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{{Short description|Polish-related residents in Brazil}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Polish Brazilians
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| flag             = {{flagicon|BRA}} {{flagicon|POL}}
| image            = [[File:07669_Polonia_Brazylia_Araucaria_1.jpg|300px]]<br /><small>Polish descendants in [[Curitiba]].</small>
| pop              = '''2 million'''<ref name=Polska-Diaspora>{{cite web|title=Polonia w liczbach: Polska Diaspora na świecie (dane szacunkowe 2007)|trans-title=Polish numbers: Polish Diaspora in the world (estimated 2007)|language=pl|url=http://archiwum.wspolnotapolska.org.pl/?id=pwko00|publisher=Wspólnota Polska|access-date=18 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104317/http://archiwum.wspolnotapolska.org.pl/?id=pwko00|archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>
| popplace         = [[Brazil]]: Mainly [[Southern Brazil|Southern]] and [[Southeastern Brazil]]
Brazilian diaspora in Canada: [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]]; Argentina: [[Misiones_Province|Misiones]]; and Paraguay: [[Itapúa_Department|Itapúa]].
| langs            = [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]]{{·}}[[Polish language|Polish]]{{·}}[[Russian language|Russian (Historically)]]{{·}}[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
| rels             = [[Roman Catholicism]] (ethnic [[Poles (people)|Poles]]){{·}}[[Judaism]] ([[Polish Jews]]){{·}}Minor: [[Islam]] ([[Lipka_Tatars|Polish Tatars]])
| related          = [[Russian Brazilians]], [[Ukrainian Brazilians]], [[Lithuanian Brazilians]], [[White Brazilians]], [[White Latin Americans]]
}}

'''Polish Brazilians''' ({{langx|pt|polono-brasileiros}}, [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Polonia brazylijska'') refers to [[Brazilians]] of full or partial [[Polish people|Polish ancestry]] who are aware of such ancestry and remain connected, to some degree, to [[Culture of Poland|Polish culture]], or Polish-born people permanently residing in [[Brazil]]. Also, a Polish Brazilian may have one Polish parent.

Polish immigrants began arriving in [[Brazil]] in the late 19th century and their total number was estimated at around 200,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|title=A Hidden Immigration: The Geography of Polish-Brazilian Cultural Identity|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12n2t3zd|publisher=UCLA|date=2013|language=en|first=Anna|last=Dvorak}}</ref>

==Immigration==
The first [[Polish people|Polish immigrants]] arrived in the port of [[Itajaí]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], in August 1869.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prefeitura de Jaraguá do Sul|url=https://www.jaraguadosul.sc.gov.br/etnias-de-jaragua-do-sul-polonesa|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.jaraguadosul.sc.gov.br}}</ref> They were 78 Poles from the area of Southern Silesia. Commandant Redlisch, of the ship Victoria, brought people from [[Mitteleuropa]] to settle in [[Brusque, Santa Catarina|Brusque]].
[[File:Santuário Nossa Senhora de Azambuja 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Brusque, Santa Catarina|Brusque]], in the State of Santa Catarina, received many [[Poles (people)|Polish immigrants]].]]
[[File:Casa típica de imigrantes polacos.jpg|thumb|right|Polish house in [[Nova Prata]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]].]]
[[File:Curitiba - Bosque do Papa - Casa de Colono Polones.jpg|thumb|right|[[Poland|Polish]] house in [[Curitiba]].]]
[[File:Grupa_Kalina_-_Carlos_Barbosa.jpg|thumb|right|Polish ancestry in [[Nova Prata]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]].]]
[[File:Polish_Christmas_festivities,_Bosque_do_Papa.jpg|thumb|right|Polish festival in [[Curitiba]].]]
They were in total 16 families, among them: Francisco Pollak, Nicolau Wós, Boaventura Pollak, Thomasz Szymanski, Simon Purkot, Felipe Purkot, Miguel Prudlo, Chaim Briffel, Simon Otto, Domin Stempke, Gaspar Gbur, Balcer Gbur, Walentin Weber, Antoni Kania, Franciszek Kania, André Pampuch and Stefan Kachel. The Poles were placed in the colonies Príncipe Dom Pedro and Itajaí, in the area of Brusque.<ref>[http://www.ui.jor.br/polish5.htm Brazil<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713055312/http://www.ui.jor.br/polish5.htm |date=2009-07-13 }}</ref>

Fewer Poles immigrated to Brazil than [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] or [[Italian people|Italians]], but many Poles have settled in Brazil. From 1872 to 1959, 110,243 "Russian" citizens entered Brazil. In fact, the vast majority of them were Poles, since east of Poland along the [[Vistula]] river was under Russian rule, and ethnic Poles immigrated with Russian [[passport]]s.<ref name="abep.nepo.unicamp.br">Uma história oculta: a imigração dos países da Europa do Centro-Leste para o Brasil {{cite web |url=http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/anais/pdf/2000/Todos/Uma%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20Oculta%20a%20Imigra%C3%A7ao%20dos%20Pa%C3%ADses....pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225173649/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/anais/pdf/2000/Todos/Uma%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20Oculta%20a%20Imigra%C3%A7ao%20dos%20Pa%C3%ADses....pdf |archive-date=2009-02-25 }}</ref>
West of Poland was part of the German Empire, therefore these Poles migrated as German citizens.

