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Focus (German magazine)

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Focus
EditorFranziska Reich
Georg Meck
CategoriesNews magazine
FrequencyWeekly
Circulation240,330 (01/2024)
FounderHelmut Markwort
First issue18 January 1993; 31 years ago (1993-01-18)
CompanyHubert Burda Media
CountryGermany
Based inBerlin
LanguageGerman
Websitefocus.de
ISSN0943-7576
Robert Schneider, editor-in-chief of Focus from 2016 to 2023

Focus (stylized in all caps) is a German-language news magazine published by Hubert Burda Media.[1][2] Established in 1993 as an alternative to the Der Spiegel weekly news magazine,[3][4] since 2015 the editorial staff has been headquartered in Germany's capital of Berlin.[5] Alongside Spiegel and Stern, Focus is one of the three most widely circulated German weeklies.[6][7] The concept originated from Hubert Burda and Helmut Markwort,[8] who went from being Editor-in-chief to become publisher in 2009 and since 2017 has been listed in the publication's masthead as founding editor-in-chief.[9][10] As of March 2016 the editor-in-chief of Focus was Robert Schneider.[11][12]

History

[edit]

Under the code name "Zugmieze", work commenced on Focus in the summer of 1991.[13] In October 1992, Hubert Burda Media announced plans for a new weekly news magazine.[14] Observers initially gave the project only little chance for success.[15] Several attempts of other publishers to establish a competitor to Spiegel and Stern magazines had previously failed. The first edition arrived on the newsstands on 18 January 1993 and was already sold out on the next day.[16] The subline of the Focus was "the modern news magazine", and Helmut Markwort became the magazine's first editor-in-chief.[17][18] The lead story on the alleged comeback of Hans-Dietrich Genscher as the successor of Richard von Weizsäcker in the office of the Federal President was later proven to be a canard.[19] There was an equal mix of positive and negative reviews: Whereas journalists tended to take a critical view towards Focus, advertisers had consistently favorable responses.[20] Observers saw in Focus above all a challenger of Spiegel, whereas the publisher viewed US magazines such as Newsweek and Time as its role model.[21]

After five issues, Focus had some 15,000 subscribers, and with circulation of over 300,000 copies sold, it was a commercial success from the beginning.[22] The magazine played a decisive role in the expansion of Hubert Burda Media's market position.[23][24][25] In mid-1994, a Dutch court ruled that due to brand disputes, Focus was no longer allowed to be sold in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.[26] Unfazed by this, Focus continued its growth strategy,[27][28] later even occasionally eclipsing Spiegel in advertising sales.[29] Burda further enhanced its international profile, for example, through a cooperation agreement with the US media group, Ziff Davis.[30] The year 1996 saw the launch of the Internet portal, Focus Online, and under the name of Focus TV, the group entered into production of TV content.[31][32][33][34] Focus developed into one of the leading German news magazines.[35] In 1997, its publisher, Hubert Burda, was lauded for the magazine's "creative and groundbreaking innovations", among other accolades.[36][37]

Over the first five years of its existence, Focus repeatedly created a sensation with its interviews of key celebrities, e.g. in 1996 with real estate mogul Jürgen Schneider after his arrest, or in 1997 with Leo Kirch in the aftermath of his media group's collapse.[38] The Focus concept was also successfully adapted outside of Europe,[39] e.g. in the form of Época magazine by the Brazilian media house Grupo Globo.[40][41] At the beginning of 1999, Focus for the first time achieved higher readership than Spiegel,[42][43] and in the years to follow, managed to further expand its lead position.[44][45] The year 2000 saw the launch of Focus Money, an off-shoot of the news magazine, dedicated to business and financial topics.[46][47][48] In 2001, a division for Internet topics was created at Focus,[49] in addition to pooling Internet activities of Focus Digital in the joint venture, Tomorrow Focus.[50] Thus, the Focus magazine publishing company was once again primarily responsible for printed publications, yet participated in Tomorrow Focus.[51]

