View source for HMS Pearl (1762)

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{{short description|Royal Navy frigate, in service 1762–1832}}
{{other ships|HMS Pearl}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=HMS Pearl and Santa Monica Azores, 1779.jpg
| Ship image size=300px
|Ship caption=HMS ''Pearl'' battles the ''Santa Monica'' off the Azores in 1779.
|image alt=One sailing frigate is shown port side on while a second is passing behind and raking the former's stern.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Great Britain
|Ship flag=[[File:Naval Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg|60px|Royal Navy Ensign]]
|Ship name=HMS ''Pearl''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=24 March 1761
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=
|Ship original cost=[[Pound sterling|£]]16,573.5.4d
|Ship laid down=6 May 1761
|Ship launched=27 March 1762
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=14 May 1762
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=April 1762
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship motto=
|Ship honours=
|Ship renamed=''Protheé'' (March 1825)
|Ship fate=Sold 1832
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=<ref name=Win>Winfield pp.193–195</ref>
|Ship class= [[Niger-class frigate|''Niger''-class]] [[fifth-rate]] [[frigate]]
|Ship tons burthen=683 {{small|{{Fraction|16|94}}}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|Ship length=*{{convert|125|ft|0+1/2|in|1}} ([[gun deck]])
* {{convert|103|ft|4+3/8|in|1}} ([[keel]])
|Ship beam= {{convert|35|ft|3|in|m|1}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth={{convert|12|ft|m|1}}
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship propulsion= Sails
|Ship sail plan=[[Full-rigged ship]]
|Ship speed=
|Ship range=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=220
|Ship armament=
* Gundeck: 26 × 12-pounder guns
* [[Quarterdeck]]: 4 × 6-pounder guns
* [[Forecastle]]: 2 × 6-pounder guns
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Pearl''''' was a [[fifth-rate]], 32-gun British [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]] of the {{sclass|Niger|frigate|0}}. [[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]] at [[Chatham Dockyard]] in 1762, she served in [[British North America]] until January 1773, when she sailed to [[England]] for repairs. Returning to North America in March 1776, to fight in the [[American Revolutionary War]], ''Pearl'' escorted the [[Troopship|transports]] which landed troops in [[Kips Bay, Manhattan|Kip's Bay]] that September. Much of the following year was spent on the [[Delaware River]] where she took part in the [[Battle of Red Bank]] in October. Towards the end of 1777, ''Pearl'' joined [[Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]] [[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Richard Howe]]'s fleet in [[Narragansett Bay]] and was still there when the French fleet arrived and began an attack on British positions. Both fleets were forced to retire due to bad weather and the action was inconclusive. ''Pearl'' was then despatched to keep an eye on the French fleet, which had been driven into [[Boston]].

''Pearl'' was part of the British fleet that captured the island of [[St Lucia]] from the French in December 1778, and was chosen to carry news of the victory to England, capturing the 28-gun Spanish frigate ''[[HMS Santa Monica|Santa Monica]]'' off the [[Azores]] on her return journey. She joined Vice-Admiral [[Marriot Arbuthnot]]'s squadron in July 1780, capturing the 28-gun French frigate ''Esperance'' while stationed off [[Bermuda]] in September; the following March she took part in the [[First Battle of Virginia Capes]], where she had responsibility for relaying signals. ''Pearl'' returned to England in 1783, where she underwent extensive repairs and did not serve again until 1786, when she was [[ship commissioning|recommissioned]] for the Mediterranean.

Taken out of service in 1792, she was recalled in February 1793, when hostilities resumed between Britain and France. On her return to the American continent, she narrowly escaped capture by a French squadron anchored between the [[Îles de Los]] and was forced to put into [[Sierra Leone]] for repairs following the engagement. In 1799, ''Pearl'' joined Vice-Admiral [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|George Elphinstone's]] fleet in the Mediterranean where she took part in the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801. In 1802, she sailed to [[Portsmouth]] where she served as a [[storeship]] for sailors' clothes and then a [[Hulk (ship type)#Receiving hulk|receiving ship]]. She was renamed ''Protheé'' in March 1825 and eventually sold in 1832.

==Construction and armament==

''Pearl'' was a British [[fifth-rate]], 32-gun, [[Niger-class frigate|''Niger''-class frigate]] designed for the [[Royal Navy]] by naval architect, [[Thomas Slade]].  Eleven were eventually built, all requested during the [[Seven Years' War]], and ''Pearl'' was the seventh ship in her class to be finished. She was ordered, with {{HMS|Emerald|1762|6}}, on 24 March 1761, and her [[keel]] was [[Keel laying|laid down]] at [[Chatham Dockyard]] on 6 May.<ref name=Win/><ref name=Win1/> When [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 27 March 1762, ''Pearl'' was {{convert|125|ft|0+1/2|in|1}} along the [[gun deck]], {{convert|103|ft|4+3/8|in|1|abbr=on}} at the [[keel#structural keels|keel]], had a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|35|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} and a depth in the hold of {{convert|12|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Win1>Winfield p. 195</ref> She was 683 {{small|{{Fraction|16|94}}}} [[Builder's Old Measurement|tons burthen]] and by the time she had been completed, on 14 May 1762, she had cost the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] £16,573.5.4d.<ref name=Win1/> ''Niger''-class frigates, were [[full-rigged ship]]s, carrying 32 guns: a [[main battery]] of twenty-six [[12-pounder long gun|{{convert|12|pdr|adj=on}}]] guns on the upper deck, four {{convert|6|pdr|adj=on}} guns on the [[quarterdeck]] and two on the [[forecastle]]. When fully manned, they carried a complement of 220.<ref name=Win0>Winfield p. 193</ref>

==Service==
''Pearl'' was first [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] in April 1762, under [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Joseph Deane (Royal Navy officer)|Joseph Deane]], who took her to [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]], to be [[fitted-out]]. In March 1763 she was recommissioned under Captain Charles Saxton and on 22 May 1764, she left for [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]] in [[British America]].<ref name=Win1/> ''Pearl'' served there under captains Patrick Drummond and, subsequently, [[John Elphinstone|John Elphinston]], until she was [[paid off]] in December 1768.<ref name=Win4>Winfield pp. 195–196</ref> She was recommissioned the following month under [[John Leveson-Gower (Royal Navy officer)|John Leveson-Gower]], who was succeeded by [[Sir Basil Keith]] in November.<ref name=Win3/>

From April 1770, ''Pearl'' spent time on and off the Newfoundland station, under first John Ruthven and then James Bremer. Towards the end of 1772, she sailed for [[Portsmouth]] where she underwent repairs and a refit, at a total cost of<!--£5,137.16.2d + £3,870.19.9d (Note: 12d = 1s, 20s = £1)--> [[£sd|£]]9,008.15.11d. The combined works took until February 1776.<ref name=Win3>Winfield p. 196</ref> John O'Hara, who had been in command since November 1775, was replaced by Thomas Wilkinson in March 1776, shortly after completion.<ref name=Win3/>

