Mauser C96

Mauser C96
"Red 9" Mauser C96 (9 mm Parabellum) with stock
Type	Semi-automatic pistol, Machine Pistol (M712 Schnellfeuer)
Place of origin	Germany
Service history
In service	1899-1961 (Present in militia use)
Used by	See Users
Wars	Second Boer War, Anglo-Irish War, Xinhai Revolution, World War I, Russian Civil War, World War II, Spanish Civil War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War
Production history
Designer	Feederle brothers (Fidel, Friedrich, and Josef)
Designed	1895
Manufacturer	Mauser, Hanyang Arsenal
Produced	1896–1937
Variants	"full sized" C96 (standard model); "Bolo" (short barrel, small grip); "Red 9" (9 mm chambering); M712 "Schnellfeuer" (full-automatic)
Specifications
Mass	Template:G to oz
Length	Template:Mm to in (pre-Bolo) Template:Mm to in (post-Bolo)
Barrel length	Template:Mm to in (pre-Bolo) Template:Mm to in (post-Bolo)
Cartridge	7.63x25mm Mauser 9x19mm Parabellum .45 ACP (China) 9 mm Mauser Export (rare) 8.15mm Mauser (experimental)[1]
Action	Short Recoil
Muzzle velocity	425 m/s (1,394 ft/s)
Effective firing range	150-200m [2]
Feed system	6, 10 or 20-round integral or detachable magazine; 40-round detachable magazines were also made
Sights	V-notch rear tangent sight adjustable up to 1000 meters, inverted V front sight

The Mauser C96 (Construktion 96)^[3] is a semi-automatic pistol that was originally produced by German arms manufacturer Mauser from 1896 to 1937.^[4] Unlicensed copies of the gun were also manufactured in Spain and China in the first half of the 20th century.^[4][5]

The main distinctive identifying characteristics of the C96 are the integral box magazine in front of the trigger, the long barrel, the wooden shoulder stock which can double as a holster or carrying case, and a grip shaped like the handle of a broom. The grip's distinctive appearance earned the gun the nickname "Broomhandle" in the English-speaking world, and in China the C96 was nicknamed the "box cannon" (Chinese: 盒子炮; pinyin: hézipào) because of both its square-shaped internal magazine and the fact it could be holstered in its wooden box-like detachable stock.^[6]

The Mauser C96, with its shoulder stock, long barrel and high-velocity cartridge, had superior range and better penetration than most other standard pistols; the 7.63x25mm Mauser cartridge was the highest velocity commercially manufactured pistol cartridge in existence until the advent of the .357 Magnum cartridge in 1935.^[7]

Approximately 1 million C96 pistols were manufactured by Mauser alone,^[8] with the number produced in Spain and China being large but unknown due to the loss, non-existence, or poor upkeep of production records from those countries.^[4]

Within a year of its introduction, the C96 had been sold not only to governments, but also commercially for resale to civilians and individual military officers.

The Mauser C96 pistol was also extremely popular with British officers at the time and purchased privately by many of them; numbers were supplied to Westley Richards in the UK for this purpose, although its popularity with the British military had waned by the onset of World War I.^[9]

As a military sidearm, the pistols saw service in various colonial wars, as well as World War I, The Estonian War of Independence, the Spanish Civil War, the Chinese Civil War, and World War II. Mauser also became a staple of both Bolshevik Commissars and various warlords and gang leaders in Russian Civil War.

Winston Churchill was fond of the Mauser C96, and used one at the Battle of Omdurman and during the Second Boer War; similarly, Lawrence of Arabia carried a Mauser C96 for a period during his time in the Middle East.^[4][10] Chinese Communist general Zhu De carried a Mauser C96 during his Nanchang Uprising and other later conflicts; his gun (with his name printed on it) can be viewed in the Beijing war museum.

Imported and domestic copies of the C96 were used extensively by the Chinese in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, as well as by the Spanish during the Spanish Civil War and the Germans in World War II.^[5][11]

Besides the standard 7.63x25mm chambering, C96 pistols were also commonly chambered for 9mm Parabellum with a small number also being produced in 9 mm Mauser Export. There was also a Chinese-manufactured model chambered for .45ACP.^[4] Despite the pistol's worldwide popularity and fame, the only nation to use the C96 as the primary service pistol of its military and police was China. The Broomhandle Mauser has become a popular collector's gun.^[4]

The C96 frequently appears as a "foreign" or "exotic" pistol in a number of films and TV shows, owing to its distinctive and instantly recognisable shape,^[4] and, for the same reasons and in the same tradition, a C96 was modified to form Han Solo's prop blaster pistol for the Star Wars films.^[4]

Mauser's first military contract was with the Ottoman Turkish government in 1897. They ordered 1,000 pistols; they had their own serial number range, running from 1 to 1000.^[5] They differ in that they use a non-Arabic number system on the tangent sight and the weapon is designated in this number system in the Muslim year "1314" rather than the Christian Gregorian year "1896 / 1897". Markings include a six-pointed star on both sides of the chamber and the crest of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II and the Muslim year 1314 on the square left rear frame panel.

