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Pharaoh of Egypt
The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt.
A typical depiction of a pharaoh.
Details
Style	Five-name titulary
First monarch	Narmer (a.k.a. Menes)
Last monarch	Nectanebo II (last native)[1] Cleopatra & Caesarion (last actual)
Formation	c. 3100 BC
Abolition	343 BC (last native pharaoh)[1] 30 BC (last Greek pharaohs)
Residence	Varies by era
Appointer	Divine right

This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.

Note that the dates given are approximate. The list of pharaohs presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.

The texts of existing primary old lists of pharaohs are incomplete:

• Palermo stone
• Turin Royal Canon
• Manetho's Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt)
• Abydos King List
• Karnak Tablet
• South Saqqara Stone (discovered 1923, includes dyn. 6)
• Saqqara Tablet (discovered 1861, includes dyn. 1-12)

Archibald Sayce gave comparative data on several of these lists in his book The Ancient Empires of the East (1884),^[2] in addition to the lists found in Herodotus, Diodorus, Eratosthenes, and even a fanciful list found in "the Arabic writers". Yet another fanciful list that does not appear in Sayce, is found in the Book of Sothis that George Syncellus attributed to Manetho.

In the texts of the Palermo, Turin and Manetho king lists, there are different versions of names of eight god kings that ruled Egypt in the beginning.^[3]

Turin King List	Manetho (Egyptian equivalent)	Function
Ptah	Hephaistos (Ptah)	Craftsmen
Ra	Helios (Ra)	Sun
-	Sosis or Agathosdaimon (perhaps Sothis?) (Shu)	Air
Geb	Kronos (Geb)	Earth
Osiris	Osiris	Afterlife
Set	Typhon (Set)	Evil
Horus	Horus	War
Thoth		Knowledge
Ma'at		Order

These god kings are followed by differing sets of semi-divine rulers.

Turin King List	Length	Manetho	Length
Second dynasty of gods	unknown	Dynasty of Halfgods	unknown
3 Achu-Dynasties	unknown	30 Kings from Memphis	1790 years
Dynasty of Disciples of Horus	unknown	10 Kings from This	350 years

The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms, and the First and Second Dynasties

Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land^{[citation needed]}, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The following list may not be complete:

Name	Comments	Dates
Hsekiu[4]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Khayu[4]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Tiu[4]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Thesh[4]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Neheb[4]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Wazner[4]	Only known from the Palermo stone	c. 3100 BC?
Mekh[4]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?

Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land^{[citation needed]}, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):

Name	Comments	Dates
Scorpion I	Oldest tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab had scorpion insignia	c. 3200 BC?
Iry-Hor	kingship uncertain	c. 3150 BC?
Ka[5][6]	—	c. 3100 BC
King Scorpion	Potentially pronounced Serqet, but uncertain; possibly the same person as Narmer.	c. 3100 BC
Narmer	The king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt.[7]	c. 3100 BC

The First Dynasty ruled from approximately 3050 BC to 2890 BC, by some chronological schemes. (There are no precise or agreed-upon year dates for any of the Old or Middle Kingdom periods, and reign estimates differ widely from one Egyptologist to the next.)

Name	Comments	Dates
Menes	Potentially the same person as Narmer, Hor-Aha, Scorpion King, or any combination of the three. First known pharaoh in Egyptian history	Contingent upon identity
Hor-Aha	Arguably the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.[8]	c. 3050 BC
Djer	—	41 years
Djet	—	23 years
Merneith	Regent for Den	—
Den	—	14 to 20.1 years
Anedjib	—	10 years
Semerkhet	—	9 years
Qa'a	—	2916?–2890 BC

The Second Dynasty ruled c. 2890 — 2686 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Hotepsekhemwy[9]	—	38 years
Raneb[10]	—	39 years
Nynetjer[11]	—	40 years
Wneg[12]	—	8 years
Senedj[13]	—	20 years
Seth-Peribsen[14]	—	17 years
Sekhemib-Perenmaat	—
Khasekhem(wy)[15][16]	?–2686 BC	17 to 18 years

The Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Sanakhte		—	2686-2668
Djoser[17][18]		Had the Step Pyramid constructed by Imhotep[19]	2668–2649; Radiocarbon date start reign between 2691 and 2625[20]
Sekhemkhet[21]	—	—	2649–2643
Khaba	—	—	2643–2637
Huni[22]		—	2637–2613

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus).