===American Revolutionary War===
[[File:British Map showing position of British and American troops in and around New York Island on 27th of August 1776.jpg|thumb|right|British chart showing the attack on New York in 1776. ''Pearl'' is depicted creating a diversion in the North River, opposite Bloomingdale, with HMS ''Repulse'' and ''Renown''.|alt=Outline map of the area in and around New York on 27 August 1776. The position of the British and American forces are marked on the map.]]
Wilkinson returned ''Pearl'' to North America in April to fight in the [[American Revolutionary War]], bringing a convoy of troopships from Ireland to [[Quebec]], with the [[sixth-rate]] frigate {{HMS|Carysfort|1766|6}},<ref name=Win3/><ref name=LG11677-1>{{London Gazette|issue=11677|page=1|date=22 June 1776}}</ref>  before escorting transports along the [[Hudson River]] to take part in the  [[Landing at Kip's Bay|landings at Kip's Bay]], New York,  in September.<ref>McCullough p. 204</ref><ref name=Beats164>Beatson p. 164</ref> On the evening of 13 September, the British began moving into position. Six troopships with three fifth-rates, {{HMS|Roebuck|1774|6}}, {{HMS|Phoenix|1759|6}} and {{HMS|Orpheus|1773|6}}, and the smaller ''Carysfort'', moved up the [[East River (New York City)|East River]] and anchored in Bushwick Creek, opposite Kip's Bay.<ref>McCullough  p. 208</ref> At the same time, ''Pearl'', the [[fourth-rate]], 50-gun {{HMS|Renown|1774|6}} and fifth-rate, 32-gun {{HMS|Repulse|1759|6}}, were sent up the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]] as a diversion. On the day of the landings, 15 September, the small squadron passed the enemy batteries without incident and anchored at [[Manhattan Valley|Bloomingdale]], {{convert|6|mi|adj=}} upstream of New York.<ref name=Beats164/> The following night the Americans sent [[fireship]]s but these caused no damage other than the inconvenience to the British of having to move their ships.<ref name=Beats164/>

Towards the end of the year, ''Pearl'' joined a small squadron under Captain [[Andrew Snape Hamond]] on a cruise along the coast to [[South Carolina]] and, on 20 December, captured the {{USS|Lexington|1776|6}}, a 16-gun [[sloop of war]] of the [[Continental Navy]].<ref name=Win3/><ref name=NDARVIII72>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 72</ref> A strong gale prevented the removal of prisoners and the allocation of an adequate prize crew, and with only eight British sailors on board, she was retaken that night.<ref name=NDARVIII72/> Sometime later, ''Pearl'' detained a French vessel, carrying arms and ammunition. Wilkinson saw this as proof that the French were aiding the Americans but as there had been no formal declaration of war at that point, he was obliged to let her go.<ref name=NDARVIII72/>

From South Carolina ''Pearl'' sailed to [[Antigua]] where she arrived on 27 January 1777 to await [[careening]] and refitting.<ref name=NDARVIII72/><ref name=NDARVIII295>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 295</ref><ref name=NDARVIII80>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 80</ref> While this was being carried out, on 13 February, Wilkinson died from disease and was replaced by [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|George Elphinstone]].<ref name=NDARVIII77>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 77</ref><ref name=NDARVIII150>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 150</ref> Work was completed in mid-March, after long delays caused by a shortage of skilled labour, and she returned to the American coast, leaving [[English Harbour]] on 18 March, in the company of ''Roebuck'' and the two 20-gun [[post ship]]s {{HMS|Perseus|1776|6}} and {{HMS|Camilla|1776|6}}.<ref name=NDARVIII295/><ref name=NDARVIII77/><ref name=NDARVIII150/> 
[[File:Representation of the action off Mud Fort in the River Delaware - (coloured).jpg|thumb|''Pearl'' (far left) at the [[Siege of Fort Mifflin|action off Mud Fort]] in the River Delaware on 15 November 1777]]  
Despite the time spent in port, ''Pearl'' managed more than a dozen captures between January and May 1777, including ''Batchelor'' on 21 March (suspected of piracy because of its armament) and a whaleboat from [[Lewes, Delaware|Lewes]], [[Delaware]], on 29 May that was thought to be spying.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11786|pages=2–3|date=8 July 1777}}</ref><ref name=LG12222-2/> Another change in command occurred in 1777 when John Linzee was appointed as captain<ref name=Win3/>{{#tag:ref|Winfield's book gives the date of this change as December 1777,<ref name=Win3/> however, copies of Linzee's journal, reprinted in Morgan's ''Naval Documents of the American Revolution'' indicate he was in command at the capture of ''Mosquito'' in July.<ref name=NDARIX232/>|group=Note}} and on 6 July, boats from ''Pearl'' and ''Camilla'' captured and burnt the schooner, [[USS Mosquito (schooner)|USS ''Mosquito'']] in a [[cutting out]] expedition.<ref name=Win3/> The American vessel of six cannon and four [[swivel gun]]s was moored in a tributary of the [[Delaware River]] when, at 03:00, the British sailors boarded without opposition. The only two people guarding her, the master and the gunner, were taken off and she was set alight.<ref name=NDARIX232>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) pp. 232–233</ref>

''Pearl'' was anchored off [[Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge|Bombay Hook]], Delaware, on 21 July. At 15:00, a fleet of twelve Continental Navy vessels, under the command of Charles Alexander in the frigate [[USS Delaware (1776)|USS ''Delaware'']], came in sight. A signal gun was fired to warn her [[ship's tender|tender]], which was ashore collecting supplies, then the ship [[weighed anchor]] and sailed off but ran [[Ship grounding|aground]] on [[Cross Ledge Light|Cross Ledge]]. The tender was captured along with a fortnight's worth of provisions but ''Pearl'' managed to get free and escape downriver.<ref name=NDARIX778>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) p. 778</ref> At 11:00 the following morning she spotted ''Camilla'' some {{convert|6|nmi|lk=in}} away. ''Pearl'' requested she join her and the two ships anchored to await the enemy fleet.<ref name=NDARIX809>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) p. 809</ref> On the morning of 23 July, an American vessel came under a flag of truce but by this time the sixth-rate, {{HMS|Liverpool|1758|6}}, had sailed into view. At 06:00 the next day, the American fleet arrived and made a second attempt to discuss terms but were dismissed. The three British frigates cleared for action, the Americans scattered and were pursued up the river but not caught; the British losing sight of their quarry and giving up the chase the next day.<ref>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) pp. 809–810</ref>

====Assault on Philadelphia====
[[File:British Operations on the Delaware in 1777.png|thumb|upright=1.6|British chart showing American defences on the Delaware in 1777. ''Pearl'' is shown attacking a battery opposite [[Hog Island, Philadelphia|Hog Island]] before travelling up the river to engage the American fleet.|alt=Outline map of the Delaware River and the shores of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, just south of Philadelphia. The movements of the British and American forces during October and November 1777 are marked on the map]]
When American land forces were defeated at the [[Battle of Brandywine]] near [[Chadds Ford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania]], and retreated to Philadelphia that September, ''Pearl'' was part of a squadron tasked with opening up the Delaware River, which had been heavily protected with [[redoubt]]s and sunken obstructions to prevent its navigation. Led by [[Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]] [[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Richard Howe]] in ''Roebuck'', the small force worked its way upstream to  [[Billingsport, New Jersey]], where a large earthworks and gun battery protected a channel, blocked with a submerged [[cheval de frise]]{{spaced ndash}}large wooden frames, filled with stones and fronting iron-tipped spears.<ref name=Los291-292>Lossing pp. 291–292</ref><ref name=Los298>Lossing p. 298</ref> Stationed along the river were floating batteries and [[gunboat]]s, and {{convert|3|mi|adj=}} further upstream, another set of obstacles had been sunk between [[Fort Mifflin]] and [[Fort Mercer]].<ref name=Los292>Lossing p. 292</ref> On 22 September, ''Pearl'', ''Roebuck'', ''Liverpool'' and the [[third-rate]], 64-gun {{HMS|Augusta|1763|6}}, forced a passage in order to support an [[Battle of Red Bank|attack on Red Bank]] by British troops.<ref name=Beats269>Beatson p. 269</ref> Joined later by the fourth-rate, 50-gun {{HMS|Isis|1774|6}} and the 16-gun sloop {{HMS|Merlin|1757|6}}, the British vessels were subjected to heavy fire when they engaged the American flotilla and batteries. ''Augusta'' ran aground and caught fire, and ''Merlin'' blew up; ''Pearl'' and the remaining force broke off the attack and returned to Billingsport.<ref>Lossing pp. 295–296</ref><ref>Beatson pp. 269–270</ref>