In 1899, the Italian government ordered Mauser's first major military contract; an order for 5,000 C96 pistols for the Italian Royal Navy.^[8] They differ in that their receivers were "slab-sided" (i.e., lacked the milling on the sides found on commercial Mausers). They also have a "ring hammer" (spurless hammer with a hole through its head) instead of the early "cone hammer" (spurless hammer with ribbed cone-like projections on the sides of its head). These guns had their own serial number range, running from 1 to 5000.

The Persian government ordered 1,000 pistols. They have the Persian government's "lion and sun" insignia on the rectangular milled panel on the left side of the receiver and the serial numbers range from 154000 to 154999. It is often confused with the Turkish Contract Mauser.

Austria ordered a run of standard 7.63mm Mauser pistols.

During World War I, the Imperial German Army contracted with Mauser for 150,000 C96 pistols chambered in 9mm Parabellum to offset the slow production of the standard-issue Luger P08 pistol. This variant of the C96 was named the "Red 9", after a large number "9" burned and painted in red into the grip panels,^[12] to warn the pistols' users not to load them with 7.63 mm ammunition by mistake. Of the 150,000 pistols commissioned, approximately 137,000 were delivered before the war ended.^[5]

The French government set up an order for 1,000 pistols with 3.9-inch [99mm] barrels for the Gendarmerie Nationale.

The German government purchased 7,800 commercial M30 pistols for use by the Luftwaffe. They have Wehrmacht proof marks. The year is said to have been 1940, but the serial numbers come from the early- to mid-1930s and the weapon ceased production in 1937.

There were many variants of the C96 besides the standard Commercial model; the most common are detailed below.

One of the experimental ideas was the creation of a pistol-carbine for use by light cavalry. They had a "slab-sided" receiver, standard 10-round magazine, a permanently affixed wooden stock and forend, and a lengthened 11.75-inch [300 mm] (early production) or 14.5-inch [370 mm] (late production) barrel. They were dropped from production after 1899 due to poor sales and little military interest.

There was limited sporting interest in the carbine version and due to small production numbers it is a highly prized collectible priced at about twice the value of the pistol version.^[13] Recently, importers like Navy Arms imported late-model Mauser carbines with 16-inch or longer barrels for sale in the US.

A version of the Mauser pistol with a full-sized grip, 6-shot internal magazine, and a 4.75-inch [120 mm] barrel. Production was phased out by 1899.

This is the unofficial term for a variant Compact Mauser with a curved wooden or hard-rubber grip, like that of a revolver. The name comes from the US Army designation of the Mauser pistol sent to participate in their self-loading pistol trials.

This is the first model to come cut for a combination wooden stock / holster. The stock doubled as a case or holster and attached to a slot cut in the grip frame.

This model was the first to chamber the 9x25mm Mauser Export cartridge. It was designed to capitalize on the arms market in South America and China.

The Treaty of Versailles (signed in 1919) imposed a number of restrictions on pistol barrel lengths and calibres on German arms manufacturers,.^[14] Pistols for German government issue or domestic market sales could not have a barrel longer than 4 inches and could not be chambered for 9mm cartridges.

The Weimar Republic banned the private ownership of military-issue or military-style weapons in an attempt to recover valuable arms from the mobs of returning soldiers. The confiscated weapons were then used to arm government forces, leaving them with a hodge-podge of military and civilian arms. To meet the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, a major reworking project was begun that set about converting these weapons.

To be compliant, "pre-war" C.96 models belonging to the Weimar government had to have their barrels cut down to 3.9-inches [99mm]. This meant that their tangent sights had to be replaced with fixed sights. They also had to be converted to the standard 7.63x25mm Mauser round, though a few hybrid Mausers were made with salvaged Luger barrels that were chambered for 7.65x21mm Parabellum. Compliant confiscated government-issue guns were marked M1920. This practice was continued on German service pistols even after the ban was ignored and the conversions had stopped.

