes one of the denizens of the Warp.
Many of these beings vanish when the emotion or beliefs that create them pass, but the strongest and most archetypal can become self-perpetuating, spreading the thoughts and events that grant them form and power and even interacting with the material world in a way that further strengthens the beliefs and attitudes that give them existence.
The strongest of these beings become the gods and Daemons associated with a specific group or culture, and almost every single intelligent species or force of will has its universal concepts or religious figures personified in some way by the Warp, be they Chaos, Aeldari, Ork, or Human.
Psykers
The extrasensory, seemingly magical abilities of the psychically-gifted individuals known in the Imperium of Man as psykers are powered by the energies of the Warp, and when such power is used, the Daemons and other native creatures of the Immaterium are drawn to the psyker's mind like moths to a blazing flame.
Those Humans well-trained in the use of the psychic arts are able to resist such incursion to a degree, but the greatest fear of the Imperial Inquisition is the fact that an untrained Human psyker of sufficient power can become the target of Daemonic possession -- and a gateway for the intrusion of the Daemonic servants of the Ruinous Powers into the physical world.
Realm of the Dead
Many cultures of the Milky Way Galaxy, both Human and xenos, believe that the Immaterium is the final resting place for the souls or spirits of the dead. Certainly there is some truth to this notion. The Aeldari believe that upon their deaths, their souls travel into the Warp where they are immediately devoured by their species' ancient enemy, the Chaos God Slaanesh.
Because the Aeldari's hedonistic and intensely psychic nature was responsible for bringing Slaanesh into existence within the Empyrean following the Fall of the Aeldari sometime between the 29th and 30th Millennia, it can be said that Aeldari souls have a form of "psychic gradient" in which they are immediately consumed by the hunger of Slaanesh upon the death of their physical bodies if protective measures are not taken.
For the Aeldari of the Asuryani craftworlds, this protection takes the form of the Spirit Stone worn by every one of their number which immediately absorbs their soul's psychic energy upon death so that it can later be deposited for safekeeping within their Craftworld's Infinity Circuit. There it will exist for all eternity as part of a gestalt collective mind of the dead.
The Drukhari take a predictably more savage course. They are partially protected by their existence within the Labyrinthine Dimension of the Webway from consumption by Slaanesh, but "She Who Thirsts" will eventually consume even a Drukhari soul unless he draws psychic energy to protect himself from the psychic agony of others.
It is for this reason that the Drukhari are such malevolent creatures, seeking out an endless supply of slaves whose torture they not only enjoy but which actually keeps their twisted souls intact.
Amongst the mortal servants of the Chaos Gods, there is no doubt: when a mortal dies in realspace, their soul is immediately swept into the Warp at the moment their physical body dies, where it will be devoured by the Daemons and other Warp entities or made into their pitiable plaything for all eternity.
The only salvation from this grim fate is to give oneself over body and soul to the worship and service of the Ruinous Powers either collectively as Chaos Undivided or individually as the Dark Gods may grant their more successful and powerful followers a favoured place within the Realm of Chaos upon their deaths.
The most successful devotees of Chaos can even look forward to an existence as a Daemon Prince, a position of guaranteed immortality and control over one's own small demesne or Daemon World within the Realm of Chaos or a Warp rift like the Eye of Terror.
The devotees of many variants of the Imperium of Man's Imperial Cult also believe that when a person dies, their soul is transported to the Warp.
But a devout worshipper of the God-Emperor of Mankind holds that the Emperor protects His faithful within the Warp from all entities that might seek to harm them and gathers the souls of the faithful to Himself.
Only someone who has not been faithful to the Emperor and carried out His will or obeyed His commandments is at risk of being devoured by Daemons of the Warp or otherwise punished for all eternity within the Empyrean.
In this way, the devotees of the Imperial Cult see the Warp as an analogue of the old Judeo-Christian concept of Heaven and Hell -- the Warp is Hell for those who have been unfaithful to the God-Emperor, but can become a form of Heaven for those who have been true to His will.