Nomen (Praenomen)	Image	Comments	Dates
Sneferu		Built the Bent Pyramid, which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, known as the Red Pyramid. Some say that he was buried at the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried at the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body.	2613–2589
Khufu		Greek form: Cheops. Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, name, and monuments have perished for one reason or another.	2589–2566
Djedefra (Radjedef)		Believed to have created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash however this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from. Before being demolished by the Romans, according to a documentary aired by the History Channel, the pyramid may actually have been the highest ever built (about 20 meters taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza although this is due to its elevated location rather than the size from base to tip).	2566–2558
Khafra		Greek form: Chephren His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Built the Sphinx of Giza.	2558–2532
—	–	here some authorities insert Bikheris, following Manetho	—
Menkaura		Greek form: Mycerinus. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza.	2532–2503
Shepseskaf	File:Kopf des Prinzen Schepseskaf.png	–	2503–2498
Djedefptah	–	–	—
–	–	here some authorities insert Thampthis, following Manetho	—

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Userkaf	File:Userkaf head.jpg	Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara	2498–2491
Sahure		Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir	2490–2477
Neferirkare Kakai		—	2477–2467
Shepseskare Isi		—	2467–2460
Neferefre		—	2460–2453
Nyuserre Ini		—	2453–2422
Menkauhor Kaiu		—	2422–2414
Djedkare Isesi	—	—	2414–2375
Unas	—	—	2375–2345

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Teti	—	2345–2333
Userkare	—	2333–2332
Meryre Pepi I	—	2332–2283
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	—	2283–2278
Neferkare Pepi II	Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings.	2278–2184
Neferka	Only mentioned in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler.	2200–2199
Nefer	Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day according to Turin Canon	2197–2193
Aba	Reigned for 4 years and 2 months. Reign dates do not follow Turin Canon. Highly unlikely.	2193–2176
Unknown king	Unknown king attested here
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II[23]	Uncertain pharaoh.	2184
Neitiqerty Siptah	This king may have been confused in later years as a supposed female ruler Nitocris.[24]	2184–2181

The First Intermediate Period (2181-2160 BC) is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age.

The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. In the meantime, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.

Around 2055 BC, a descendant of the pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the Eleventh Dynasty and ruled as Mentuhotep II, the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 to 2160 BC. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html)

Name	Comments	Dates
Neferkara I	-
Netjerkare	-
Menkare	-
Neferkare II	-
Neferkara Nebi	-
Djedkara Shemai	-
Neferkara Khendu	-
	Some authorities place here Merenhor
Neferkamin Seneferka	-
Nikara	-
Neferkara Tereru	-
Neferkahor	-
Neferkara Pepyseneb	-
Neferkamin Anu	-
Qakare Ibi	-	2169-2167
Neferkara II	-	2167-2163
Neferkawhor Khuwihap	-	2163-2161
Neferirkara	-	2161-2160

The Ninth Dynasty^[25] ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC. The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.^[25]

Name	Comments	Dates
—	Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty.	2160– ?
—	-	?
Neferkare III	-	?
Khety (Acthoes II)	-	?
Senenh— or Setut	-	?
—	-	?
Mer[ibre Khety]	-	?
Shed—	-	?
H—	-	?

The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Meryhathor	—	2130– ?
Neferkare IV	—	?
Wankare (Acthoes III)	—	?
Merykare	—	? –2040

The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Mentuhotep I Tepy-a	—
Sehertawy Intef I	—	2134–2117
Wahankh Intef II	—	2117–2069
Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III	—	2069–2060

The Middle Kingdom (2060-1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos.