The State of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] received the majority of Polish immigrants, who settled mainly in the region of [[Curitiba]], in the towns of Mallet, Cruz Machado, São Matheus do Sul, Irati, Rebouças, Rio Azul and União da Vitória.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

Most Polish immigrants to Southern Brazil were [[Roman Catholics|Catholics]] who arrived between 1870–1920 and worked as small farmers in the State of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]. Others went to the neighboring states of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and São Paulo, which is a state as well as a city. After the 1920s, many Polish [[Jew]]s immigrated seeking refuge from Europe, settling mainly in the [[State of São Paulo]]. Today most Brazilian Jews are of Polish descent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-02|title=7 things to know about the Jews of Brazil|url=https://www.jta.org/2016/08/02/sports/7-things-to-know-about-the-jews-of-brazil|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1871, with the help of Father Antônio Zieliński, well connected in the court of [[Dom Pedro II]], in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Wos-Saporski, later nicknamed the "Father of Polish Colonization in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]", obtained permission from the emperor for this group (as German citizens), already expanded (32 families), could migrate to the Pilarzinho colony in the region of [[Curitiba]], thus founding the first Polish colony in Brazil with the support of the government of Paraná.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

Until June 1873, 809 Polish immigrants arrived in Paraná, of which 454 were provisionally lodged in Curitiba. In September 1873, another 64 families (258 people) disembarked in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and again with the help of Wos-Saporski and the authorization of Frederico José Cardoso de Araújo Abranches, then president of the Province of Paraná, they settled 6&nbsp;km from Curitiba in the current Abranches neighborhood.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

In 1875 about two thousand Poles lived on the outskirts of Curitiba. In 1877 the number had already jumped to six thousand immigrants. Thanks to the action of Adolfo Lamenha Lins, who presided over the province of Paraná between 1875 and 1877, there was a synchrony between the colonization of the territory, rural development and immigration. Lamenha understood the difference between spontaneous and official immigration, so, during his government, he encouraged the establishment of new immigrants in Paraná by funding their journey from the ports of [[Paranaguá]] and [[São Francisco do Sul]] to Curitiba and by creating several colonial agricultural centers. He also invested in infrastructure and access, enabling the movement of goods and ensuring the supply of foodstuffs to nearby markets. In the last report sent to the Legislative Assembly (1877), Lins states that six thousand immigrants lived on the outskirts of the capital. The most important colonies founded at this time were: Santa Cândida (1875), Orleans (1875), Thomas Coelho ([[Araucária]] - 1876), [[Santo Inácio]] (1876), Dona Augusta (1876), Lamenha (1876), D. Pedro II ( 1876), Riviere (1877).{{cn|date=December 2022}}

In 1878, the colonies Murici, Zacarias, Inspetor Carvalho and Coronel Accioly were created. Also in 1878, 28 Polish immigrant families settled in Colônia Moema, in the municipality of [[Ponta Grossa]]. Soon after, more families arrived in the municipality, creating new colonies: Taquari, Guaraúna, Rio Verde and Itaiacoca.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

In 1907, a school was founded in Ponta Grossa that catered to the needs of Polish children, in a space attached to the Sant'Ana Chapel and directed by the Servas do Espírito Santo sisters. In 1908 the school had more than 50 Polish [[student]]s. The [[school]] closed in 1933. In 1937 Paraná had 167 Polish ethnic schools. The first school run by a Polish immigrant in Paraná was opened in October 1876 by Jerônimo Durski in the Orleans colony, in Curitiba.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

In 1934, the Maritime and Colonial League (Liga Morska i Kolonialna, LMiK) founded the Morska Wola agricultural colony, in the municipality of Cândido de Abreu. In 1939 the colony had 195 families, approximately 700 people, most of them [[Polish people|Polish]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}

1886 is considered the starting point of Polish immigration in the state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. A group of 300 immigrants, unable to adapt to the climate of the state of [[Bahia]], where they first headed, migrated to the north of [[Porto Alegre]] and founded the Santa Teresa and Santa Bárbara colonies. In 1888, they were demarcated from the lots of the Mariana Pimentel Colony, which received the first waves of [[Polish people|Polish immigrants]] the following year. In 1890 a group of Polish immigrants arrived in Porto Alegre who headed for the town of São Feliciano, the current municipality of Dom Feliciano. Most were from Kongresówska (the part of [[Poland]] occupied by [[Russia]]). The immigrants received lots and started making [[house]]s, planting crops and raising animals. They were very religious, and the first things they built were [[chapel]]s.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