Mauser began manufacturing a compliant version of the C.96 for commercial sale from 1920-1921. It featured smaller grips, a shorter 3.9-inch [99mm] barrel,^[6] and was chambered for the standard 7.63x25mm Mauser. An experimental 8.15x25.2mm Mauser cartridge was used to replace the banned 9x19mm Parabellum and 9x25mm Mauser Export cartridges for domestic sales, but it never caught on.

Large-scale production of the weapon was from 1921-1930. It was sold in quantity to armies in the contested Baltic region and was carried by the Poles, Lithuanians, German Freikorps, and White Russians. The Bolshevik government (and later the new Red Army) of the embryonic Soviet Union purchased large numbers of this model in the 1920s or appropriated them from their defeated enemies.^[15] The distinctive pistol became associated with the Bolsheviks and was thus nicknamed the "Bolo".^[15] The "Bolo" model was also popular elsewhere, as the shorter barrel and smaller overall size made the gun easier to conceal.^[16]

Also known as the M30 by collectors, it was a simplification and improvement of the M1921 Mauser. It simplified production by removing several fine-machining details and reverted back to the "pre-war" large grip and long barrel. The early model M30s had a 5.18-inch [132 mm] barrel, but later models had the traditional 5.5-inch [140mm] barrel. It was made from 1930 until 1937.

Joseph Nickl designed a selective-fire conversion in 1930. It tended to "cook off" (fire when overheated) when fired in long bursts.

Since the M1932 / M712 variant was full auto, the semi-auto M1930 it was derived from was sometimes called the M711 by war surplus dealers and collectors.

The Spanish gunmaking firms of Beistegui Hermanos and Astra began producing detachable magazine-fed, select-fire versions of the C96 in 1927 and 1928 respectively, intended for export to the Far East.^[5]

Mauser began production of the Schnellfeuer("Rapid Fire"), their own select-fire, detachable magazine version of the M30 designed by Karl Westinger. Production started in 1932 and ended in 1936,^[5] This has led to its unofficial designation of "M1932" by collectors. Again, it was largely intended for export to China or to the opposing sides in the later Spanish Civil War. Small numbers of M1932s were also supplied to the German Wehrmacht during World War II, who designated it the M712.^[5]

The US National Firearms Act of 1934 placed a $200 tax on machine guns making exports of the Schnellfeuer guns to the US impractical. After World War 2, importers sold a semi-automatic conversion of the detachable magazine Schnellfeuer that was made for the US surplus market.

Oyster Bay Industries was an American company that made a detachable magazine conversion kit for the Mauser. It removed the floor plate, spring and follower and added a small magazine catch mechanism that allowed it to feed its own brand of proprietary 10- or 20-round 9mm magazines. The conversion could either be performed on a "Red 9" pistol or a new 9mm upper receiver could be sold that would convert a standard C.96 7.63mm pistol.

The Brazilian government bought 500 7.63mm M1932 Schnellfeuer machine pistols during the 1930s. The PASAM (Pistola Automática Semi-Automática Militar, or "Semi-Automatic / Automatic Military Pistol") used the M1932 as its base but made a few alterations. The pistol grip frame used thicker rectangular wooden grips and had a 1.5 foot [320mm] "t-bar" metal shoulder stock welded to it. A metal frame attached to the receiver supported a rectangular wooden foregrip, taking pressure off the barrel. It took standard detachable 10-round box magazines.^[17]

It was still in use with Brazilian State Military Police (Polícia Militar) forces in the 1980s. They preferred to use it as a semi-automatic carbine and reserved its full auto setting for emergencies due to its recoil and muzzle-climb.^[17]

The controls were the same as the standard model, except the markings were in Portuguese.The selector switch (found on the left side, above the trigger guard) was marked N for Normal ("Normal" for semi-automatic) and R for Rápido ("Rapid" for fully automatic). The safety control lever (found to the left of the hammer) was marked S for Seguro ("Safe") and F for Fogo ("Fire").^[17]

During the Warlord era of Chinese History in the early 20th century, the province of Shansi was ruled by the warlord Yen Hsi-shan, who had established a modern arms factory in his capital city of Taiyuan. Yen was equipping his troops with a locally produced copy of the Thompson sub machine gun, chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge, but was experiencing supply difficulties as his troops' sidearms were 7.63mm calibre C96 handguns.^[18]

His solution was to produce a .45 ACP caliber version of the C96, thus standardizing ammunition and making supply easier.^[18] Designated Type 17, production on the .45 caliber handgun began in 1929 at the Taiyuan Arsenal. They are inscribed (in Chinese) "Type 17" on the left hand side of the gun, and "Republic Year Eighteen, Made in Shansi" on the right hand side.^[18] They were issued (along with Thompson SMGs) to railway guards in the province as defense against bandits and other warlords.