Whether there is any truth to this belief is unknown, but the psychic nature of the Empyrean means that the collective and strongly-held beliefs of mortals in realspace tend to take on a reality of their own within the Warp. And there are a great many Human beings in the galaxy, and a great many of them are fervent, even fanatical believers in the Imperial Creed.
What is known with certainty is that those men and women of the Imperium who have displayed unshakeable faith in their concept of the God-Emperor like Euphrati Keeler and various other Living Saints have sometimes been able to enact feats that can only be considered miraculous by any fair use of the term.
These feats have been particularly potent when deployed as weapons against the servants of Chaos, Daemonic and mortal alike. It may be possible that as the ancient credo tells us, the Emperor protects...
Warp Entities
The Warp, through a realm of pure psychic energy that is inimically hostile to all forms of organic life from realspace, is home to its own forms of alien life, sentient and otherwise.
Many of these creatures are not sentient but depend upon the absorption of psychic energies to survive and are thus naturally drawn to the psychic emanations of mortals in realspace whose psyches are the very wellspring of the Empyrean.
Such creatures include the Vampire, Psychneuein, Astral Spectre, Astral Hound, and the hideous Enslavers.
Enslavers are spontaneously created by the shifting energies of the Warp from the nightmares of sentient species, and prowl the Immaterium like sharks. The Enslavers are able to psychically control other species, forcing them to their will, hence their name.
Enslavers are able to control almost any species, even creatures such as Tyranids and Daemons. It is thought that the only species immune to the Enslavers are the Necrons, who have no souls nor psychic presence in the Warp.
Enslavers exist primarily in the Warp, but can enter the physical universe like a Daemon through the unprotected mind of a Human psyker. They are able to do this when three Enslavers band together to form a "trinity," whereupon they form a psychic bond with their psyker victim.
Over the course of the next 2-3 solar days after contact is made, the psyker's organic chemistry changes significantly, the end result being a living, pulsing Warp Gate, through which the Enslavers travel into the material universe.
Enslavers are rather like an octopus in shape, their main body being made up of two roughly circular parts, one on top of the other. They have 8-12 small tentacles protruding from their bottom half, and 2 larger tentacles ending in suckers.
On the smaller, upper half of their body, they have a sensory organ sometimes referred to as an "eye"; this circular organ is normally reddish in colour. Their leathery skin is able to change colour, but is normally a light brown with pale tentacles.
But far worse than these creatures are the truly intelligent denizens of the Warp, the Daemons of Chaos. Starships that travel through the Immaterium by use of a Warp-Drive are shielded from attacks by these creatures by their generation of a Gellar Field.
Should this field's emitters fail or malfunction, the crew of the ship will be at the mercy of all of these horrors, and will likely be consumed by Daemons or become their mortal playthings.
The Warp is also the home of the greatest of all terrors, the four major Chaos Gods -- Khorne, Nurgle, Tzeentch and Slaanesh -- who each dwell within a separate kingdom within the Realm of Chaos, the existential embodiments of the darkest aspects of countless sentient species' psyches.
Though the Immaterium and the Ruinous Powers are essentially composed of the same kind of psychic energy and the terms "Warp" and "Chaos" are often used interchangeably by those who are aware of the nature of the Immaterium within the Imperium of Man, each Chaos God maintains a primary form that embodies their nature and that is instantly recognisable to their legions of Daemonic and mortal followers.
Daemons
The dreaded Daemonic energies of the Warp corrupts an unfortunate world.
The Chaos Gods are not alone in Warpspace. They have created servants from their own essences -- the creatures that mortals have named Daemons based on their ancient legends and religious mythologies -- who are not so closely bound to the Warp.
Daemons are entities of a somewhat different nature to their masters, and are the most numerous of the creatures to be found in the Empyrean.
A Daemon is "born" when a Chaos God expends a portion of its own power to create a separate being. This psychic power binds a collection of senses, thoughts and purposes together, creating a personality and consciousness that can move within the Warp.