In 2004 the first personnel changes occurred at Focus:[52][53] In addition to his duties as Editor-in-chief, Helmut Markwort also assumed the position of publisher, and Uli Baur was promoted from Deputy Editor-in-chief to Editor-in-chief.[54][55][56] Under the new leadership, in 2005 Focus teamed up with Hörverlag, an audio publisher, to create the download portal Claudio for audio books.[57] In 2006, Focus became embroiled in the journalist scandal of the Bundesnachrichtendienst, the German Intelligence Services.[58] In exchange for money and benefits in kind, several journalists had offered the intelligence agency to collect and disclose information on investigative journalists and their sources.[59] The German Intelligence Services in turn put Focus journalists under observation as informants.[60][61] Irrespective of the public debate surrounding the affair, Focus continued its development, yet like all news magazines, was grappling with declining circulation.[62] At the end of 2009, it was announced that Helmut Markwort was stepping down as Editor-in-chief.[63] Wolfram Weimer, founder of the political magazine Cicero, was appointed as his successor.[64][65] Observers saw in Markwort's departure a fundamental "change in direction".[66] Even prior to Weimer's taking up his duties, the publisher staged a relaunch of Focus.[67][68]

After only one year, Weimer left Focus and his position was left unfilled, which lead to Baur becoming the sole Editor-in-chief.[69][70][71][72] According to media reports, publisher Markwort and Baur had "rejected" the new direction of the Focus and "ultimately obstructed it more and more heavily". Weimer was said to have wanted to position the magazine as "more up-market and more political".[73][74] The paid circulation of single copies "more and more heavily" declined under Weimer's and Baur's leadership, dropping below the 100,000 mark.[75] In 2013, Jörg Quoos took over as Editor-in-chief of the magazine,[76] and Baur became publisher.[77] Quoos gave Focus a more political orientation and, in particular, reduced the share of practical tips.[78] For example, the magazine ran an exposé on soccer manager Uli Hoeness's voluntary disclosure of his tax evasion and landed the scoop on the so-called "Nazi-era treasure trove" of art collector Cornelius Gurlitt.[79][80] In 2014, Ulrich Reitz followed as new Editor-in-chief, as the publisher and Quoos had a difference in opinion on the future direction of the magazine.[81][82] Among other steps, Reitz completed the process initiated under Quoos, relocating Focus from Munich to Berlin in the year 2015.[83] Only a small editorial staff remained in the Bavarian state capital.[84] In 2016, there was again a change at the head of the editorial staff:[85] Robert Schneider, formerly Editor-in-chief of Superillu,[86] replaced Reitz, who remained until the end of the year, responsible for the topics of politics and debate.[87][88]

In 2017, Focus announced the closure of its offices in Munich and Düsseldorf,[89] along with reorganizations in the editorial staff.[90] Since then, the magazine is now created completely in Berlin.[91] Later in the year, Hubert Burda Media launched a broad-based reader campaign entitled "Menschen im Focus" (people in focus).[92]

Circulation

[edit]

Focus is one of the most widely circulated news magazines and has a proportionally large share in the advertising market.[93] Like Spiegel and Stern, Focus has sustained significant declines over the past years, however, dropping from 782,685 to 438,055 sold copies from the 4th quarter of 1998 to the 2nd quarter of 2017.[94] Individual sales experience relatively wide fluctuation, depending upon the cover story. The share of subscriptions in the paid circulation is currently roughly 37%, recently increasing slightly.[94]

Profile

[edit]

While Focus positioned itself as a news magazine alongside Spiegel, the latter in turn decidedly distanced itself from Focus, dismissively referring to it as the "Munich Illustrated", among other things.[93] Both publications differ in their editorial approaches:[95] Spiegel puts an emphasis on complex political, economic and social analysis, whereas Focus, in addition to political reporting, also caters to topics of everyday relevance from the realms of family, health, finances and career.[96] However, Spiegel published more articles featuring practical tips, modeled after Focus.[97] With comparatively shorter texts, more graphics, more impactful visuals and ranking lists, readers are offered information that is easier to absorb.[93] From the beginning, journalism offering practical tips has been an essential element of Focus.[98] According to the news magazine's own statements, its target group includes people who "are involved in society, in politics and in their professions, thanks to their active processing of information and especially due to their strong appetite for information".[99] When the magazine launched, observers referred to this group as "info elites".[100] Focus is generally considered to be in the mainstream civil political spectrum.[101]