British troops entered Philadelphia on 26 September but a supply route was needed and control of the river was therefore crucial. In November, Province Island was captured and Howe began erecting batteries. A [[Hulk (ship type)|hulk]] was converted to a floating gun platform and with the assistance of ''Pearl'', ''Roebuck'' and ''Liverpool'', a six-day bombardment of Fort Mifflin forced the Americans out. Two days later Fort Mercer fell and the British vessels pushed upriver in pursuit of the American fleet which was later scuttled at [[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref>Lossing pp.  296–299</ref><ref>Allen p. 241</ref>

At the end of the year, Howe's fleet removed to [[Narragansett Bay]] where ''Pearl'' and her compatriots patrolled the coast and preyed on enemy shipping.<ref name=Win3/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11951|pages=3–4|date=6 February 1779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209191012/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11951/page/3 |archive-date= 2020-02-09}}</ref> On 18 March, 1778 boats from ''Pearl'' and {{HMS|Camilla|1776|6}} captured Pennsylvania Navy armed boat named ''Fame'' (A.K.A. No. 71) up a creek above [[Reedy Point]]. The next day her boats captured an armed boat and a yawl.<ref>{{cite periodical |url=http://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/ndar_v11p01.pdf |periodical=Naval Documents of The American Revolution |volume =11 |title=American Theatre: Jan. 1, 1778–Mar. 31, 1778 - European Theatre: Jan. 1, 1778–Mar. 31, 1778 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office and American Naval Records Society |via =Imbiblio |date=2012 |accessdate=1 February 2024}}</ref>  At dawn on 25 July 1778, a large vessel was seen off [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]] in [[Lower New York Bay]] and ''Pearl'', anchored nearby, was sent in pursuit. The stranger turned out to be the [[American privateer Industry|''Industry'']], an American frigate of 26 guns operating under a [[letter of marque]]. ''Pearl'' came up with her at 09:00 and the privateer fought for an hour and a half before [[striking the colours|striking her colours]].<ref name=Beats380>Beatson p. 380</ref>

''Pearl'' was present when the French fleet from [[Toulon]] arrived at the end of July, and was at the ensuing engagement in August.<ref name=CloIII406>Clowes (Vol.III) p. 406</ref> The French force, under [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing|Comte d'Estaing]], entered the bay on 29 July and attacked British positions on [[Conanicut]] and [[Goat Island (Rhode Island)|Goat Island]] the following day.<ref>Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 402–403</ref> On 8 August, 4,000 French soldiers and sailors were landed to reinforce the 10,000 American troops who had just crossed from the mainland to lay siege to the British garrison on [[Aquidneck Island|Rhode Island]].<ref name=CloIII403>Clowes (Vol.III) p. 403</ref>

Howe positioned his fleet off [[Point Judith, Rhode Island|Point Judith]] on 9 August. D'Estaing had superior numbers and guns, so sailed out the next morning, fearing that the British might soon be reinforced.<ref name=CloIII405>Clowes (Vol.III) p. 405</ref> A violent gale scattered the fleets and ended several days of manoeuvring, during which both commanders sought the [[weather gage]].<ref>Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 405–408</ref> When the British were eventually reunited, it was evident that repairs were required and they sailed for New York City on 15 August. D'Estaing's ships had fared even worse and were forced to retire to [[Boston Massachusetts|Boston]].<ref>Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 408–409</ref> Howe left for England in September 1778, and ''Pearl'' joined a squadron under [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]] [[John Byron]], watching the French fleet in Boston harbour.<ref name=CloIII428>Clowes (Vol.III) p. 428</ref><ref name=LG11955-1>{{London Gazette|issue=11955|pages=1–2|date=20 February 1779}}</ref>

====Operations in the West Indies====

D'Estaing's fleet of 15 [[ships-of-the-line]] left Boston on 3 November 1778, two days after Byron's squadron had been blown off station and driven into [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]] by more bad weather.<ref name=CloIII428>Clowes (Vol.III) p. 428</ref><ref name=LG11955-1/> ''Pearl'' was despatched to carry news of the escape to the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Leeward Islands Station]], Rear-Admiral [[Samuel Barrington]]; Byron was to follow two to three days later if he was unable to locate the French. Not knowing Barrington's precise whereabouts, ''Pearl'' at first sailed to Antigua, arriving on 4 December, before immediately heading for [[Barbados]].<ref name=LG11955-1/> En route, she stopped a Dutch vessel which had encountered a French warship out of Boston on the previous night. From the information received, Linzee deduced that d'Estaing's fleet was somewhere near Barbados and arrived there himself on 13 December.<ref name=LG11955-1/>
[[File:Bataille de Sainte Lucie 1778.jpg|thumb|D'Estaing's fleet attacks Barrington's at St Lucia.|alt=Two opposing fleets are sailing head on in a line of battle. There is an island on the right side of the composition.]]

With the arrival of winter and the associated impracticalities of keeping a fleet at sea during bad weather, the British switched their attention to the [[Leeward Islands]], where the French had already been active; capturing the [[Island of Dominica]] in September.<ref>Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 426–427</ref>
On 10 December, [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] [[William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham|William Hotham]] with a convoy of 5,000 troops and a small escort, arrived at Barbados, giving the British numerical superiority in the area.<ref name=CloIII428/> Joining with Barrington's ships, the escort squadron comprised two 64-gun and three 50-gun ships-of-the-line, a [[bomb vessel]], and two frigates,  ''Pearl'' and the 36-gun {{HMS|Venus|1758|6}}.  On 13 December, the convoy landed troops on the French colony of [[St Lucia]].  The troops quickly captured the batteries on the west side of the island,<ref name=CloIII429>Clowes (Vol.III) p. 429</ref> and with the support of these batteries, Barrington's much smaller fleet was twice able to repulse d'Estaing's when it arrived the following day.  Although the French were able to land 7,000 troops of their own, British command of the high ground meant they were beaten off.<ref>Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 431–432</ref> The French troops were re-embarked, and when d'Estaing's fleet left on 29 December, the island surrendered.<ref>Clowes (Vol.III) p. 432</ref>{{#tag:ref|Clowes has ''Pearl'' as one of the two frigates (the other being the 36-gun ''Venus'') in Hotham's fleet at St Lucia.<ref name=CloIII428/> This fleet left New York on 4 November however<ref name=CloIII428/> and the ''London Gazette'' has ''Pearl'' with Byron until 17 November.<ref name=LG11955-1/> The ''Gazette'' also records that ''Pearl'' did not arrive in Barbados until the day after the fleet had left.<ref name=LG11955-1/>|group=Note}}