The Chaos God can reclaim the independence it has given to its Daemon children at any time, thus ensuring their loyalty. It is only though the loss of this power that a Daemon can truly be destroyed, its mind dissolving into the whirls and currents of the Warp.
Daemons have no physical presence within the Warp. The Realm of Chaos is anathema to the laws of physics and the starships that navigate its depths do so by taking a skin or bubble of "reality" with them when they enter using their Warp-Drive.
Instead of possessing a true physical form, Daemons project a form conjured from raw psychic energy that is essentially a lesser interpretation of their divine master's fundamental nature. Hence, the bizarre and inhuman appearances projected by Daemons indicate their presence, status and allegiance to a Chaos God.
Though it may appear to be made of normal matter when it materialises in realspace, a Daemon's form is no more physical than it is in the Realm of Chaos. In fact, they are beings of pure Warp energy given shape and depth.
When manifested in the material universe, Daemons have particular invulnerabilities and weaknesses, as well as many strange powers derived from their Warp-born nature as psychic beings. Slaying a Daemon's physical projection does not kill it, but only severs its presence to reality; its true essence in the Warp remains unharmed.
When a Daemon is "killed" in the material universe, it is banished back to the Warp. If not simply re-absorbed by its creator, it must remain there to regain its strength that it eventually might manifest itself again.
Legend has it that a Daemon banished in this way cannot return for a thousand Terran years and a day, though it is of course impossible to prove such a belief through study, and the concept of time itself is meaningless within the Warp.
The slight to a "slain" Daemon's pride is considerable, however, and the Daemon is forced to endure the mockery of its fellows until it can return to corporeal form and avenge itself. The most powerful Daemons will call upon any servants and tributary Lesser Daemons to help them achieve their revenge.
If it has many allies, it may also request their aid, though all Daemons are cautious in doing so. Such favours must inevitably be returned, and no Daemon welcomes the dominion of another creature, be it mortal or Daemonic.
Daemonic Incursions Into Realspace
Daemonic strongholds in the Eye of Terror, ca. 998.M41
In order for a Daemon to break through into the mortal universe, there must be a breach of the barriers between the Warp and the material realm -- a so-called "Warp rift." These are breaches in the fabric of reality that can vary in nature and size, such as the massive Eye of Terror or the Maelstrom.
Sometimes these occur randomly; at other times, either mortals or the Chaos Gods themselves bring about their creation by some supernatural act. The size of the breach can vary tremendously, from a slight thinning of the dimensional walls to immense wounds in reality that allow the Daemonic legions to invade en masse.
At times when certain conditions like the appearance of a Warp Storm or a sorcerous ritual have weakened the barrier between the Warp and realspace, a Daemon can possess a mortal and turn him or her into a living portal through which whole Daemonic hosts can pass for a time into the material universe.
These Daemonic incursions can taint realspace severely, often twisting and reshaping whole planets until they are lost to the Warp, becoming a part of the Immaterium and thus transformed into Daemon Worlds. It is not surprising that the Inquisition's Daemon Hunters, the Ordo Malleus, are granted unlimited resources and political power by the High Lords of Terra to deal with such terrible threats to the continued existence of Mankind.
Often, it is the tumultuous movements of the Warp itself that create a break into the material realm, allowing Daemons to spill through the resulting breach. This might happen by chance; events such as the onset of Warp Storms, Warp-Drive implosions or a rogue psyker's mind suddenly exploding with raw power can cause a rift to appear into the Immaterium.
At other times, the deliberate rituals and blood sacrifices of Chaos-worshipping mortals can allow the teeming hordes of the Chaos Gods to smash through into the material realm. Sometimes, simple mortal suffering, death and misery on a massive enough scale can form a Warp rift that a Daemonic legion might use as a portal.
Some Warp rifts last mere solar hours, or even moments, for the nature of Chaos is ever impermanent. A Daemonic army that has passed through such a rift can become trapped in realspace and will swiftly succumb to the constant leeching of the Chaos energy required to maintain its presence.
Of these, the greatest and most dangerous Warp rift is the Eye of Terror, which has lasted for more than ten thousand standard years. The Eye can be seen as a purple-red bruise upon the firmament from fully half the worlds claimed by the Imperium.
