Ski jumping

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Ski jumping

Vikersundbakken in Modum, Norway is the world's largest ski jumping hill. (Picture taken before it was reconstructed in 2010/2011)
Highest governing body	International Ski Federation
First played	1808 Eidsberg, Norway
Characteristics
Team members	Individual or groups
Presence
Olympic	Since the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924

Ski jumping is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump and attempt to land as far as possible down the hill below. In addition to the length of the jump, judges give points for style. The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long (260 to 275 centimetres (102 to 108 in)). Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, performed on snow, and is part of the Winter Olympic Games, but can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces – porcelain or frost rail track on the inrun, plastic on the landing hill. Ski jumping belongs to the nordic type of competitive skiing.

Ski jumping as a sport originated in Norway. Olaf Rye, a Norwegian lieutenant, was the first known ski jumper.^{[citation needed]} In 1809, he launched himself 9.5 metres in the air in front of an audience of other soldiers. By 1862, ski jumpers were tackling much larger jumps and traveling longer. The first recorded public competition were held at Trysil, Norway, on 22 January 1862. Already at this first competition judges awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness"), participants had to complete three jumps without falling and rules were agreed upon in advance.^[1] It is clear from the news report published in Morgenbladet that the ski jumping in Trysild was entertainment, but also a national, competitive sports event. Already in 1863 the first known female ski jumper participated at the Trysil competition.^[2] Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 metres over a rock without the benefit of poles. His record stood for three decades.^{[citation needed]} In 1866 the first skiing event held in Christiania near Old Aker Church was a combined cross country, slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2000. Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.^[2] The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 metres.^[3] Explorer Fridtjof Nansen was a skilled skiier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.^[2] Until 1884-1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present nordic combined).^[2] The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues. To distinguish ski jumping competition only from nordic combined, it is still referred to as "spesielt hopprenn" in Norwegian (ski jumping only).

According to the International Olympic Committee's site:^[4]

Ski jumping has been part of the Olympic Winter Games since the first Games in Chamonix Mont-Blanc in 1924. The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.

In 1929 Norwegian instructors arrive in Sapporo and train Japanese in ski jumping.^[1]

Today, FIS Ski Jumping World Cup are held on three types of hills:

Normal hill competitions

for which the calculation line is found at approximately 80–100 metres (260–330 ft). Distances of up to and over 110 metres (360 ft) can be reached.

Large hill competitions

for which the calculation line is found at approximately 120–130 metres (390–430 ft). Distances of over 145 metres (476 ft) can be obtained on the larger hills. Both individual and team competitions are run on these hills.

Ski-flying competitions

for which the calculation line is found at 185 metres (607 ft). The Ski Flying World Record of 246.5 metres (809 ft) is held by Johan Remen Evensen, and was set in Vikersundbakken, Norway in February 2011.

Amateur and junior competitions are held on smaller hills.

Individual Olympic competition consists of a training jump and two scored jumps. The team event consists of four members of the same nation, who each jump twice.

Ski jumping is one of the two elements of the Nordic combined sport.

Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on a porcelain track and plastic grass combined with water. There are also many competitions during the summer. The World Cup (Summer Grand Prix) often includes those hills:

Ski jumping Fis-Cup and Continental Cup also have summer competitions and even more than the World Cup.

On 26 May 2006, the International Ski Federation decided to allow women to ski jump at the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec, Czech Republic and then to have a team event for women at the 2011 world championships. FIS also decided to submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to allow women to compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.^[5]

On 28 November 2006, the proposal for a women's ski jumping event was rejected by the Executive Board of the IOC. The reason for the rejection cited the low number of athletes as well as few participating countries in the sport. The Executive Board stated that women's ski jumping has yet to be fully established internationally.^[6] Jacques Rogge, president of the International Olympic Committee stated that women's ski jumping will not be an Olympic event because "we do not want the medals to be diluted and watered down," referring to the relatively small number of potential competitors in women's ski jumping.^[7]

It has been stated that while the number of women in ski jumping is not insignificant, the field has a much wider spread in terms of talent, in that the top men are all of a similar level of strength competitively, while the women are more varied, even in the top tiers.^[8]