News of the capture of St Lucia was carried back to England in ''Pearl''. Captain [[Alexander Graeme]] took command of the ship on 9 January 1779 and she left Antigua on 16 February in the company of the 74-gun third-rate, {{HMS|Sultan|1775|6}} with despatches from both Byron and Barrington, and arrived at [[Spithead]] on 22 March.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11963|page=1|date=20 March 1779}}</ref><ref name="Harrison1">Harrison p.220</ref> She was then paid off, [[Copper sheathing|sheathed in copper]], and refitted at [[Plymouth]].<ref name=Win3/> Graeme left ''Pearl'' on 13 April.<ref name="Harrison1"/> She served for a short while in the Channel before returning to the North American Station under Captain [[George Montagu (Royal Navy officer)|George Montagu]].<ref name=Win3/>
[[File:Dominic Serres - Captain George Montagu of the 'Pearl', 32 guns, engaging the Spanish frigate 'Santa Monica' off the Azores, 14th. September 1779.jpg|thumb|left|''Pearl'' engages the ''Santa Monica'' in the [[action of 14 September 1779]].|alt=Two sailing ships are fighting a close action. There are islands in the background to the right of the picture.]]
On her return to the American continent in September, ''Pearl'' spent two days resupplying at [[Fayal]] in the Azores, leaving on 13 September. At 06:00 the following morning, a Spanish frigate was spotted to the north-west and was brought to action after a three-and-half-hour chase. The 28-gun [[HMS Santa Monica|''Santa Monica'']] surrendered after a two-hour engagement, having 38 men killed and 45 wounded. ''Pearl'' had 12 killed and 19 wounded.<ref name=LG12018-1/> The ''Santa Monica'' was the larger vessel at 956 tons burthen, but not as well armed; she was re-rated as a 36-gun when taken into British service.<ref name=CloIV33>Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 33</ref>

On 8 January 1780, ''Pearl'' took part in an attack on a Spanish convoy from [[Caracas]]<ref name=Win3/> comprising 22 ships, including seven [[Man-of-War|men of war]]; the entire convoy was taken. A portion of the captured ships were carrying naval supplies and these were despatched to England with ''Pearl'' and 64-gun third-rate, {{HMS|America|1777|6}} as escorts, while the remaining prizes were sent to [[Gibraltar]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12056|page=1|date=8 February 1780}}</ref> The ship later returned to North America, spending some time at [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] before leaving, with the 74-gun third-rate, [[HMS Robust|HMS ''Robust'']], to join Vice-Admiral [[Marriot Arbuthnot]]'s squadron off Sandy Hook on 3 July 1780, where preparations were being made to repel an expected attack by the French fleet.<ref name=LG12122-4>{{London Gazette|issue=12122|page=4|date=26 September 1780}}</ref>

Arbuthnot set sail on 13 July, after being reinforced with six ships-of-the-line under Rear-Admiral [[Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves|Thomas Graves]]. Hearing that the French fleet had put into Narragansett Bay on 17 July, Arbuthnot's squadron arrived on 22 July to find the French encamped on [[Rose Island (Rhode Island)|Rose Island]] and their ships strung out between there and Conanicut Island. Arbuthnot sent orders for transports from New York, in case the British Army thought an attack on the island necessary, then anchored his squadron off [[Block Island]].<ref name=LG12122-4/> After re-provisioning on 6 August, the British squadron stationed itself off Newport, then retired to [[Gardiner's Island]] on 9 August, leaving on 17 August for an eight-day cruise between the [[Nantucket Shoals]] and the east end of [[Long Island]], returning to lie off [[Martha's Vineyard]].<ref name=LG12122-4/>

[[File:HMS Pearl vs Esperance.jpg|thumb|''Pearl'' engages ''Esperance'' in an [[Action of 30 September 1780|action on 30 September 1780.]]|alt=Dark engraving showing two sailing frigates on the starboard quarter, fighting a running battle. A smaller vessel is in the distance.]]
''Pearl'' fell in with the 28-gun French frigate, [[French Frigate Esperance (1779)|''Esperance'']] off [[Bermuda]] on 30 September 1780. After a two-hour fight, ''Esperance'' broke off but was pursued and the two ships engaged in a running battle for a further two and a half hours, after which the French ship was forced to capitulate. She had 20 men killed and 24 wounded; ''Pearl'' had 6 men killed and 10 wounded.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12135|pages=1–2|date=11 November 1780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206232229/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12135/page/1 |archive-date= 2020-02-06}}</ref>

====Battle of Virginia Capes====
{{main|Battle of Cape Henry}}
In January 1781, Arbuthnot had a French squadron blockaded in Newport. On 23 January, his ships were caught in a squall off the east end of Long Island which resulted in the loss of one [[Seventy-four (ship)|74-gun]] third-rate ship, {{HMS|Culloden|1776|6}}, and the [[dismasting]] of another, {{HMS|Bedford|1775|6}}. ''America'' was blown out to sea but turned up two weeks later undamaged.<ref name=LG12181-1/> ''Pearl'' escaped relatively unharmed. The French, however, now had a numerical advantage; they broke out on 8 February and captured the British fifth-rate, {{HMS|Romulus|1777|6}}.<ref name=LG12181-1>{{London Gazette|issue=12181|page=1|date=21 April 1781}}</ref> The British brought ''Bedford'' back into service by salvaging the masts from the wreck of the ''Culloden'' and set sail to look for the French on 9 March.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12181|page=2|date=21 April 1781}}</ref> The two forces discovered each other at 06:00 on 16 March in a thick fog some {{convert|40|nmi|lk=off}} off [[Cape Henry]].<ref>Mahan p. 171</ref> The British caught up by 13:00 and found themselves to windward of the French after some manoeuvring, where the increasingly strong winds and high seas prevented them from opening their lower gunports. The French, downwind, [[Sailing#Heeling|leaned away]] from their opponents; they were not so disadvantaged and could bring more and larger guns to bear. The fleets engaged by 14:30 with the heaviest action upon the leading three ships of the British [[vanguard]].<ref>Mahan pp. 171–172</ref> The three ships were so badly damaged that the British were unable to pursue when the French broke off and turned towards Newport, so they put into [[Chesapeake Bay]]. The British casualties were 30 killed, 73 wounded, while the French had 72 killed and 112 wounded.<ref name=Mah173>Mahan p. 173</ref> ''Pearl'' was too small to be in the [[line of battle]] and had stood off with the other frigates, incurring no loss or damage. She had responsibility for relaying signals during the battle.<ref name=LG12181-3>{{London Gazette|issue=12181|page=3|date=21 April 1781}}</ref>

Arbuthnot's ships were seaworthy by 24 March and he set sail for Delaware, where he assumed that the French fleet had gone, but contrary winds forced him to return. Two days later, ''Pearl'' was sent out with the 28-gun sixth-rate, {{HMS|Iris|1777|6}} to search for the French but again was unable to locate them.<ref name=Mah173/><ref name=LG12181-3/>