The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Name	Comments	Dates
Nebhetepre Mentuhotep II[26]	Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins.	2060–2010
Sankhkare Mentuhotep III[27]	—	2010–1998
Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV[28]	—	1997–1991

The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.

Name	Comments	Dates
Sehetepibre Amenemhat I[29][30]	—	1991–1962
Kheperkare Senusret I[31] (Sesostris I)	—Built the white chapel	1971–1926
Nubkaure Amenemhat II[32]	—	1929–1895
Khakheperre Senusret II[33] (Sesostris II)	—	1897–1878
Khakaure Senusret III[34] (Sesostris III)	Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs.	1878–1860
Nimaatre Amenemhat III[35]	—	1860–1815
Maakherure Amenemhat IV[36]	Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.	1815–1807
Sobekkare Sobekneferu[37]	A rare female ruler.	1807–1802

The Second Intermediate Period (1802-1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties, made their appearance in Egypt.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of Dedumose I.

Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia

The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep or Wegaf	Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is attested by several Nile Records and Papyri.	1802–1799 4 yrs.
Sekhemkare	Amenemhat V Senebef, brother of Sekhemre Khutawy. 3 Yrs.	—
Amenemhat	—	1795–1792
Sehetepre	—	? –1790
Iufni	—	?
Seankhibre	—	?
Semenkare	—	?
Sehetepre	—	?
Sewadjkare	—	?
Nedjemibre	7 months	?
Khaankhre Sobekhotep I	—	?
Renseneb	4 months	c. 1775
Awybre Hor I?	—	c. 1775?
Sedjefakare	A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.	c. 5 to 7 yrs.
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep	Compare Wegaf	c. 1767
Khendjer	Minimum 4 yrs and 3 months	c. 1765
Imyremeshaw	—	?
Antef V	—	?
Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III	4 years and 2 months	c. 1755
Khasekhemre Neferhotep I	11 years	1751–1740
Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV	10 or 11 years	1740–1730
Khahotepre Sobekhotep V	—	c. 1730
Wahibre Ibiau	10 years & 8 months	c. 1725–1714
Merneferre Ay	23 years & 8 months	c. 1714–1691
Merhotepre Ini	2 years & 2 months	?
Sankhenre Sewadjtu	—	?
Mersekhemre Ini	—	?
Sewadjkare Hori	—	?

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Name	Comments	Dates
Dedumose I	—	c. 1654
Dudimose II	—	?
Senebmiu	—	?
Mentuhotep V	—	?
Senaaib	—	?

The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois, that ruled from around 1705 to around 1690 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Nehesy	-	c. 1705
Khakherewre ?	-	?
Nebefawre	-	c. 1704
Sehebre ?	-	?
Merdjefare	-	c. 1699
Sewadjkare ?	-	?
Nebdjefare	-	c. 1694
Webenre ?	-	?
—	-	?
Djefare?	-	?
Webenre	-	c. 1690

The position of the following pharaohs are uncertain:

Name	Comments	Dates
Sheshi[38]	—
Yakubher[38]	—	?

The Turin King List provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.

The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Salitis
Sakir-Har	-	?
Khyan	-	30-40 Years
Apepi	-	40 Years or more
Khamudi	-	1555-1544

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a local native kingdom from Thebes who ruled Egypt for between 80 and 100 years, according to Kim Ryholt.

Name	Comments	Dates
—	name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered	-
Djehuti (Sekhemresementawy)	–	3 yrs
Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemreseusertawy)	–	16 yrs
Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy)	–	1 yr
Mentuhotep VI (Sankhenre)	–	1 yr
Nebiriau I (Sewadjenre)	–	26 yrs
Nebiriau II	–
Semenre	–
Bebiankh (Seuserenre)	–	12 yrs
(Sekhemre Shedwast)	–
—	The names of five kings are lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered. Their identity is uncertain	-