A group of 15 competitive female ski jumpers filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC) saying that conducting a men's ski jumping event without a women's event in the Vancouver Winter Olympics in 2010 would be in direct violation of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.^[9] The arguments associated with this suit were presented from 20 to 24 April 2009 and a judgment came down on 10 June 2009 against the ski jumpers. The judge ruled that although the women were being discriminated against,^[10] the issue is an International Olympic Committee responsibility and thus not governed by the charter. It further ruled that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms does not apply to VANOC.^[11] Three British Columbia judges unanimously denied an appeal on 13 November 2009. The American actress and documentary film producer Virginia Madsen has chronicled the Canadian team's efforts in a film called Fighting Gravity (2009).^[12]

On 6 April 2011 the International Olympic Committee officially accepted women ski jumping into the official Olympic program for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.^[13]

Within a few months, in 2013 four female top ski jumpers suffered serious knee injuries and had to withdraw for long recovery periods, thus putting their good chances at the Olympics in Sochi at risk. On 12 January 2013, Daniela Iraschko, the 2011 World Champion, fell in Hinterzarten and withdrew,^[14] Anja Tepeš suffered a serious injury on 17 March in Oslo,^[15] and on 12 August 2013 Alexandra Pretorius, two-times women's Grand Prix winner, suffered a serious knee injury in Courchevel.^[16] On 21 August 2013, Sarah Hendrickson, the 2013 World Champion, suffered a knee ligament damage in Oberstdorf.^[17] Female ski jumpers need a longer approach than their male colleagues to make up for their light weight and to reach the necessary speed. Due to her light weight, however, female jumpers reach distances which are not below those of male jumpers. In media reports, it is argued that this might physiologically overburden the knee of female jumpers.

On 16 June 2012 a historic first ever world premiere of Mixed Team ski jumping event performing men and women together was held at Mostec^[18] in Ljubljana, Slovenia. In each team there was a couple, one man and one woman. Competition was also called Battles of Genders or Duels of Genders and was part of a traditional 42nd International Revial Ski Jumping competition on hills of Arena Triglav Mostec^[19] ski jumping complex located in Šiška District, Ljubljana. On four different hills of size HS14, HS23, HS38 and HS62 mixed teams (only couples) for the first time competed with each other by rules of elimination system. Slovenian ski jumpers Maja Vtič and Tomaž Naglič are the first Mixed Team couple winners in history.^[20]

On 14 August 2012 first ever full four members (two men and two women) ski jumping Mixed Team, a first ever Mixed Team FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping event and first ever on plastic was held in Courchevel, France. Competition was held on normal La Praz olympic HS96 hill. The first full four member Mixed Team and first ever Grand Prix mixed team winner in history was team of Japan.

On 23 November 2012 first historic FIS World Cup Mixed Team event took place in Lillehammer, Norway. Competition was held on normal Lysgårdsbakken olympic HS100 hill. Each national mixed team consisted of four ski jumpers, two men and two women. The first World Cup mixed team winner was team of Norway.

Single daily events with more than 50,000 people. List is not complete:

Rank	Attendance	Location	Date	Venue	Competition
1	143,000	Holmenkollen, Oslo	Feb 14, 1952	Holmenkollbakken	1952 Winter Olympics
2	130,000	Garmisch-Partenkirchen	Feb 16, 1936	Große Olympiaschanze	1936 Winter Olympics
3	120,000	Zakopane	Feb 18, 1962	Wielka Krokiew	1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
4	106,000	Holmenkollen, Oslo	Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31	Holmenkollbakken	The Peace Competition
5	80,000-100,000	Planica	Mar 16, 1985	Velikanka bratov Gorišek	1985 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships
6	70,000	Planica	Mar 22, 1997	Velikanka bratov Gorišek	1996-97 FIS World Cup Final
	70,000	Holmenkollen, Oslo	Mar 3, 2011	Holmenkollbakken	2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
8	55,000	Planica	Mar 20, 2010	Letalnica bratov Gorišek	2010 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships
9	50,000	Planica	Mar 14, 1987	Velikanka bratov Gorišek	1986-87 FIS World Cup Final
	50,000	Hakuba, Nagano	Feb 17, 1998	Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium	1998 Winter Olympics

All Pre-World Cup, Olympic Games, World Championships & World Cup events are included. (As of March 24, 2013)

The winner is decided on a scoring system based on distance, style, inrun length and wind conditions.