''Pearl'' remained in American waters until July 1782. She continued to harass enemy shipping, taking the French [[privateer]] ''Singe'', a large [[polacca]], on 10 July 1781<ref name=LG12227-1>{{London Gazette|issue=12227|page=1|date=22 September 1781}}</ref> and the 8-gun American ''Senegal'' of 50 tons burthen, on 19 August,<ref name=LG12279-1/> plus three merchant vessels before the year was out.<ref name=LG12279-1>{{London Gazette|issue=12279|page=1|date=16 March 1782}}</ref> Two schooners<ref name=LG12306-5>{{London Gazette|issue=12306|page=5|date=18 June 1782}}</ref> and three [[brig]]s were captured in 1782,<ref name=LG12398-2>{{London Gazette|issue=12398|page=2|date=17 December 1782}}</ref> before ''Pearl'' paid off and returned to England for substantial repairs. The cost of repairs amounted to £19,267.13.8d and took until June 1784, after which she was laid up at [[Deptford Dockyard|Deptford]].<ref name=Win3/>{{#tag:ref|Winfield's book gives the year of these repairs as 1884 but this is a typographical error because 1786 is the following year in Winfield's timeline and ''Pearl'' was sold in 1825.<ref name=Win4/>|group=Note}}

====Prizes taken during the American Revolutionary War====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; align-center"  	
!colspan="6" | Vessels captured or destroyed during the American Revolution for which ''Pearl's'' crew received full or partial credit{{#tag:ref|Does not include prizes taken in fleet actions.|group=Note}}
|-
|20 December 1776
|''Lexington''
|[[File:Grand Union Flag.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Naval sloop (16 guns)
|Captured then retaken
|<ref name=Win3/>
|-
|3 January 1777
|''Betsey''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Sloop
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-2>{{London Gazette|issue=12222|page=2|date=4 September 1781}}</ref><ref name=LG11769-3>{{London Gazette|issue=11769|page=3|date=10 May 1777}}</ref>
|-
|6 January 1777
|''Little John''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Slaver
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-2/>
|-
|21 March 1777
|''Batchelor''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Privateer 
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/><ref name=LG11786-3/>
|-
|24 March 1777
|''Speedwell''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3>{{London Gazette|issue=12222|page=3|date=4 September 1781}}</ref><ref>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 185</ref>
|-
|24 March 1777
|''Anna Maria''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Merchant
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/><ref name=LG11786-3>{{London Gazette|issue=11786|page=3|date=8 July 1777}}</ref>
|-
|6 April 1777
|''Willing Maid''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Brig
|Sunk
|<ref name=LG12222-3/><ref name=LG11786-3/><ref>Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) pp. 300–301</ref>
|-
|6 April 1777
|''Harmony''
|Not recorded
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/><ref name=LG11786-3/><ref name=LG11951-3>{{London Gazette|issue=11951|page=3|date=6 February 1779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209191012/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11951/page/3 |archive-date= 2020-02-09}}</ref>
|-
|6 April 1777
|''Mary''
|[[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Merchant
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/><ref name=LG11786-3/>
|-
|21 April 1777
|Not recorded
|Not recorded
|Sloop
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/>
|-
|29 May 1777
|''Chance''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Sloop
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/><ref name=LG11951-3/>
|-
|29 May 1777
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Whaler
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/><ref name=LG11786-3/>
|-
|29 May 1777
|Not recorded
|Not recorded
|Merchant
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12222-3/>
|-
|6 July 1777
|''Mosquito''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Naval schooner
|Cut out and burnt
|<ref name=Win3/>
|-
|Before 20 April 1778
|''Maria''
|Not recorded
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG11951-3/>
|-
|Before 8 July 1778
|''Read''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG11951-4>{{London Gazette|issue=11951|page=4|date=6 February 1779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720101447/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11951/page/4 |archive-date= 2020-07-20}}</ref><ref name=LG11769-2>{{London Gazette|issue=11769|page=2|date=10 May 1777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201005906/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11769/page/2 |archive-date= 2022-12-01}}</ref>
|-
|Before 8 July 1778
|''Welcome''
|Not recorded
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG11951-4/>
|-
|Before 8 July 1778
|''Kitty''
|Not recorded
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG11951-4/>
|-
|Before 8 July 1778
|''Friendship''
|Not recorded
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG11951-4/>
|-
|25 July 1778
|''Industry''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Frigate (26 guns)
|Captured
|<ref name=Win3/><ref name=Beats380/>
|-
|6 November 1778
|''Humbird''
|Not recorded
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12008-2>{{London Gazette|issue=12008|page=2|date=21 August 1779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206042550/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12008/page/2 |archive-date= 2020-02-06}}</ref>
|-
|6 November 1778
|''Betsey''
|Not recorded
|Sloop
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12008-2/>
|-
|December 1778
|''Nancy''
|Not recorded
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12008-2/>
|-
|14 September 1779
|Santa Monica
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Frigate (26 guns)
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12018-1>{{London Gazette|issue=12018|page=1|date=28 September 1779}}</ref>
|-
|29 January 1780
|''Roy Midas''
|[[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Snow
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12243-2>{{London Gazette|issue=12243|page=2|date=17 November 1781 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206232945/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12243/page/2 |archive-date= 2020-02-06}}</ref>
|-
|30 September 1780
|''Esperance''
|[[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Frigate (28 guns)
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12135-1>{{London Gazette|issue=12135|page=1|date=11 November 1780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206232229/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12135/page/1 |archive-date= 2020-02-06}}</ref>
|-
|13 June 1781
|''Singe''
|[[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Polacca
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12227-1/>
|-
|19 August 1781
|''Senegal''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Privateer (8 guns)
|Captured
|<ref name=Win3/><ref name=LG12279-1/>
|-
|20 August – 31 October 1781
|''Long Splice''
|Not recorded
|Merchant (30 tons burthen)
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12279-1/>
|-
|20 August – 31 October 1781
|''Eleanor''
|Not recorded
|Merchant (70 tons burthen)
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12279-1/>
|-
|20 August – 31 October 1781
|''Friendship''
|Not recorded
|Merchant (100 tons burthen)
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12279-1/>
|-
|26 April 1782
|''Eliza''
|Not recorded
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12306-5/>
|-
|26 April 1782
|''Salmon''
|Not recorded
|Schooner
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12306-5/>
|-
|Before July 1782
|''Fox''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12398-2/>
|-
|Before July 1782
|''Dandy''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12398-2/>
|-
|Before July 1782
|''Charming Sally''
|[[File:Flag of the United States (1777-1795).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] American
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG12398-2/>
|}