Criticism

[edit]

Major controversy erupted over a Focus story on a mission involving Germany's elite counter-terror unit, GSG 9, in the village of Bad Kleinen, leading to staff offices being searched in January 1994.[102] Law enforcement authorities investigated the magazine because confidential sources had been quoted, e.g. an assessment report from the Federal Criminal Police Office, the Bundeskriminalamt, and the pocket agenda of the killed RAF terrorist, Wolfgang Grams. According to information by Stern, documents found in Focus offices provided the decisive clue to identifying the informant.[103]

In 1995, Focus reported on business difficulties involving the Hamburg private bank, Mody.[104] As a result, it experienced a bank run by many depositors, and one day after the magazine article appeared, the bank had to close its doors until further notice.[105] The shareholders subsequently held Focus directly responsible for the illiquidity.[106] The Press Tribunal of the Hamburg District Court concurred, ordering Focus to pay restitution for damages.[107] In appeal proceedings, this decision was reversed by Hamburg's Higher Regional Court,[108][109] and Germany's Federal Court of Justice denied the plaintiff's appeal on points of law.[110][111] Focus welcomed the end of the legal disputes as a "victory for freedom of the press".[112]

A study at the TU Dresden university from the year 2014 involved research on the synchronization of news and advertising. Researchers found that, both in Spiegel and Focus, reporting on companies was more frequent, friendlier and more frequently mentioned products, the more the companies purchased advertising.[113]