Each hill has a target called the calculation point (or K point or "critical point") which is a par distance to aim for. It is also the place where many jumpers land, in the middle of the landing area. This point is marked by the K line on the landing strip. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K line is at 90 metres (300 ft) and 120 metres (390 ft) respectively. Skiers are awarded 60 points if they land on the K Line. Skiers not landing on the K Line receive or lose points for every metre (3 ft) they miss the mark by, depending on if they surpass it or fall short, respectively. Thus, it is possible for a jumper to get a negative score if the jump is way short of the K line with poor style marks (typically a fall). The value of a metre is determined from the size of the hill. The K point is the point on the hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off.

In addition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for style based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, good body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Thus, a perfectly scored K-120 jump - with at least four of the judges awarding 20 points each - and the jumper landing on the K-point, is awarded a total of 120 points.

In January 2010, a new scoring system was introduced to compensate for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be equal for everyone and thus unfair. The jumper will now receive or lose points if the inrun length is adjusted. An advanced calculation also determines plus/minus points for the actual wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores from the jump itself.

In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.

Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can jump.^[21]

The ski jump is divided into four separate sections; 1) In-run, 2) Take-off (jump), 3) Flight and 4) Landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximise the outcome of ultimate length and style marks.

Using the modern V-technique, pioneered by Jan Boklöv of Sweden in 1985, world-class skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Aerodynamics has become a factor of increasing importance in modern ski jumping, with recent rules addressing the regulation of ski jumping suits. This follows a period when loopholes in the rules seemed to favour skinny jumpers in stiff, air foil-like suits.

Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique, developed in Kongsberg, Norway by two ski jumpers, Jacob Tullin Thams and Sigmund Ruud following World War I. This technique had the upper body bent at the hip, a wide forward lean, and arms extended to the front with the skis parallel to each other. It would lead to jumping length going from 45 meters to over 100 meters. In the 1950s Andreas Daescher of Switzerland and Erich Windisch of Germany modified the Kongsberger technique by placing his arms backward toward his hips for a closer lean. The Daescher technique and Windisch technique were the standard for ski jumping from the 1950s.

Until the mid-1970s, the Ski jumper would come down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the former East German Ski jumper Jochen Danneberg introduced the new in-run technique of directing the arms backwards in a more aerodynamic position.

The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of the Norwegian inventors of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation will lead to the deduction of style marks (points).

Ski jumping is popular among spectators and TV audiences in the Nordic countries and Central Europe. Almost all world-class ski jumpers come from those regions or from Japan. Traditionally, the strongest countries are Finland, Norway, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Japan. However, there have always been successful ski jumpers from other countries as well (see list below). The Four Hills Tournament, held annually at four sites in Bavaria, Germany and Austria around New Year, is very popular.

There have been attempts to spread the popularity of the sport by finding ways by which the construction and upkeep of practicing and competition venues can be made easier. These include plastic fake snow to provide a slippery surface even during the summer time and in locations where snow is a rare occurrence.

Ski jumping originates from Norway but the homeland of ski flying is Slovenia. World's first ski flying hill was in Planica. In 1936 the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards. Back then it was forbidden to build hills on which jumps longer than 80 meters are possible. Nevertheless the first ever skiflying hill was built in Planica (SLO) but It took several more years until competitions on this hill were approved by the International Federation.^{[citation needed]}

Hill name	Location	Opened	K-point	Hill size	Hill record
Vikersundbakken	Vikersund, Norway	1936	K-195	HS 225	246.5 metres (809 ft)
Letalnica Bratov Gorišek	Planica, Slovenia	1969	K-185	HS 215	239.0 metres (784.1 ft)
Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze	Oberstdorf, Germany	1950	K-185	HS 213	225.5 metres (740 ft)
Kulm	Bad Mitterndorf, Austria	1950	K-185	HS 200	215.5 metres (707 ft)
Čerťák	Harrachov, Czech Republic	1979	K-185	HS 205	214.5 metres (704 ft)
Copper Peak	Ironwood, Michigan, United States	1970	K-170	HS 180	158.0 metres (518.4 ft)

Ski Flying is an extreme version of ski jumping. The events take place in big hills with a K-spot of at least 185 metres (607 ft). The difference between ski flying and "big hill" ski jumping is subtle, but ski flying puts more focus on the ability to float or glide through the air, and less on pure jumping ability.