===Mediterranean service and the outbreak of war===
Between July and December 1786, ''Pearl'' underwent a refit. She sailed to the Mediterranean on 22 March 1787, returning home in 1789 to be recommissioned under Captain George Courtnay. She rejoined the Mediterranean fleet in May 1790.<ref name=Win3/> Sometime in 1792, the ship was taken out of service but was recalled the following year when [[French First Republic|France]] declared war on Britain once more. She was fitted out at Plymouth between June and August at a cost of £7,615, before sailing to the Irish Station under Captain [[Michael de Courcy]] where she served until November 1795. Following a small repair at Plymouth, costing £9,686, Captain [[Samuel James Ballard]] took command in February 1796.<ref name=Win3/>
[[File:John Thomas Serres - The Pearl Frigate Off Liverpool NTIV WADD 2198.jpg|thumb|The ''Pearl'' off Liverpool, 1796 by [[John Thomas Serres]]]]
Aided by the 36-gun fifth-rate, {{HMS|Flora|1780|6}}, ''Pearl'' captured the 24-gun privateer, ''Incroyable'', on 14 April 1797. Reputed to be a very fast sailing vessel, ''Incroyable'' left her home port of [[Bordeaux]] on 2 April. She had yet to take a prize, when, on the morning of 11 April, she was seen and chased by ''Pearl''. The next day, the two ships were some {{convert|200|nmi|lk=off|abbr=on}} off the west coast of Spain, when ''Flora'' appeared, forcing ''Incroyable'' to haul to windward. On 13 April, ''Incroyable'' became becalmed, allowing the British frigates to catch up, which they did at 23:45. After receiving a single [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]], the French privateer surrendered.<ref name=LG14003-364>{{London Gazette|issue=14003|pages=364–365|date=8 April 1797}}</ref>

In March 1798, ''Pearl'' sailed for the Leeward Islands via West Africa, where, on 24 April, she escaped from two French frigates.<ref name=Win3/> While passing through the [[Îles de Los]], an archipelago off the coast of Guinea, she discovered an enemy squadron comprising four large ships at anchor and a brig under sail. As she approached, one of the ships hoisted a French flag and opened fire. Forced to run between two frigates, ''Pearl'' engaged both as she passed then [[Heaving to|hove to]], continuing to fire for a further hour before making off with one, or possibly both frigates in pursuit.<ref name=JII219>James (Vol.II) p. 219</ref><ref name=CloIV510>Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 510</ref> The chase continued through the night and all through the following day before ''Pearl'' managed to escape, arriving at [[Sierra Leone]] on 27 April, where she was inspected for damage. She had been holed in several places, although all were above the waterline; her [[Topgallant sail|fore-topgallant]] [[Yard (sailing)|yard]] and foreyard had been shot away and a number of lower [[Shroud (sailing)|shrouds]] and other rigging had been cut through. In addition, two of her [[carronade]]s had been dismounted, causing the death of one man.<ref name=JII219/>{{#tag:ref|William James claims the ship that chased ''Pearl'' was the 36-gun [[French frigate Régénérée (1794)|''Régénérée'']],<ref name=JII219/> while Onésime-Joachim Troude, in his third volume of ''"Batailles navales de la France"'', states the 40-gun  [[French frigate Vertu (1794)|''Vertu'']] was the ship in pursuit.<ref>Troude p. 130</ref> Clowes' book says that both the frigates chased ''Pearl''.<ref name=CloIV510/>|group=Note}} ''Pearl'' eventually arrived in the West Indies, capturing the 10-gun privateer, ''Scocvola'', in October and the 12-gun privateer, ''Independence'', in December, both off the coast of Antigua.<ref name=Win3/>

On 22 October 1799, ''Pearl'' was sent to the Mediterranean where she spent much of the following 12 months attempting to disrupt enemy trade by attacking the numerous merchant vessels along the European coast. Spain had re-entered the war as an ally of France in 1796 and in January 1800, the British frigate took both a Spanish brig, and a French brig with accompanying [[Settee (sail)|settee]].<ref name=Win3/><ref name=LG15255-442/> Then on 9 February, near [[Narbonne]], she drove ashore and destroyed a large [[Ligurian Republic|Genoese]] polacca of 14 guns. The crew escaped as did the small convoy of settees that were being escorted.<ref name=LG15242-297>{{London Gazette |issue=15242 |page=297 |date=25 March 1800}}</ref> While off [[Marseilles]], ''Pearl'' captured a Genoese brig and settee on 28 April, two more Genoese settees on 2 and 3 May<ref name=LG15278-843>{{London Gazette|issue=15278|page=843|date=22 July 1800}}</ref> and, with the fourth-rate {{HMS|Hindostan|1795|6}}, a [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] brig on 20 May.<ref name=LG15278-844>{{London Gazette|issue=15278|page=844|date=22 July 1800}}</ref>

Cruising off [[Alicante]] in June and July, ''Pearl'' captured three more Ragusan ships, a French settee, two Spanish settees and a [[xebec]].<ref name="LG15301-1169">{{London Gazette|issue=15301|page=1169|date=11 October 1800}}</ref><ref name=LG15301-1170>{{London Gazette|issue=15301|page=1170|date=11 October 1800}}</ref> Then, on 20 July, the crew of ''Pearl'' took part in a cutting out expedition which resulted in the capture of two xebecs and six settees. Shortly after the action a storm blew up and three of the prizes had to be scuttled though their cargo was removed first.<ref name=LG15301-1170/><ref name="LG15294-1062">{{London Gazette|issue=15294|page=1062|date=16 September 1800}}</ref> She captured four more settees on 31 August, destroyed a further two on 11 October and on the same day, she took a French [[ketch]] on its way to [[Nice]]. Two Genoese ships were taken on 14 October and three French settees the following day while a fourth was burnt.<ref name=LG15358-446>{{London Gazette|issue=15358|page=446|date=25 April 1801}}</ref>

''Pearl'' received a share of the prize money for a transport, wrecked off [[Minorca]] and salvaged on 20 October with the aid of the 18-gun sloop {{HMS|Lutine|1799|6}}, the 8-gun bomb vessel {{HMS|Strombolo|1797|6}}, and the 6-gun tender {{HMS|Alexander|1796|6}}. On 31 October, with ''Lutine'', ''Strombolo'', the 20-gun corvette {{HMS|Bonne Citoyenne|1796|6}} and the 12-gun polacca, ''Transfer'', she took another transport from [[Port Mahon]].<ref name=LG16017-441>{{London Gazette|issue=16017|page=441|date=7 April 1807}}</ref>

====Alexandria====
In January 1801, a large force of 16,000 troops and more than 100 vessels was assembled in [[Malta Protectorate|Malta]] in preparation for an invasion of French-occupied [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]]. The escorting fleet, to which ''Pearl'' was attached, was commanded by her former captain, Elphinstone, by this time a vice-admiral. The expedition arrived in [[Aboukir Bay]] on 1 February 1801.<ref name=L112>Long p. 112</ref> The subsequent [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] was brought to a successful conclusion when the French surrendered on 2 September, following a protracted siege.<ref>Long p. 113</ref> In 1850, a [[Naval General Service Medal (1847)|general service medal]] with the clasp "Egypt" was retrospectively awarded to the surviving members of ''Pearl's'' crew, for their part in the campaign.<ref name=L112/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21077|pages=791–792|date=15 March 1850}}</ref>