It was created by the birth of the Chaos God Slaanesh in the early 30th Millennium and is home to unnumbered Daemon Worlds fought over by Daemons and mortals alike, the infamous Traitor Legions of the Chaos Space Marines amongst them.
Another Warp rift of excessive magnitude is the Maelstrom, found near the galactic core and a haven for thousands of pirates and Renegade Space Marine Chapters.
Other, less widely known Warp rifts exist, such as the Heart of Darkness near to the world of Atilla, the Storm of Judgement that engulfs almost all of the Caradryad Sector, Hell's Gullet, which threatens to swallow the Berillian System whole, and the infamous Screaming Vortex that marks the border between the Calixis Sector and the frontier of the Koronus Expanse in the Halo Stars.
Of course the greatest Warp rift in existence is now the Cicatrix Maledictum -- the Great Rift born through unknown means in the wake of the 13th Black Crusade and the destruction of the Fortress World of Cadia.
Created when the waxing power of the Chaos Gods finally stressed the fabric of realspace to the point that it essentially tore open, the Great Rift has cut the galaxy in half.
Visible on thousands of worlds, it has allowed Warp incursions on a scale never before encountered by Humanity or the other intelligent species of the galaxy. It has cut off half of the Imperium -- the Imperium Nihilus -- from the light of the Astronomican on Terra, and made interstellar travel and communication in this so-called "Dark Imperium" increasingly difficult.
The existence of the Great Rift, stretching from the Eye of Terror in the galactic west to the Hadex Anomaly in the east, now represents the greatest threat to the continued survival of Humanity.
Random Warp rifts are often caused by Warp Storms -- roiling expanses of turbulence within the Realm of Chaos that are echoed in realspace, restricting Warp-dependent travel and communication.
If they become focused or powerful enough, they can pull the fabric of reality taut or even tear it open. Completely unpredictable, Warp Storms can be isolated to single planets or expand to encompass whole Imperial sectors.
One of the worst Warp Storms ever recorded in Human history cut Terra itself off from the rest of the galaxy for the entire 5,000-standard-year-long epoch known as the Age of Strife. The unfortunate worlds in the vicinity of such a cataclysmic event can become the playgrounds of Daemons until the storm finally expends itself.
A few Warp Storms have endured for so long that they can be considered permanent, their self-sustaining energies trapping nearby planets and star systems in a quagmire of roiling Chaos.
Without the Warp, there would be no psykers, no interstellar travel and no interplanetary communication. In fact, despite all the dangers associated with it, the Warp is essential to the survival of Humanity.
Voidcraft travel through its shifting tides, capable of transiting thousands of light years in a fraction of the time a journey using conventional reaction drives at sub-light speeds would take. By such means, Humanity is bound in a single interstellar Imperium, led by the divine Emperor of Mankind.
Through astrotelepathy and the guidance of the psychic mutants known as Navigators, the worlds of the Imperium are able to maintain their fragile bonds. The Emperor's will may be mighty, but His reach is long only because His fleets can travel through the Warp, the fragile bubbles of reality that protect each warship held up by complex Geller Fields and raw faith.
While Mankind would have a fraction of its current numbers and strength without the Warp, Chaos in its turn would be much diminished without the presence of Humanity in the galaxy. The Chaos Gods drink emotions and thoughts, growing bloated with psychic power in the process. Over the millennia, each has fed on an aspect of Human nature: rage, desire, fear of death and the need for change.
Strengthened and moulded by the collective thoughts and emotions of the inhabitants of reality, the Dark Gods nurture in Mankind those same passions that sustain their very existence. As Humanity has spread across the stars, its numbers have grown immeasurably, fuelling the Chaos Gods.
So the circle is established, with mortal follies and weaknesses feeding the Dark Gods and those same gods then encouraging Mankind in turn to further follies and weakness.
A lone Space Marine confronts a hellish Daemonic incursion into realspace
Humanity has long been able to use the power of the Warp -- magicians, seers, witches, mediums, shamans and exorcists have all tapped into its power across the breadth of Human history, albeit often unwittingly.