Ski Flyers rely on the same aerodynamics body positions (i.e. tracking and delta formations) that are used by skydivers. As gear technology and flight techniques improved in the early 1970s, both sports seem to have developed these aerodynamically stable "body positions". Depending on the gear being used, the glide ratios for the "tracking" and "delta" body positions for both sports can be as much as 2:1, meaning the ski jumper or skydiver can attain as much as 2 metres of travel over ground for every 1 metre of altitude they drop. Generally, skydivers "fly" through the air twice as fast as ski jumpers. Participants in both sports call themselves "jumpers."

Nonetheless, most of the top competitors in "regular" ski jumping tend to be among the best in ski flying competitions as well. However, some jumpers, such as Martin Koch of Austria, Johan Remen Evensen from Norway and Slovenia's Robert Kranjec are regarded as ski flying specialists.

The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump. There are five ski flying hills in the world today: Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway; Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic. A sixth hill, Copper Peak in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is currently disused, although there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.^[22] There are plans for more ski flying hills, even for an indoor ski flying hill in Ylitornio, Finland. The biggest hill is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund.

It is possible to fly more than 200 metres (660 ft) in all the ski flying hills, and the current World Record is 246.5 metres (809 ft), set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.

The Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and have been held on a mainly biennial basis, although there have been several occasions where events were held annually. The 2010 FIS World Championships in skiflying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships will take place in Vikersund, Norway.

1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 Ski flying World Championships individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual World Cup win.

• As of 24 March 2013.

Rank	Ski Jumper	#
1.	Robert Kranjec (SLO)	156
2.	Martin Koch (AUT)	133
3.	Adam Małysz (POL)	112
4.	Simon Ammann (SUI)	107
5.	Gregor Schlierenzauer (AUT)	106
6.	Matti Hautamäki (FIN)	104
7.	Thomas Morgenstern (AUT)	102
8.	Bjørn Einar Romøren (NOR)	93
9.	Anders Jacobsen (NOR)	77
10.	Anders Bardal (NOR)	76

•   active ski jumper

The most notable ski jumpers may be considered those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps. In addition Eddie the Eagle Edwards should be noted for his hilarious approach to ski jumping and also for his comical appearance.

So far only 5 jumpers are recorded to have achieved this:

Name	Date	Location	Competition	Rank
Anton Innauer	7 March 1976[23]	Oberstdorf	Ski flying (International ski flying weeks)	1
Kazuyoshi Funaki	15 February 1998[24]	Nagano	Olympic Winter Games, large hill, second jump	1
Sven Hannawald	8 February 2003[25]	Willingen	Worldcup competition, large hill, first jump	1
Hideharu Miyahira	8 February 2003[25]	Willingen	Worldcup competition, large hill, second jump	6
Wolfgang Loitzl	6 January 2009[26]	Bischofshofen	Four Hills Jumping, large hill, first jump	1

Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed four times 20 (plus another 19,5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition.

Other notable ski jumpers can be found in the following lists:

• Winners of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
• Winners of Olympic Winter Games / Ski Jumping
• Winners of Nordic World Ski Championships / Ski Jumping
• Winners of the Four Hill Jumping