While cruising with the 32-gun fifth-rate {{HMS|Santa Teresa|1799|6}} on 28 February, ''Pearl'' took a Genoese merchant ship on its way home, laden with goods from Marseilles. The two British frigates later managed to save some cargo from a sinking Genoese [[tartane|tartan]] and a French tartan that had been scuttled. Both ships were out of Marseilles.<ref name=LG15428-1385>{{London Gazette|issue=15428|page=1385|date=17 November 1801}}</ref> On 20 March, a French ship bound for Alexandria was intercepted and captured by ''Pearl'', ''Santa Teresa'' and the 40-gun [[heavy frigate]], [[French frigate Minerve (1794)|HMS ''Minerve'']].<ref name=LG15428-1385/>
With the 16-gun sloop {{HMS|Peterel|1794|6}} and 14-gun brig [[French brig 'La Victorieuse' (1794)|HMS ''Victorieuese'']], ''Pearl'' seized a Genoese ship carrying arms to Alexandria on 29 April. The three British ships took a French [[aviso]], also going to Alexandria, on the same day.<ref name=LG15428-1386/> On 1 July, ''Pearl'' took a small privateer.<ref name=Win3/>

====Siege of Porto Ferrajo====
{{main|Siege of Porto Ferrajo}}
''Pearl'' was in Commodore [[John Borlase Warren]]'s squadron when, on 1 August, it was called to the island of [[Elba]] to relieve the British garrison at [[Portoferraio|Porto Ferrajo]], which had been under siege since the beginning of May.<ref name=JIII95>James (Vol.III) p. 95</ref> The arrival of the British ships caused the two French frigates guarding the port to retreat to [[Livorno|Leghorn]] in the [[Kingdom of Etruria]], a French client state. Warren then initiated a blockade of the island.<ref name=JIII96>James (Vol.III) p. 96</ref> The two escaped frigates were later brought to action on 2 September when the fifth rates, [[French frigate Pomone (1785)|HMS ''Pomone'']], {{HMS|Phoenix|1783|6}} and ''Minerve'' recaptured [[HMS Success (1781)|''Succès'']] and destroyed [[French frigate Bravoure (1795)|''Bravoure'']] after she had run aground.<ref>James (Vol.III) pp. 96–97</ref>{{#tag:ref|''Succès'' was previously HMS ''Success'', captured off Gibraltar by Ganteaume's force on 9 February 1801.<ref name=JIII97>James (Vol.III) p. 97</ref>|group=Note}}

The next day at 14:30, ''Phoenix'', ''Pomone'' and ''Pearl'' were cruising off the west side of Elba, when they spotted the 40-gun [[HMS Carrere (1801)|''Carrère'']], on her passage from [[Porto-Ercole]] to [[Porto-Longone]] with a convoy of small vessels. ''Pearl'' sailed to cut off the frigate's destination but only ''Pomone'' got close enough to engage. ''Carrère'' surrendered to her after a 10-minute action but the convoy managed to escape.<ref name=JIII96/><ref name=LG15426-1354>{{London Gazette|issue=15426|page=1354|date=10 November 1801}}</ref>

His majesty's ships ''Pearl'', ''Pomone'', the ships-of-the-line {{HMS|Renown|1798|2}}, {{HMS|Gibraltar|1780|2}}, {{HMS|Dragon|1798|2}}, ''Alexander'', [[French ship Généreux (1785)|''Généreux'']] and {{HMS|Stately|1784|2}}, and the brig {{HMS|Vincejo|1799|2}}, supplied nearly 700 seamen and marines for an attack on the French batteries investing the town. The action took place on 14 September but was only partially successful, and eight days later the British ships left Elba, though Porto Ferrajo remained in British hands until the end of the war.<ref name=JIII98>James (Vol.III) p. 98</ref>

====Prizes taken during the French Revolutionary War====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; align-center"  	
!colspan="6" | Vessels captured or destroyed during the French Revolutionary War for which ''Pearl's'' crew received full or partial credit{{#tag:ref|Does not include prizes taken in fleet actions.|group=Note}}
|-
|12 March 1797
|''Incroyable''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Privateer (24 guns)
|Captured
|<ref name=LG14003-364/>
|-
|27 March 1798
|''Santa Margarita''
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15199-1121>{{London Gazette|issue=15199|page=1121|date=29 October 1799}}</ref>
|-
|14 October 1798
|''Scocvola''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Sloop (10 guns)
|Captured off Antigua
|<ref name=LG15092-1238>{{London Gazette|issue=15092|page=1238|date=22 December 1798}}</ref>
|-
|December 1798
|''Independence''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Privateer (12 guns)
|Captured off Antigua
|<ref name=Win3/>
|-
|14 January 1799
|''Andreas and Lauritz''
|Not recorded
|Not recorded
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15466-325>{{London Gazette|issue=15466|page=325|date=27 March 1802}}</ref>
|-
|13 January 1800
|''Signor Montserrat''
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15255-442>{{London Gazette|issue=15255|page=442|date=6 May 1800}}</ref>
|-
|27 January 1800
|''Dillon''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15255-442/>
|-
|27 January 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15255-442/>
|-
|9 February 1800
|Not recorded
||[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Polacca (14 guns)
|Driven ashore and destroyed
|<ref name=LG15242-297/>
|-
|28 April 1800
|''Vertue''
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Brig
|Captured off Marseilles
|<ref name=LG15278-843/>
|-
|28 April 1800
|''Cofianza''
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Settee
|Captured off Marseilles
|<ref name=LG15278-843/>
|-
|2 May 1800
|''Annunciation''
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Settee
|Captured off Marseilles
|<ref name=LG15278-843/>
|-
|3 May 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Settee
|Captured off Marseilles
|<ref name=LG15278-843/>
|-
|20 May 1800
|''Veloce''
|[[File:St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Ragusan
|Brig
|Captured off Marseilles
|<ref name=LG15278-844/>
|-
|5 June 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Burnt
|<ref name=LG15301-1169/>
|-
|11 June 1800
|''Santa Formiglia''
|[[File:St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Ragusan
|Ship
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15301-1169/>
|-
|24 June 1800
|''St Catherine''
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Xebec
|Captured off Alicante
|<ref name=LG15301-1169/>
|-
|24 June 1800
|''St Antonio''
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Captured off Alicante
|<ref name=LG15301-1169/>
|-
|24 June 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Captured off Alicante
|<ref name=LG15301-1169/>
|-
|10 July 1800
|''Neva Sorte''
|[[File:St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Ragusan
|Slaver
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15301-1170/>
|-
|10 July 1800
|''Aimable Marie''
|[[File:St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Ragusan
|Slaver
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15301-1170/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|''Santo Christo''
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Xebec
|Captured off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15301-1170/><ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|''Veloce como Penser''
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Xebec
|Captured off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15301-1170/><ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|''Virgin del Carmen''
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Captured off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15301-1170/><ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Captured off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Captured off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Scuttled off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Scuttled off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|20 July 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Scuttled off Cape Couronne
|<ref name=LG15294-1062/>
|-
|31 August 1800
|''Gloire''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|31 August 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|31 August 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|31 August 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Pabellón sencillo de la Armada de España 1701 1785.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Spanish
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|11 October 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Burnt
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|11 October 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Burnt
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|11 October 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Ketch
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|14 October 1800
|Not recorded
||[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Ship
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|14 October 1800
|Not recorded
||[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Ship
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|15 October 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|15 October 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|15 October 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|15 October 1800
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Settee
|Burnt
|<ref name=LG15358-446/>
|-
|22 October 1800
|''Venus''
|Not recorded
|Transport ship
|Captured at Minorca
|<ref name=LG15999-180>{{London Gazette|issue=15999|page=180|date=10 February 1807}}</ref>
|-
|31 October 1800
|''Fowler''
|Not recorded
|Transport ship
|Captured in Port Mahon
|<ref name=LG15999-180/>
|-
|16 November 1800
|''Pelican''
|[[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Danish
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15475-433>{{London Gazette|issue=15475|page=433|date=27 April 1802}}</ref>
|-
|28 February 1801
|''Virgo Potens''
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Ship
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15428-1385/>
|-
|28 February 1801
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Tartan
|Sunk
|<ref name=LG15428-1385/>
|-
|28 February 1801
|''Vierge''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Tartan
|Scuttled
|<ref name=LG15428-1385/>
|-
|20 March 1801
|''Julie Rosalie''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Ship
|Scuttled
|<ref name=LG15428-1385/>
|-
|29 April 1801
|''St Joseph and Maria Veloce''
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Ship
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15428-1386>{{London Gazette|issue=15428|page=1386|date=17 November 1801}}</ref>
|-
|30 April 1801
|''Prevoyant''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Aviso
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/>
|-
|25 June 1801
|''Jem''
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Neapolitan
|Brig
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/>
|-
|25 June 1801
|''Alemeone Pion''
|[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Genoese
|Tartan
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/>
|-
|25 June 1801
|''Gesu Maria Giuseppe''
|Not recorded
|Not recorded
|Cargo taken
|<ref name=LG15534-1229>{{London Gazette|issue=15534|page=1229|date=20 November 1802}}</ref>
|-
|28 June 1801
|''St Michael L'Ami del Purgatoria''
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Neapolitan
|Tartan
|Cargo taken
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/> 
|-
|28 June 1801
|''Madone Adollaratta St Michael''
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] Neapolitan
|Tartan
|Cargo taken
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/> 
|-
|1 July 1801
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Tartan
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/> 
|-
|1 July 1801
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Tartan
|Captured
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/>
|-
|1 July 1801
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Tartan
|Destroyed
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/>
|-
|1 July 1801
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Tartan
|Destroyed
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/>
|-
|1 July 1801
|Not recorded
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Tartan
|Destroyed
|<ref name=LG15428-1386/>
|-
|3 August 1801
|''Carriere''
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|frameless|upright=0.15]] French
|Frigate
|Captured
|<ref name=15529-1157>{{London Gazette|issue=15529|page=1157|date=2 November 1802}}</ref>
|-
|9 August 1801
|''Madonna di Idra''
|Not recorded
|Not recorded
|Captured
|<ref name=15552-107>{{London Gazette|issue=15552|page=107|date=22 January 1803}}</ref>
|-
|15 September 1801
|''St Nicolo''
|Not recorded
|Not recorded
|Captured
|<ref name=15555-141>{{London Gazette|issue=15555|page=141|date=1 February 1803}}</ref>
|}

