Kshanti
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Kshanti (Sanskrit kṣānti) or khanti (Pāli) is patience, forbearance and forgiveness.[1] It is one of the pāramitās in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism.
Canonical sources
Examples in the Pāli canon identify using forbearance in response to others' anger, cuckolding, torture, and even fatal assaults.
Dhammapada verses
Khanti is the first word of the ovāda-pāṭimokkha gātha (Pāli for "pāṭimokkha Exhortation Verse"), found in the Dhammapada, verse 184:
Patient endurance:
Unbinding:
He who injures another
He who mistreats another,
|
Khantī
Nibbānaṃ
Na hi pabbajito
Samaṇo hoti
|
Elsewhere in the Dhammapada, khanti is found in verse 399:
He endures—unangered—
insult, assault, & imprisonment.
His army is strength;
his strength, forbearance:
he's what I call
a brahman.[4]
Lord Sakka's restraint
In the Samyutta Nikaya, the Buddha tells of an ancient battle between devas and asuras during which the devas were victorious and the asura king Vepacitti was captured and imprisoned. When the deva lord Sakka visited Vepacitti in prison, Vepacitti "abused and reviled him with rude, harsh words," to which Sakka did not respond in kind. Afterwards, Sakka's charioteer questioned Sakka about this, expressing concern that some would see Sakka's response as indicative of fear or weakness. Sakka replied:
It is neither through fear nor weakness
That I am patient with Vepacitti.
How can a wise person like me
Engage in combat with a fool?
...Of goals that culminate in one's own good
None is found better than patience.
...One who repays an angry man with anger
Thereby makes things worse for himself.
Not repaying an angry man with anger,
One wins a battle hard to win.
He practices for the welfare of both,
His own and the other's,
When, knowing that his foe is angry,
He mindfully maintains his peace.
When he achieves the cure of both—
His own and the other's—
The people who consider him a fool
Are unskilled in the Dhamma.[5]
The Buddha then praised Sakka to his followers for "patience and gentleness" (khantisoraccassa).[5]
A cuckold's forbearance
In a Jātaka tale, Exposition on Patience Birth Story (Khanti-vaṇṇana-jātaka: J 225), the Buddha tells of a former life when he was Brahmadatta, a king of Benares. At the time, a courtier of the king "fell into an intrigue in the king's harem." This same courtier was being similarly betrayed by one of his own servants and complained to the king about that servant. In response, the king disclosed his knowledge of the courtier's betrayal and stated:
Good men, I trow, are rare enow: so patience is my rede.[6]
Shamed by the king's awareness of their deeds, the courtier and his servant henceforth ceased their betrayals.[6]
Parables of torture
The Majjhima Nikāya has a classic parable of Buddhist forbearance, the Buddha's Simile of the Saw:
Monks, even if bandits were to carve you up savagely, limb by limb, with a two-handled saw, he among you who let his heart get angered even at that would not be doing my bidding. Even then you should train yourselves: "Our minds will be unaffected and we will say no evil words. We will remain sympathetic, with a mind of good will, and with no inner hate. We will keep pervading these people with an awareness imbued with good will and, beginning with them, we will keep pervading the all-encompassing world with an awareness imbued with good will—abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will." That's how you should train yourselves.[7]
Similarly, in the Jātaka Tale Patience Teacher Birth Story (Khantivādī Jātaka: J 313), a jealous king repeatedly asked an ascetic what the ascetic taught, to which the ascetic replied, "Patience," which the ascetic further defined as "not to get angry when injured, criticized or struck." To test the ascetic's patience, the king had the ascetic struck two thousand times with a whip of thorns, had the ascetic's hands and feet axed off, cut off the ascetic's nose and ears, and then kicked the ascetic in the heart. After the king left, the ascetic wished the king a long life and said, "Those like myself do not feel wrath." The ascetic died later that day.[8]
Citations
- ^ Rhys Davids & Stede 1921–25, p. 232, "Khanti & Khantī".
- ^ Thanissaro (1997b, 183–185) Note that, while the versification used here is that used by Thanissaro, this English translation does not line up exactly in terms of word order with the parallel Pāli text; thus, the breaks in the Pāli text here are inserted more for visual consonance with Thanissaro's versification than to provide a word-for-word translation of the same line of English.
- ^ This Pali is from the Ovāda-Pāṭimokkha Gāthā in A Chanting Guide. Dhammayut Order in the United States of America. 1994. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. (Valthuis characters replaced with Romanized Pāli diacrits.)
- ^ Thanissaro 1997a, 399.
- ^ a b Bodhi (2000, pp. 321–23, Vepacitti (or Patience) sutta)
- ^ a b Rouse (1895, pp. 145–46, Jataka No. 225)
- ^ Thanissaro 1997c.
- ^ Nandisena 2000.
General sources
- Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-331-1.
- A Chanting Guide. Dhammayut Order in the United States of America. 1994. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06.
- Nandisena, Bhikkhu (2000). "Khantivadi Jataka". El Centro Mexicano del Buddhismo Theravada. J 313. Archived from the original on 2000-06-21. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
- Rhys Davids, T.W.; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for this dictionary is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
- Cowell, E.B., ed. (2006) [1895]. The Jātaka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births. Vol. II. Translated by Rouse, W.H.D. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- "Brahmanavagga: Brahmans". Access to Insight. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikkhu. 1997a. Dhp XXVI. Retrieved 3 Jul 2007.
- "Buddhavagga: Awakened". Access to Insight. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikkhu. 1997b. Dhp XIV. Retrieved 3 Jul 2007.
- "Kakacupama Sutta: The Simile of the Saw (excerpt)". Access to Insight. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikkhu. 1997c. MN 21. Retrieved 3 Jul 2007.
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