Currently active

Country	Flag	Name
Austria		Martin Koch
		Andreas Kofler
		David Zauner
		Manuel Fettner
		Gregor Schlierenzauer
		Thomas Morgenstern
		Wolfgang Loitzl
		Stefan Kraft
Bulgaria		Vladimir Zografski
Canada		Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes
Czech Republic		Jakub Janda
		Roman Koudelka
		Jan Matura
		Antonín Hájek
		Lukáš Hlava
Estonia		Kaarel Nurmsalu
Finland		Janne Happonen
		Lauri Asikainen
		Ville Larinto
		Anssi Koivuranta
France		Vincent Descombes Sevoie
Germany		Michael Neumayer
		Martin Schmitt
		Richard Freitag
		Andreas Wank
		Andreas Wellinger
		Severin Freund
Italy		Sebastian Colloredo
		Andrea Morassi
		Roberto Dellasega
		Davide Bresadola
Japan		Noriaki Kasai
		Junshiro Kobayashi
		Taku Takeuchi
		Daiki Ito
		Shōhei Tochimoto
Kazakhstan		Ivan Karaulov
		Nikolay Karpenko
Korea		Choi Heung-Chul
		Choi Yong-Jik
		Kim Hyun-Ki
		Kang Chil-Gu
Norway		Tom Hilde
		Vegard-Haukø Sklett
		Bjørn Einar Romøren
		Anders Bardal
		Ole Marius Ingvaldsen
		Anders Fannemel
		Rune Velta
		Anders Jacobsen
Poland		Kamil Stoch
		Piotr Żyła
		Stefan Hula
		Krzysztof Miętus
		Marcin Bachleda
		Maciej Kot
		Dawid Kubacki
		Łukasz Rutkowski
		Rafał Śliż
Russia		Denis Kornilov
		Dimitry Vassiliev
		Anton Kalinitschenko
Slovakia		Tomas Zmoray
Slovenia		Robert Kranjec
		Jernej Damjan
		Peter Prevc
		Jure Šinkovec
		Jurij Tepeš
		Jaka Hvala
Sweden		Carl Nordin
Switzerland		Simon Ammann
		Gregor Deschwanden
		Marco Grigoli
Ukraine		Vitaliy Shumbarets
USA		Nicholas Alexander
		Peter Frenette
		Anders Johnson

• / Vinko Bogataj - Best known as "The Agony of Defeat man" because of the constant use of footage of his spectacular tumble in the title sequence of ABC's Wide World of Sports
• Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards - Popular favourite at the 1988 Winter Olympics