Some sources include as many as six more names –

The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhau	1650- ?
Sobekemsaf I Sekhemreshedtawy	-	3 years
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef	-	-
Nubkheperre Intef	-
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef	-	-
Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhau	-	-
Tao I the Elder (i.e.: Senakhtenre)	-	c. 1558
Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre)	-	c. 1558 - c. 1554
Kamose	-	c. 1555 - 1550

The New Kingdom (1550-1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, and Ramesses II, who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Nebpehtire Ahmose I, Ahmosis I		Successor to Kamose, above.	c.1550-1525 BCE; Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570-1544 BCE, the mean point of which is 1557 BCE[39]
Djeserkare Amenhotep I		-	1541-1520
Aakheperkare Thutmose I		-	1520-1492
Aakheperenre Thutmose II		-	1492-1479
Menkheperre Thutmose III		Often called the "Napoleon of Egypt." Dominated early in his reign by his stepmother Hatshepsut; after she died, he began expanding Egyptian rule into the Levant.	1479-1425
Maatkare Hatshepsut		The second known female ruler, though quite possibly the seventh (the reigns of five other women are likely, but disputed). Recent evidence suggests she died of bone cancer.[40]	1473-1458
Aakheperrure Amenhotep II		-	1425-1400
Menkheperure Thutmose IV		-	1400-1390
Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent King		His name means Lord of the truth is Ra. He ruled Egypt at the peak of her glory, his mortuary temple was the largest ever built, but was destroyed by Rameses II to build his own temple. Recent DNA testing proved he was the Grandfather of Tutankhamun	1390-1352
Neferkheperure-waenre Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten		Founder of brief period of a solar-centered religion (Atenism). His original name means "Amun is pleased."	1352-1334
Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare		Co-regent and successor of Akhenaten. The identity of this individual is uncertain and disputed. Usually believed to be either a son or son-in-law of Akhenaten but sometimes identified as Akhenaten's wife Nefertiti. Other scholars distinguish two individuals between Akhenaten and Tutankhamun, namely Smenkhkare, who is then seen as male, and a female ruler, who is then most often identified as Akhenaten's eldest daughter Meritaten	1334-1333
Nebkheperure Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun		Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, probably reinstated the polytheistic religion and the name change reflects the change in primary deity from Aten to Amun. He is also known as the boy king.	1333-1324
Kheperkheperure Ay		-	1324-1320
Djeserkheperure-setpenre Horemheb		Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun. Obliterated images of the Amarna queens and kings (all except Amenhotep III and Tiye).	1320-1292

The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Menpehtire Ramesses I[41]		-	1292-1290
Menmaatre Seti I		-	1290-1279
Usermaatre-setpenre Ramesses II the Great		The ruler usually associated with Moses; he reached a stalemate with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which a peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC	1279-1213
Banenre Merenptah[42]		A stele describing campaigns in Libya and Canaan contains the only extant reference to "Israel" in Ancient Egyptian records.	1213-1203
Menmire-setpenre Amenmesse		-	1203-1200
Userkheperure Seti II[43]		-	1203-1197
Sekhaenre/Akhenre Merenptah Siptah[44]		-	1197-1191
Satre-merenamun Tausret		A rare female ruler also known as Tawosret in some places, she was probably the wife of Seti II.[45]	1191-1190

The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Userkhaure Setnakht		-	1190-1186
Usermaatre-meryamun Ramesses III		Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC	1186-1155
User/Heqamaatre-setpenamun Ramesses IV		-	1155-1149
Usermaatre-sekheperenre Ramesses V		-	1149-1145
Nebmaatre-meryamun Ramesses VI		-	1145-1137
Usermaatre-setpenre-meryamun Ramesses VII		-	1137-1130
Usermaatre-akhenamun Ramesses VIII		-	1130-1129
Neferkare-setpenre Ramesses IX		-	1129-1111
Khepermaatre-setpenptah Ramesses X[46]		-	1111-1107
Menmaatre-setpenptah Ramesses XI[47]		Ended rule sharing power with High Priest of Amun Herihor ruling in the south and Smendes I ruling in the north, a period known as wehem mesut.[48]	1107-1077