Besides being chambered for a larger cartridge, the Shansi .45 pistols are noticeably bigger than their 7.63mm counterparts, with the 10-round magazine extending below the trigger guard. It was loaded using two 5-round stripper clips rather than the single 10-round stripper clips of the standard 7.63mm Mauser.

Most of the Shanxi .45 pistols were melted down after the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, largely due to their odd caliber for Communist Regulations, but a few examples were exported overseas for sale on the commercial market.^[18] Approximately 8,500 Shanxi .45 caliber Broomhandle pistols are believed to have been produced by the Taiyuan Arsenal, but there is some debate as to how many of the Shanxi .45 calibre Broomhandle pistols currently on the commercial market were actually produced for Yen's troops, and how many are more recent productions for the US collectors' market.

Copied M712 Schnellfeuer, made by China. It used 7.62x25mm round. The handler is as same as Type 64.^[19]

In 1923 the Hanyang Munitions Works began making a copy of the Mauser C.96, the result was the Hanyang C96, about 13,000 copies were produced, it is sometimes described as the "fancier" of the two Chinese copies. Like the Shansi Type 17, it is unknown of how many originals are currently left on the market.^[20]

File:Pistol Astra Model 900.jpg

The Spanish gunmaking firm of Astra-Unceta y Cia began producing a copy of the Mauser C.96 in 1927. Externally similar (including the presence of a detachable shoulder stock/holster) to the C96 but with non-interlocking internal parts it was produced until 1941, with a production hiatus in 1937 and 1938 and a final batch being assembled from spare parts in 1951.^[5] The Spanish copies of the C96 were generally intended for export to China,^[5] but after the commencement of the Sino-Japanese war (which blocked supply of guns to Chinese forces) the remaining Astra 900s were used in the Spanish Civil War, and numbers were also sold to Germany in the period 1940–1943.^[5]

A rare copy of the Astra Model 900 were also manufactured in Eibar, Spain by Zulaica y Cia as the Royal MM34. These are recognized by its finned barrel and capped muzzle. Very few examples of the Royal MM34 are in existence today.

•  Austria-Hungary^[21]
•  Brazil^[17]
•  Finland: Used in the Finnish Civil War and in the Second World War.^[22]
•  German Empire: Army issued 137,000 of the "Red 9" variant during World War I.^[5]
•  Kingdom of Italy: 5,000 bought from Germany in 1899 for the navy.^[8]
•  Nazi Germany: 8,000 of the Schnellfeuer variant was issued to the Luftwaffe during World War II. Also bought thousands of the Spanish-made Astra Model 900 and 903 variants.^[5]
•  Ottoman Empire: 1,000 ordered from Germany in 1896.^[5]
• Republic of China: Hundreds of thousands were used by Kuomintang, Communist and warlord forces.^[23]
• Second Spanish Republic^[5]
•  Soviet Union: "Bolo" variant bought from Germany during 1920s.^[15]
•  United Kingdom: Many were privately bought by British officers in the period before World War I.^[9]

• Skennerton, Ian (2005). Mauser Model 1896 Pistol. Gold Coast, QLD (Australia): Arms & Militaria Press. ISBN 0 949749 77X.
• Wilson, Royce (January 2009). Mauser C96 Broomhandle. Australian and New Zealand Handgun magazine. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
• Bishop, Chris (Editor) (1998). Guns in Combat. Kent (UK): Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-083-0. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
• Maze, Robert J. (2002). Howdah to High Power: A Century of Breechloading Service Pistols (1867-1967). Tucson, AZ (USA): Excalibur Publications. ISBN 1-880677-17-2.
• System Mauser - A Pictorial History of the Model 1896 Self-Loading Pistol, John W. Breathed, Jr. and Joseph J. Schroeder, Jr., (Handgun Press, 1967)
• The Mauser Self-Loading Pistol, James N. Belford and Jack Dunlap, (Borden Publishing Cie 1969)
• Jane's Infantry Weapons 1987-1988 Ian V. Hogg, (Jane's Publishing Group, 1987).

• 1896mauser.com
• Astra 900 (Spanish Copy) Information
• Detailed article on Chinese .45 calibre C96s
• Mauser C-96 at guns.ru
• History of the Chinese C96