Rank	Nation	Record holder	Length	Venue	Year	Source
1.	Norway	Johan Remen Evensen	246.5 metres (809 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[27]
2.	Slovenia	Robert Kranjec	244.0 metres (800.5 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[27]
3.	Austria	Gregor Schlierenzauer	243.5 metres (799 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[27]
4.	Finland	Janne Happonen	240.0 metres (787.4 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[27]
	Japan	Daiki Ito		Vikersund	2012	[27]
6.	Switzerland	Simon Ammann	238.5 metres (782 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[27]
7.	Czech Republic	Antonín Hájek	236.0 metres (774.3 ft)	Planica	2010	[27]
8.	Poland	Piotr Żyła	232.5 metres (763 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[27]
		Kamil Stoch		Vikersund	2013	[27]
9.	Russia	Denis Kornilov	232.0 metres (761.2 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[27]
10.	Germany	Michael Neumayer	231.0 metres (757.9 ft)	Vikersund	2013	[27]
11.	France	Vincent Descombes Sevoie	225.0 metres (738.2 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[27]
12.	United States	Alan Alborn	221.5 metres (727 ft)	Planica	2002	[27]
13.	Italy	Andrea Morassi	216.5 metres (710 ft)	Planica	2012	[27]
14.	Bulgaria	Vladimir Zografski	213.5 metres (700 ft)	Planica	2013	[27]
15.	Sweden	Isak Grimholm	207.5 metres (681 ft)	Planica	2007	[27]
	South Korea	Choi Heung-Chul		Planica	2008	[27]
17.	Canada	Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes	205.0 metres (672.6 ft)	Harrachov	2013	[27]
18.	Estonia	Kaarel Nurmsalu	204.0 metres (669.3 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[27]
19.	Belarus	Petr Chaadaev	197.5 metres (648 ft)	Kulm	2006	[27]
20.	Kazakhstan	Radik Zhaparov	196.5 metres (645 ft)	Planica	2007	[27]
21.	Slovakia	Martin Mesik	195.5 metres (641 ft)	Kulm	2006	[27]
22.	Ukraine	Vitaliy Shumbarets	189.5 metres (622 ft)	Planica	2009	[27]
23.	Greece	Nico Polychronidis	186.0 metres (610.2 ft)	Oberstdorf	2013	[27]
24.	Netherlands	Christoph Kreuzer	162.0 metres (531.5 ft)	Planica	2002	[27]
25.	Turkey	Faik Yüksel	150.0 metres (492.1 ft)	Oberstdorf	2000's	[28]
26.	Georgia	Koba Tsakadze	142.0 metres (465.9 ft)	Vikersund	1967	[29]
27.	Spain	Bernat Sola	141.0 metres (462.6 ft)	Tauplitz	1986	[27]
28.	Hungary	Gábor Gellér	139.0 metres (456.0 ft)	?	1980's	[27]
29.	Denmark	Andreas Bjelke Nygaard	137.0 metres (449.5 ft)	Lillehammer	2000's	[27]
30.	Romania	Remus Tudor	125.0 metres (410.1 ft)	Klingenthal	2012	[27]
31.	Kyrgyzstan	Dmitry Chvykov	124.0 metres (406.8 ft)	Innsbruck	2002	[30]
32.	China	Tian Zhandong	121.5 metres (399 ft)	Bischofshofen	2004	[31]
33.	United Kingdom	Glynn Pedersen	113.5 metres (372 ft)	Salt Lake City	2001	[32]
34.	Croatia	Josip Šporer	102.0 metres (334.6 ft)	Planica	1940's	[27]
	Latvia	Kristaps Nežborts		Liberec	2012	[33]
36.	Lithuania	Zbigniew Kiwert	86.0 metres (282.2 ft)	Nizhny Novgorod	1960	[34]
37.	Iceland	Skarphéðinn Guðmundsson	80.0 metres (262.5 ft)	Squaw Valley	1960	[35]
38.	North Macedonia	Goga Popov junior	62.0 metres (203.4 ft)	Planica	1952	[36]
39.	Australia	Hal Nerdal	53.0 metres (173.9 ft)	Squaw Valley	1960	[27]
		Chris Hellerud		Falun	1974	[37]
40.	Uganda	Dunstan Odeke	50.0 metres (164.0 ft)	Oslo	1990's	[37]
41.	Montenegro	Božo Čvorović	46.0 metres (150.9 ft)	Žabljak	1960's	[38]
42.	Serbia	Vid Černe	40.0 metres (131.2 ft)	Jahorina	1949	[39]
43.	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Džemo Zahirović	36.0 metres (118.1 ft)	Jahorina	1949	[40]
44.	Belgium	Rembert Notten	35.0 metres (114.8 ft)	Rückershausen	2012	[41][42][43]
	Ireland	Richard Brown		Göteborg	2002	[27]
46.	Greenland	Hans Holm	23.3 metres (76 ft)	Nuuk	1949	[44]
47.	New Zealand	Brian MacMillan	18.6 metres (61 ft)	Mount Cook	1937	[45]

The ski jump is performed on two long skis similar to those a beginner uses, with a specialized tailfin that is somewhat shorter and much wider (so it will support the weight of the skier when he is on the jump ramp). Skiers towed behind a boat at fixed speed, maneuver to achieve the maximum speed when hitting a ramp floating in the water, launching themselves into the air with the goal of traveling as far as possible before touching the water. Professional ski jumpers can travel up to 70 metres (230 ft). The skier must successfully land and retain control of the ski rope to be awarded the distance.

An extreme version of this sport named Ski Flying was promoted by Scot Ellis and Jim Cara, in which boat speeds and ramp heights are increased.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ski jumping.

• skispringen.com - Great German website about ski jumping
• skijumpingcentral.com A great English language ski jumping resource
• Olympic Ski Jumping History
• World's longest ski jump Bjørn Einar Romøren video
• International Ski Federation Scoring, rules, measurement of jumps, etc. can be found here.
• Norge Ski Club / Training area The oldest ski jumping club in the United States.
• Minneapolis Ski Club in Bloomington, MN The most urban ski jump club in the US, site of 2013 Jr. Nationals