In this first phase, few Polish settlers settled in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] due to the climate and "hostile territory" (inhabited by Indigenous Brazilians). They did not live well with the German colonies, which were predominant in the region. Santa Catarina was at the time a province of passage, where immigrants disembarked at the port of [[Itajaí]] but headed mainly for Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

In 1873, around 60 Polish families (as German citizens) arrived in [[Espírito Santo]] from [[Prussia]], [[Pomerania]] and [[Silesia]] (from the Wrocław region), and together with the Germans, they settled mainly in Santa Leopoldina and Santa Teresa. According to Brazilian sources, from 1876 onwards, the colonization of the 25 de Julho River valley, located in the lower part of the Santa Teresa mountain range, towards the Rio Doce, began, primarily by Italian, German and Swiss immigrants. The following year, [[Poles (people)|Poles]] occupied the lands along the 5 de Novembro River, starting the colony called Patrimonio dos Polacos or Santo Antônio dos Polacos. In the north of Espírito Santo, the city of Águia Branca, which received its name for being the symbol of [[Poland]], is founded by the association called Colonizing Society of [[Warsaw]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==Religion==
[[File:Igreja agua branca são mateus do sul Paraná01.jpg|thumb|right|São José Catholic Church in Água Branca, in the Municipality of São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, Brazil.]]
In a 1991 poll with Polish immigrants residents in [[Southeastern Brazil]], 48.5% reported to be [[Brazilian Jew|Jewish]], 36.4% [[Catholic]], 10.7% adherents of other religions and 4.5% non-religious.<ref name="abep.nepo.unicamp.br"/>

==Polish culture in Brazil==
The State of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] still retains a strong influence from the [[Polish culture]]. Many small towns have a majority of Polish descendants and the [[Polish language]] is spoken by some of them, although nowadays most Polish Brazilians only speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. The city of [[Curitiba]] has the second largest [[Polish diaspora]] in the world (after [[Chicago]])<ref name=":0" /> and [[Polish music]], [[Polish cuisine|dishes]] and [[Polish culture|culture]] are quite common in the region. Curitiba was largely influenced by a mayor [[Jaime Lerner]].

==Polish communities==
[[File:Curitiba - Bosque do Papa - Galpão de Colono Polones.jpg|thumb|right|[[Poland|Polish]] old [[architecture]] in [[Curitiba]].]]
Important Polish communities include:

*[[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]: Eufrosina, [[São Mateus do Sul]], Santa Bárbara, [[Prudentópolis]], [[Ivaí]], [[Apucarana]], [[Cândido de Abreu]], [[Castro, Paraná|Castro]], [[Piraí do Sul]], [[Palmeira, Paraná|Palmeira]], [[Cruz Machado]], [[Guarapuava]], [[Irati, Paraná|Irati]], [[Curitiba]] and others.
*[[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]: Lucena (current [[Itaiópolis]]), Rio Vermelho, [[Massaranduba, Santa Catarina|Massaranduba]], [[Grão Pará|Grã-Pará]], Nova Galícia, [[Brusque, Santa Catarina|Brusque]] and others.
*[[Rio Grande do Sul]]: Alfredo Chaves (now [[Veranópolis]]), [[Antônio Prado]], [[Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul|Bento Gonçalves]], [[Dom Feliciano]], [[Mariana Pimentel]], [[Ijuí]], [[Guarani das Missões|Guaraní das Missões]], [[Áurea]], [[Gaurama]], [[Alpestre, Rio Grande do Sul|Alpestre]], [[Jaguari]], [[Erechim]], and others.
*[[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]: [[São Bernardo do Campo]], [[Pariquera-Açu]], [[Rio Claro, São Paulo|Rio Claro]], [[São Paulo]], and others.
*[[Espírito Santo]]: [[Águia Branca]], [[Santa Leopoldina]], and others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oliveira|first=Márcio de|date=June 2009|title=Origins of Southern Brazil: the importance of Polish immigration in Paraná, 1871-1914|journal=Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro)|volume=22|issue=43|pages=218–237|doi=10.1590/S0103-21862009000100012|issn=0103-2186|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Notable Polish Brazilians==
[[File:Curitiba - Bosque do Papa - palco.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Poland|Polish]] old-style [[house]] in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].]]
[[File:21 09 2021 - Encontro com o Presidente da República da Polônia, Andrzej Duda (51500663314).jpg|thumb|right|Polish [[Andrzej Duda]] and [[Jair Bolsonaro]].]]
[[File:04 02 2020 Encontro com Ministro das Relações Exteriores, Ernesto Araújo e Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros da Polônia, Jacek Czaputowic (49488943492).jpg|thumb|right|Polish [[Jacek Czaputowicz]] visiting [[Brasília]].]]
* [[Alessandra Ambrosio]], supermodel. She was born in [[Erechim]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]].
* [[Alexandre Herchcovitch]], fashion designer. He is from a Jewish orthodox family, and was born in [[São Paulo]].
* [[Angélica Ksyvickis]], Lithuanian, Polish and Ukrainian descent, Rede Globo hostess, actress and singer. She was born in [[Santo André]], [[São Paulo]].
* [[Edson Zwaricz]], footballer. He was born in [[União da Vitória]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].
* [[Henrique de Curitiba]], Zbigniew Henrique Morozowicz, composer. He was born in [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].
* [[Jaime Lerner]], politician. He was born in [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].
* [[Letícia Wierzchowski]], novelist and screenwriter. The author of the popular "A Casa das Sete Mulheres" series of historical novels, she was born in [[Rio Grande do Sul]]
* Mizuho Lin singer of the  Brazilian melodic death metal band [[Semblant]].  
* [[Maurício Waldman]], environmentalist. He was born in [[São Paulo]].
* [[Paulo Leminski]], poet and writer. He was born in [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].
* [[Paulo Szot]], Tony Award-winning opera singer and actor. He was born in [[São Paulo]].
* [[Xuxa]], German, Austrian, Italian, and Polish descent, Rede Globo hostess and Latin Grammy Award-winning singer. She was born in [[Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul]].
* [[Serginho Groisman]], Polish mother, Rede Globo´s "Altas Horas" show host. He was born in [[São Paulo]].
* [[Francisco Lachowski]], model. He was born in [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] (Polish father)
* [[Samuel Klein (businessman)|Samuel Klein]], founder of [[Casas Bahia]] and philanthropist. A Holocaust survivor, Klein emigrated to [[São Caetano do Sul]].
* [[Ricardo Lewandowski]], minister of Brazilian supreme court. He was born in [[Rio de Janeiro]].
* [[Thaís Pacholek]], actress. She was born in [[Curitiba]].
* [[Thiago Rangel Cionek]], footballer. He was born in [[Curitiba]].
* [[:pt:Vicente Mickosz|Vicente Mickosz]], radio broadcaster. He was Born in [[Curitiba]].
* [[Filipe Luís Kasmirski]], footballer. He was born in [[Jaraguá do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]].
* [[Leandro Narloch]], journalist and writer. He was born in [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná state]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakersacademy.com/nl/spreker/kauan-von-novack/|title=Kauan Von Novack|website=Speakers Academy®|language=nl|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref>
* [[Rudolf Komorek]], missionary declared Venerable in 1995
* [[Ariane Lipski]], [[mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]] born in Curitiba who fights in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]]. Her grandfather migrated to Brazil from Poland before [[World War II]] for security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inthecage.pl/ariane-lipski-chcialabym-zmierzyc-sie-valentina-shevchenko/|title=Ariane Lipski: "Chciałabym zmierzyć się z Valentiną Shevchenko"|last=Jurzysta|first=Kuba|date=2018-02-05|website=InTheCage.pl|language=pl-PL|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>
* Zbigniew Marian Ziembiński. Actor and director of drama, movies and television. One of the founders of the Modern Brazilian Theater with the 1943 performance of A Bride's Gown (Vestido de Noiva), written by the dramatist Nelson Rodrigues.

==The image of Polish Brazilians in Polish culture==
Polish writer [[Maria Konopnicka]] published in 1910 a poem ''Mister Balcer in Brazil'' (Pan Balcer w Brazylii). Balcer fails to assimilate and returns to Poland. Mieczysław Lepecki had visited several South American countries, including Brazil, preparing mass emigration from Poland, and published several books about South America. Kazimierz Warchałowski returned to Poland and published there books about Brazil.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Polish diaspora in Brazil}}
* [[Brazil–Poland relations]]
* [[Morska Wola]]
* [[Maritime and Colonial League#Attempted Polish overseas possessions|Maritime and Colonial League: Attempted Polish overseas possessions]]
* [[Polish diaspora]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil}}
{{Brazil topics}}
{{Polish diaspora}}
{{Portal bar|Poland|Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brazilian, Polish}}
[[Category:Brazilian people of Polish descent| ]]
[[Category:European diaspora in Brazil]]
[[Category:Polish diaspora in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Polish minorities|Brazil]]

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Module:Lang/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/langx (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/b (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Polish Brazilians.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Brazilians"