The Third Intermediate Period (1077-732 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Hedjkheperre-setpenre Nesbanebdjed[49]		Also known as Smendes I	1077-1051
Neferkare Heqawaset Amenemnisu		-	1051-1047
Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I (Psusennes I)		-	1047-1001
Usermaatre Amenemope		-	1001-992
Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon (Osorkon the Elder)		- * ( Osochor )	992-986
Netjerikheperre-setpenamun Siamun-meryamun		-	986-967
Titkheperure Pasebakhenniut II (Psusennes II)		-	967-943

The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 943 to 720 BC:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Hedjkheperre-setepenre Shoshenq I			943-922
Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I		-	922-887
Heqakheperre Shoshenq II		-	887-885
Takelot I		-	885-872
Hedjkheperre Harsiese		A rebel, at Thebes	880-860
Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon II		-	872-837
Usermaatre-setepenre Shoshenq III		-	837-798
Shoshenq IV		-	798-785
Usermaatre-setepenre Pami		-	785-778
Aakheperre Shoshenq V		-	778-740
Aakheperre-setepenamun Osorkon IV		-	740-720

The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c.735 BC:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Hedjkheperre-setpenre Takelot II		Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd	837-813
Usermaatre-setepenamun Pedubast		A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II	826-801
Usermaatre-setepenamun Iuput I		-	812-811
Usermaatre Shoshenq VI		Successor to Pedubast	801-795
Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon III		Son of Takelot II- recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king	795-767
Usermaatre-setpenamun Takelot III		-	773-765
Usermaatre-setpenamun Rudamun		-	765-762

Not recognised as a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Inamunnifnebu		-	805-795
?		-	795-780
Niumateped		-	780-755
Titaru		-	763-755
Ker		-	755-750
Rudamon		-	750-745
Ankhor		-	745-736
Tefnakht		-	736-732

The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Shepsesre Tefnakhte		-	732-725
Wahkare Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)		-	725-720

The Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BC, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.

Nubians invaded Egypt in 732 BC and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Usermaatre Piye		King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years	747-716 according to Peter Clayton
Neferkare Shabaka		-	716-702 according to Peter Clayton
Djedkaure Shebitku		-	702-690 according to Peter Clayton
Khuinefertemre Taharqa		-	690-664
Bakare Tantamani		lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year.	664-653

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC.^[50]

Name	Image	Comment	Dates
Menkheperre Nekau I (Necho I)		-	672 – 664 BC
Wahibre Psamtik I (Psammetichus I)		-	664 – 610 BC
Wehemibre Necho II (Necho II)		-	610 – 595 BC
Neferibre Psamtik II (Psammetichus II)		-	595 – 589 BC
Haaibre Wahibre (Apries)		-	589 – 570 BC
Khnemibre Ahmose II (Amasis)		-	570 – 526 BC
Ankhkaenre Psamtik III (Psammetichus III)		-	526 – 525 BC

Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and annexed by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Metsuire Cambyses (Cambyses II)		Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC	525 – 521 BC
Smerdis (Bardiya)		Son of Cyrus the Great	522 – 521 BC
Setutre Darius I the Great		-	521 – 486 BC
Xerxes I the Great		-	486 – 465 BC
Artabanus the Hyrcanian		-	465 – 464 BC
Artaxerxes I Longhand		-	464 – 424 BC
Xerxes II		claimant	424 – 423 BC
Sogdianus		claimant	424 – 423 BC
Darius II			424 – 404 BC

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Amyrtaeus		Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians.	404 – 398 BC

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Baenre Nefaarud I		Also known as Nepherites	398 – 393 BC
Psammuthes		-	393 BC
Khenemmaatre Hakor (Achoris)		-	393 – 380 BC
Nefaarud II		-	380 BC

The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Kheperkare Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I)		Also known as Nekhtnebef	380 – 362 BC
Irimaatenre Djedher (Teos)		-	362 – 360 BC
Senedjemibre Nakhthorhebyt (Nectanebo II)		-	360 – 343 BC

Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Artaxerxes III		Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time	343–338 BC
Artaxerxes IV Arses		Only reigned in Lower Egypt	338–336 BC
Khababash		Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt	338–335 BC
Darius III		Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC	336–332 BC

The Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Setepenre-meryamun Alexander III (Alexander the Great)		Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt	332–323 BC
Philip III Arrhidaeus		Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III the Great	323–317 BC
Haaibre Alexander IV		Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana	317–309 BC

The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, who in modern times is known simply as Cleopatra, and who had affairs with Mark Antony and Julius Caesar.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Ptolemy I Soter (Setepenre-meryamun Ptolemy)		Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC	305–285 BC
Berenice I		Wife of Ptolemy I	?-285 BC
Ptolemy II Philadelphos (Weserkare-meryamun Ptolemy)		-	288–246 BC
Arsinoe I		Wife of Ptolemy II	284/81-ca. 274 BC
Arsinoe II		Wife of Ptolemy II	277-270 BC
Ptolemy III Euergetes I		-	246–222 BC
Berenice II		Wife of Ptolemy III	244/3-222 BC
Ptolemy IV Philopator		-	222–204 BC
Arsinoe III		Wife of Ptolemy IV	220-204 BC
Hugronaphor		Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South	205-199 BC
Ankhmakis		Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South	199-185 BC
Ptolemy V Epiphanes		Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC	204–180 BC
Cleopatra I		Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority	193-176 BC
Ptolemy VI Philometor		Died 145 BC	180–164 BC
Cleopatra II		Wife of Ptolemy VI	173-164 BC
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II		Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC	171–163 BC
Ptolemy VI Philometor		Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC	163-145 BC
Cleopatra II		Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt.	163-127 BC
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator		Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II	145-144 BC
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II		Restored	145-131 BC
Cleopatra III		Second wife of Ptolemy VIII	142-131 BC
Ptolemy Memphitis		Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII	131 BC
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II		Restored	127-116 BC
Cleopatra III		Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.	127-107 BC
Cleopatra II		Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.	124-116 BC
Ptolemy IX Soter II		Died 80 BC	116–110 BC
Cleopatra IV		Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III	116-115 BC
Ptolemy X Alexander I		Died 88 BC	110–109 BC
Berenice III		Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later	81-80 BC
Ptolemy XI Alexander II		Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III	80 BC
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes)		Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC	80–58 BC
Cleopatra V Tryphaena		Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV	?-57 BC
Cleopatra VI		Daughter of Ptolemy XII	?-58 BC
Berenice IV		Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled	58–55 BC
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos		Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death	55–51 BC
Cleopatra VII		Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as Cleopatra	51–30 BC
Ptolemy XIII		Brother of Cleopatra VII	51–47 BC
Arsinoe IV		In opposition to Cleopatra VII	48-47 BC
Ptolemy XIV		Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII	47–44 BC
Ptolemy XV		Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over.	44-30 BC

Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman Dictator Julius Caesar and Roman General Marc Antony, but it was not until after her suicide in 30 BC (after Marc Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be the emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. One Egyptian king-list lists the Roman Emperors as Pharaohs up to and including Decius. See the list of Roman emperors.

• Conventional Egyptian chronology
• Egyptian chronology
• History of Egypt
• Lists of office-holders
• The Greatest Pharaohs

• J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909
• J. Cerny, 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08691-4
• Clayton, Peter A. (1995). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The Chronicles Series (Reprinted ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500050743.
• Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
• Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76.
• Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992)
• Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977
• Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999
• Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000. "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris." Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127
• Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt., Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1
• Verner, Miroslav, The Pyramids - Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
• Egypt, History & Civilisation By Dr. R Ventura. Published by Osiris, PO Box 107 Cairo.

• Egyptian Royal Genealogy
• Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists
• Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods" Page with different versions of god king lists
• Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
• Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
• Digital Egypt for Universities
• Ancient Egyptian papyrus collection and stories behind each scene, Egyptian museum masterpieces reproductions^{[dead link]}
• List of all female Pharaohs

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