Psykers such as these manifest their powers by drawing upon the Warp, siphoning its unnatural energy to hurl blasts of energy, teleport objects, send their thoughts across space and time and perform countless other "miracles."
Once, the gift of true psychic power was confined to only a few helpless individuals who usually fell victim to superstitious prejudice in Mankind's distant past. However, the number of psykers is rising in the galactic population of Humanity with every passing Terran century. This constitutes a profound evolutionary change for Mankind.
Every time a psyker draws upon the power of the Warp, they disturb its natural flow, creating an eddy that may simply die away or be fed by other movements until it becomes a raging tempest that feeds a Chaos God.
Each psyker causes a pinprick of disturbance within the Warp; each can be the seed of a Warp Storm; each can rouse a Chaos Power to unthinkable conquest.
The invasion of a Daemonic army is analogous to hell being unleashed upon reality. Free from the physical limitations of a mortal force, a Daemonic legion can appear and disappear at will.
On occasion, it will mass for a great attack; at other times, individual packs of Daemons will hunt across the affected globe, terrorising the populace, randomly enslaving and killing.
Those mortals with even the least psychic potential suffer first as the influx of Warp energy releases the latent power of their mind, immolating them with magical fire, turning them into rocky statues, or causing their brains to simply explode.
Poltergeist activity and random bursts of pyrokinesis can ruin buildings in an instant. People hear deranged screams and lurid whispering whilst unnatural stenches taint the air.
A Daemonic invasion is all but impossible to stop by conventional means, for the very act of warring against Daemons feeds the psychic power keeping them in realspace with fear and hatred. Only the closing of the Warp rift can deprive the Daemons of their power.
Often, there is nothing that can be done but battle against the incursion until the Warp rift runs its course. Battles fought against a Daemonic incursion are utterly different than those against mortal foes, for defensive structures and garrisons have little to no effect. To wage war against invading Daemonic hosts, an army must be ready to respond to the most sudden appearances of its adversaries.
To compound matters, the motivations behind Daemonic incursions are unfathomable. Even the Tyranids, who are so alien as to be beyond the ken of Humanity, war for sustenance and survival.
Instead of these base drives, the objectives of a Daemon commander will often be completely obscure -- they might be to slay a million mortals, to retrieve a single artefact, or to kill the grandchildren of those that once banished them back to the Warp.
Other times, the Daemons have no goal or plan at all, and the gibbering creatures of the Immaterium make decisions according to opportunity and their intrinsic nature.
To fight a Daemon army is to fight a twisting tornado of unreason and despair. Even then, the Imperium cannot allow the knowledge that such foes actually exist to spread, for fear of inciting further Chaos corruption.
The Human survivors of such conflicts are invariably confronted by the Inquisition and mind-wiped, quarantined in forced labour camps or even -- in extreme cases -- become the subjects of a worldwide Exterminatus event.
Over the aeons, the galaxy has witnessed Warp-based catastrophes and Daemonic incursions beyond counting. Since the inception of the Imperial Inquisition in the final days of the Horus Heresy, even the fact that such a thing is possible is deemed too dangerous for the citizens of the Imperium to know, for such knowledge inevitably breeds heresy as surely as a flyblown corpse breeds maggots.
Because of this, the vast majority of knowledge concerning Daemonic incursion has been eradicated from extant Imperial public records. What is known is recorded only in proscribed Imperial texts and heretical xenos scripts that the Inquisition has yet to destroy.
Warp Rifts
An open Warp rift
On rare occasions, the realm of the Immaterium is able to break out into the physical universe in what is known as a Warp rift.
A Warp rift is a weakening of the barrier between realspace and the Empyrean, allowing its creatures to enter the material universe. Sometimes, Warp rifts occur randomly, while other times, the Chaos Gods or mortals manufacture them.
Some last mere moments, others for solar days, standard years, or even for Terran centuries. They can take many forms, often a seething whirlpool of raw psychic power, other times as a terrifying glimpse into the Realm of Chaos.