==Fate==
After the [[Treaty of Amiens]] had brought the [[French Revolutionary War]] to an end, ''Pearl'' remained in the Mediterranean under Ballard until May 1802. She then returned to England and was laid up [[in ordinary]] at Portsmouth.<ref>Clarke & Jones p. 510</ref> In April 1804, she was fitted out as a slop ship, a vessel for the storage and distribution of sailor's clothing.<ref name=Win3/><ref>James (1810) p.812</ref> She was laid up again in 1812, then fitted as a [[Hulk (ship type)#Accommodation hulk#Receiving hulk|receiving ship]] in April 1814. In March 1825, ''Pearl'' was renamed ''Protheé''<ref name=Win3/> and put up for sale on 13 April 1831 but was not purchased.<ref name=LG18787-574>{{London Gazette|issue=18787|page=574|date=25 March 1831}}</ref> The Admiralty eventually disposed of her on 4 January 1832, when she sold for £1,230.0.00d.<ref name=Win3/><ref name=LG18887-2773>{{London Gazette|issue=18887|page=2773|date=27 December 1831}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note|1}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last = Allen|first = Joseph|year = 1852|title = Battles of the British Navy Volume I|publisher = Henry Bohn|location = London|oclc=935205877|ref=none}} 
*{{cite book|last = Beatson|first = Robert|author-link=Robert Beatson|year = 1790|title = Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain: From the Year 1727 to the Present Time, Volume IV|publisher = J. Strachan|location = London|oclc=1003934064|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last1 = Clarke|first1 = James Stainer|first2 = Stephen|last2 = Jones|year = 1804|title = The Naval Chronicle, Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects|volume=XI|publisher = J. Gold|location = London|oclc = 1049886166|ref=none}} 
* {{cite book|last = Clowes|first = William Laird|author-link=William Laird Clowes|year = 1996|orig-year= 1900|title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume III|publisher = Chatham Publishing|location = London|isbn = 1861760124|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last = Clowes|first = William Laird|year = 1997|orig-year= 1900|title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV|publisher = Chatham Publishing|location = London|isbn = 1861760132|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Harrison|first=Cy|year=2019|title=Royal Navy Officers of the Seven Years War|location=Warwick, England|publisher=Helion|isbn=978-1-912866-68-7}}
*{{cite book|last =James |first =Charles |year = 1810|title = A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary: In French and English; in which are Explained the Principal Terms ... of All the Sciences that are ... Necessary for an Officer and Engineer|volume=II|publisher = T. Egerton|location = London|oclc = 18276203|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last = James |first = William |author-link = William James (naval historian) |year = 2002 |orig-year= 1827 |title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume II, 1797–1799 |publisher = Conway Maritime Press |location = London |isbn = 0851779069|ref=none}}
* {{cite book| last = James| first = William| year = 2002| orig-year= 1827| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume III, 1800–1805| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| location = London| isbn = 0851779077|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=W. H. |last1=Long |title= Medals of the British Navy and how they were won |publisher= Lancer Publishers |location=United Kingdom |year= 2010|isbn= 9781935501275|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last = Lossing|first = Benson J.|author-link=Benson John Lossing|year = 1852|title = A Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, Volume II|publisher = Harper and Brothers Publishing|location = New York|oclc=560599621|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=A. T. |last1=Mahan |author-link=Alfred Thayer Mahan|title=The Major Operations of the Navies During the War of American Independence|orig-year=1913 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Co. |location=London |year=2013 |isbn= 9781481236942|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last=McCullough|first=David|title=1776|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=0743226712|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=W. J. |editor-last=Morgan |url=https://archive.org/details/navaldocumentsof08unit/page/72/mode/2up?q=Pearl |title=Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Volume VIII) |publisher=United States Naval History Division |location= Washington|year=1964 |oclc=630221256|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=W. J. |editor-last=Morgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpa8fmns2S4C&q=Mosquito|title=Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Volume IX) |publisher=United States Naval History Division |location= Washington|year=1986 |oclc=769293550|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=Onésime-Joachim |last1=Troude |author-link=Onésime-Joachim Troude |title=Batailles navales de la France Tome 3|trans-title=Naval battles of France Volume 3|publisher=Challamel |location=Paris |year=1868 |language=fr |oclc=982607992 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=Rif |last1=Winfield |title=[[British Warships in the Age of Sail]] 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=9781844157006 |ref=none}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|HMS Pearl (ship, 1762)}}

{{Niger class frigate}}
{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pearl, HMS}}
[[Category:Frigates of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:1762 ships]]
[[Category:Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kent]]

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Return to HMS Pearl (1762).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pearl_(1762)"