They have also appeared as gates of green fire, clouds of impenetrable shadow, boiling lakes of pus, and other terrifying visions capable of driving mortals mad.
These Warp rifts are usually settled by the once-mortal followers of the Ruinous Powers of Chaos, and are often the site of titanic atrocities previously unleashed in the local region of space by these forces of Chaos.
Departmento Cartigraphicae map showing the extent of the Great Rift that has sundered the known galaxy in the wake of the 13th Black Crusade, ca. 999.M41
A number of different factors can induce the formation of a Warp rift in realspace, including the unpredictable movements of the Warp causing a natural break into realspace; the Daemonic possession of a psychic mortal; deliberate rituals of Daemon-summoning carried out by Chaos Cultists; a breach in the barrier between realspace and the Warp caused by the psychic focus of immense suffering and death following a great war or terrible atrocity; a Warp-Drive implosion; or as a result of the unified will of the major Chaos Gods.
The most well-known Warp rifts in the Milky Way Galaxy include:
- Eye of Terror - The Eye of Terror was created when the Aeldari inadvertently caused the creation of Slaanesh, which is now home to the Traitor Legions of the Chaos Space Marines and their other Human followers like Chaos Cultists, Traitoris Militarum and the Hereteks and Traitor Titan Legions of the Dark Mechanicum.
- Great Rift - The Great Rift, also known as the Cicatrix Maledictum in High Gothic, is a tear in reality and a raging, galaxy-wide Warp Storm that has essentially rent the territory of the Imperium of Man in half. The rift is known by the other sentient cultures of the galaxy by various names, including the "Crimson Path," the "Mouth of Ruin," the "Warpscar," the "Dathedian," "Gork's Grin" and a thousand other names besides. Even before the fall of Cadia, the Immaterium had been growing ever more turbulent. Travel and communication suffered increasing disturbances as the events of Abaddon the Despoiler's 13th Black Crusade unfolded in 999.M41. Eventually, the Materium could take no more, and a titanic Warp rift tore across the galaxy, spreading from the Eye of Terror to the Hadex Anomaly on the Eastern Fringe. To those on the Terran side of the rift, it is a tainted scar stretching across the sky. To those unfortunates on the far side, it is something much worse -- the very gates of Hell.
- Hadex Anomaly - The Hadex Anomaly is a raging Warp phenomenon that lies at the core of the Jericho Reach in the Eastern Fringe of the galaxy. Bathing countless worlds in a sickly red glow, this nebulous tear in space-time represents far more than a navigational hazard or obstruction to astropathic communication. It is a cancer upon the fabric of time and space, and entire star systems have been lost to its baleful influence. To the astronomers who study it, and the Navigators who fear it, it is known as the Hadex Anomaly. Like a monstrous heart palpitating in the void, the influence of the Hadex Anomaly expands and recedes rhythmically, absorbing and disgorging entire solar systems over the course of decades. Worlds bathed in the crimson glow of the Anomaly become saturated with its corrupting essence, while stars languish under its stygian radiance. Such stars become clotted red orbs, shedding a carmine luminescence mimicking that of the Anomaly itself. Scholars, savants, and madmen have striven to classify the anomaly in line with others of its type, such as the Eye of Terror, the Maelstrom, and the Gates of Fire, yet it continues to defy all classification. Though clearly a Warp/realspace overlap like most other similar events, the Hadex Anomaly exerts an exotic effect not just upon the physical realm but on the temporal as well. In their vain efforts to understand the Anomaly, Imperial savants have claimed it seems to "spew time" into the surrounding region, disrupting the flow of events and occasionally reordering them entirely.
- Heart of Darkness (near the Attila System)
- Hell's Gullet (in the Berillian System)
- The Maelstrom - The Maelstrom, with the region of Imperial space surrounding it commonly referred to as the Maelstrom Zone (also known by its ponderous Administratum designation Maelstrom Adjacent Autonomous Imperial Resource Extraction Zone Grid 004-357), is a massive and ancient Warp rift located near the galactic core in the Ultima Segmentum. This area of space is riven with Warp Storms so intense that stellar travel in the region is virtually impossible. Unlike the Eye of Terror which was created by the birth of the Chaos God Slaanesh, the Maelstrom is, as far as Imperial scholars can ascertain, a naturally occurring phenomenon.
- Screaming Vortex - The Screaming Vortex is one of the so-called "Great Warp Storms" that separates the Calixis Sector of the Segmentum Obscurus from the Koronus Expanse region of the Halo Stars. It takes the form of a vast, seething cauldron of empyreal energies which, while not as large, are every bit as intense as those spewing forth from the Eye of Terror, the Maelstrom or any other such Warp/realspace overlap in the galaxy. The Screaming Vortex is a region of space beset by the unreal forces of the Empyrean, where the thin skein between reality and that impossible dimension has been torn viciously asunder. A volume of space far larger than the average Imperial sector is to all intents and purposes cut adrift from the physical universe, the laws of nature no longer applying within.
- Storm of the Emperor's Wrath - The Storm of the Emperor's Wrath is a notable and fiercely persistent Warp Storm which has raged since the Age of Apostasy in the 36th Millennium. It is believed by the Ecclesiarchy to have been created by the Emperor Himself to indicate His displeasure with the attempt of the renegade High Lord of Terra Goge Vandire to seize control of the Imperium during the Reign of Blood. It is currently consuming much of the Caradryad Sector.
- Van Grothe's Rapidity - The Warp phenomenon known as Van Grothe's Rapidity pulses on the Eastern Fringe of Imperial space. It is a purple-glowing whirlpool of destruction that extends across light years of territory and spells destruction for those desperate or careless enough to enter it without caution. However, the Rapidity is not without its uses, for though dangerous, it is also considered relatively stable by Adeptus Mechanicus Observators. It is of incalculable value to the Mechanicus Explorator fleets and Rogue Traders who regularly pass through this region. When traversed correctly, it can hurl a Warp-borne spacecraft through the eddies and tides of the Empyrean with such speed that an interstellar journey through Warpspace can be shortened by solar months, if not standard years. As a result of this effect, despite its hazardous nature, the Rapidity has earned itself the moniker of "Hell's Slingshot." The world of Medusa V was settled in the 37th Millennium by the Imperium to act as a way station for vessels seeking to make use of Hell's Slingshot, but was scoured clean of life in the 41st Millennium following the events known as the Fall of Medusa V by a Warp Storm spawned by the Rapidity itself.
Warp Storms
Notable Warp Storms in the galaxy between the 35th and 41st Millennia.
The Warp is an extremely volatile medium. At times, disturbances can turn areas of the Warp into raging storms of incomprehensibly destructive fury that can breach the dimensional barrier into realspace. These storms can last for solar days, months, or even standard centuries.
These "Warp Storms" can isolate star systems and entire sectors from each other, by making the Imperium's normal methods of interstellar travel and communication impossible as the Warp surrounding those regions becomes too chaotic for a starship to safely travel through or for an astropath to send or receive a telepathic message through the psychic "interference."
These storms can last for any amount of time, ranging from solar weeks to Terran centuries, and can occasionally break out into the material universe, creating a temporary Warp rift that can result in an incursion by the forces of Chaos into Imperial space.
Starships caught in these storms are likely at best to be driven far off-course and emerge back into realspace thousands of light-years from their intended destination in uncharted areas of the galaxy.
More often, such vessels find themselves trapped within the Warp, a terrible fate for its passengers as they become playthings for the dark creatures that inhabit that malign realm when their protective Gellar Field finally fails.
While uncommon, some starships, after making their way through the Empyrean for only a short time, will emerge from the Warp only to find that entire Terran centuries have passed in realspace.
Such an occurrence is more likely to happen when a vessel is travelling through a region of the Warp affected by a Warp Storm or unusual psychic turbulence. However, the Warp is a dangerous and chaotic place at the best of times; every use of a Warp-Drive is perilous, no matter how routine.
Known Warp Storms afflicting the galaxy after the formation of the Great Rift in 999.M41.
The Great Rift, or Cicatrix Maledictum in High Gothic, has recently split reality asunder in the wake of Abaddon the Despoiler's 13th Black Crusade in 999.M41, gouging a scar across the galactic north.
The light of the Astronomican can no longer reach through this fissure, and from the dreadful gouge, the energies of the Warp pour unimpeded into realspace.
Many of those planets in the vicinity of the Great Rift have disappeared entirely, or been so corrupted that they are now labelled as Daemon Worlds.
No one fully understands the origins of the Great Rift, though there are many theories: the breach of the Cadian Gate during the Despoiler's recent 13th Black Crusade, the sorcery of the Daemon Primarch Magnus the Red during the Thousand Sons' invasion of the Fenris System, catastrophe in the Webway, mass bloodshed and fire in the Damocles Gulf -- all may have caused or contributed to it.
Its emergence was a literal galaxy-shattering event, which threw the Imperium of Man into chaos and ushered in new wars across nearly every world in the Emperor's domain.
So powerful and far-reaching was this Warp rift that the very laws of physics fray at its edges as the inconsistencies of temporal fluctuations, once largely localised to larger Warp Storms such as the Eye of Terror, now spread across the galaxy.
Some worlds felt standard centuries go by in an instant while others were all but frozen in time, and still others have suffered constant temporal shifts.
With the coming of the Great Rift, the galaxy has been riven with Warp Storms of unprecedented fury as reality itself begins to fracture under the strain. Some permanently circle the Great Rift, while others travel in an almost sentient fashion all over the galaxy, obeying no known rules of solar current or winds.
Such storms cut worlds off from the light of the Emperor, and countless civilisations caught in their shadow have been terrorised, enslaved, or altogether destroyed by the Daemon legions, or otherwise suffer from mutation and corruption.
There can be no doubt that a dark new era, the Age of the Dark Imperium, has dawned...
Victory of the Warp
There are conflicting accounts as to whether it is Tzeentch, the Emperor of Mankind, or a creature known as the "numan" (from the Inquisition War Trilogy) that prevents the Immaterium from spilling out and completely engulfing the material universe.
However, recent "Warhammer 40,000" canon seems to imply that the anti-psychic blackstone-based technology of the Necrons contributes, too. It is also possible that the simple physical laws of realspace itself act as a barrier.
It should also be noted that the Immaterium seems to only be relevant to the Milky Way Galaxy (although the Tyranids' case poses a question), implying that it is either a unique occurrence, that there may be other "Warp shadows" in other galaxies where sentient life exists or that the Warp continues in other areas, but uninhabited by Daemons due to the lack of sentience in the local region of space-time.
A paradox of thought is apparent: the extra-dimensional entities of the Warp are sustained by the minds and souls of living creatures within the physical universe.
So what would happen to the Warp if all intelligent life was obliterated through the fall of physical reality to Chaos, as the Chaos Gods and their mortal servants seek?
It very well might cease to exist as Creation itself becomes unmade.
Videos
Sources
- Codex: Chaos Daemons (4th Edition), pp. 6, 8-9, 14-16, 25, 44
- Codex: Chaos Daemons (6th Edition), pp. 6-20
- Codex: Chaos Daemons (8th Edition), pp. 6-9, 26-27
- Dark Heresy: Enemies Beyond (2nd Edition) (RPG), pg. 136
- Realm of Chaos: Slaves to Darkness (1st Edition), pg. 212
- Rogue Trader: Core Rulebook (RPG), pp. 310-313
- The Horus Heresy - Book Two: Massacre (Imperial Armour), pg. 27
- The Path of Heaven (Novel) by Chris Wraight, Ch. 3
- Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader (1st Edition), pp. 130-132
- White Dwarf 139 (UK), pg. 16 (Warp Travel Time Chart)
- Warhammer Fantasy Chaos Daemons Army Book (8th Edition), pg. 13 (Map of the Realm of Chaos)