Focus reporting on the 2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany created controversy.[114] The cover page showed hand prints in black paint on a white, naked woman; it was criticized as a "naked insult" and considered "racist".[115][116] Unlike the German daily newspaper, Süddeutsche Zeitung, which had also caused an uproar with a polarizing depiction, Focus refused to apologize and justified the cover as a symbolic depiction of "what happened in Cologne".[117][118] The German Press Council received several complaints about Focus,[119] but rejected all of them.[120]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "15 Jahre Fakten, Fakten, Fakten". Focus Online (in German). 18 January 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  2. ^ "Focus feiert 20-jähriges Bestehen". Der Standard (in German). 14 January 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  3. ^ Ekkehard Kohrs (19 January 1993), "Burdas Kampfansage an Augstein", Bonner General-Anzeiger (in German), p. 3
  4. ^ Rainer Hoffmann (21 January 1993), "Bunter Spiegel", Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German)
  5. ^ "Nachrichtenmagazin: Focus zieht nach Berlin um". Spiegel Online (in German). 10 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  6. ^ "Ein starkes Führungs-Trio", Horizont (in German), p. 66, 20 November 2003
  7. ^ "Focus, Spiegel, Stern: Die Großen im tiefen Wandel", Nordkurier (in German), p. 25, 27 August 2014
  8. ^ Heidrun Plewe (17 December 1993), "Wenige glaubten zunächst an den Erfolg", Horizont (in German), p. 20
  9. ^ "Focus-Chefredakteur Markwort geht". Zeit Online (in German). 29 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  10. ^ Marvin Schade (17 January 2017). "Ende einer Ära: Magazin-Gründer Helmut Markwort gibt Focus-Herausgeberschaft ab". Meedia (in German). Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  11. ^ Sonja Álvarez (21 January 2016). "Neuer Chefredakteur für den Focus". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  12. ^ "Neuer Focus-Chef kommt von der Super Illu". Spiegel Online (in German). 21 January 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  13. ^ "Eine Zugmieze macht Karriere", Kress Report (in German), p. 8, 10 January 2013
  14. ^ "Focus: Burda will es wissen", Horizont (in German), p. 46, 9 October 1992
  15. ^ Harald Kurz (18 September 1992), "Zugmieze: Zugpferd oder Katzenjammer?", Horizont (in German), p. 56
  16. ^ Uli Baur (19 March 2012), "Das war unser Start", Focus Magazin (in German), retrieved 30 October 2016
  17. ^ Heinz Pürer; Johannes Raabe (2007), Presse in Deutschland (in German) (3. ed.), Konstanz: UVK, p. 263, ISBN 978-3-8252-8334-6
  18. ^ "Ein Mann der Fakten", Frankfurter Neue Presse (in German), p. 1, 8 December 2011
  19. ^ Klaus Schmeh (2004), David gegen Goliath: 33 überraschende Unternehmenserfolge (in German), Frankfurt am Main: Redline, p. 34, ISBN 3-8323-1057-6
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  23. ^ "Burda kostet Focus-Erfolg aus", Horizont (in German), p. 6, 1 April 1994
  24. ^ "Investitionen kräftig ausgeweitet: Verlag auf der Focus-Welle", Handelsblatt (in German), p. 16, 22 July 1994
  25. ^ "Burda-Konzern wächst im letzten Jahr dank Focus", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), 12 May 1995
  26. ^ "Focus nicht mehr in den Benelux-Laender", Deutscher Drucker (in German), p. 4, 25 August 1994
  27. ^ "Nachrichtemagazine: Burda bleibt mit Focus auf Erfolgskurs", Deutscher Drucker (in German), p. 4, 4 August 1994
  28. ^ Peter Turi (17 March 1995), "Mit Fakten, Fakten auf dem Weg zur Spitze", Horizont (in German), p. 70
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  30. ^ "Burdas Focus-Verlag kooperiert mit Ziff-Davis", Deutscher Drucker (in German), p. 6, 7 July 1994
  31. ^ Thomas Voigt (19 January 1996), "Markwort gebiert weitere Focus-Kinder", Horizont (in German), p. 36
  32. ^ "Focus-Online-Währung", Horizont (in German), p. 12, 12 January 1996
  33. ^ Isabella Hofmann (6 February 1996), "Focus bald auch im TV: Neues Fernsehmagazin startet im März auf Pro7", Wirtschaftsblatt (in German), p. 7
  34. ^ "Focus TV liefert Beiträge für Frauensender tm3", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), 8 August 1996
  35. ^ Barbara Held (30 November 1997), "Ende des Amüsements", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), p. 31
  36. ^ "Hubert Burda erhält den Medienpreis für Focus", Horizont (in German), p. 108, 30 October 1997
  37. ^ "Focus ist Hubert Burdas Erfolgsstory", Darmstädter Echo (in German), 9 February 2000
  38. ^ "5 Jahre Focus", Focus (in German), pp. 160–161, 12 January 1998
  39. ^ "Focus auf Weltkurs", Wirtschaftswoche (in German), p. 66, 18 June 1998
  40. ^ "Erfolgsrezept verkauft: Focus do Brasil", Welt Am Sonntag (in German), p. 54, 26 April 1998
  41. ^ "Burda vergibt Lizenz für Focus nach Brasilien", Horizont (in German), p. 6, 30 April 1998
  42. ^ "Platztausch: Focus erreicht mittlerweile mehr Leser als der Spiegel", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), p. 39, 28 January 1999
  43. ^ "Media-Analyse: Focus überholt den Spiegel", Frankfurter Rundschau (in German), p. 8, 28 January 1999
  44. ^ "Media-Analyse: Focus vergrößert Vorsprung", Sächsische Zeitung (in German), p. 17, 25 January 2001
  45. ^ Klaus Koch (13 January 2003), "Totgesagt und sehr lebendig", Südkurier (in German)
  46. ^ "Focus Verlag plant ein zweites Magazin", Deutscher Drucker (in German), p. 2, 14 October 1999
  47. ^ Ulrike Simon (30 March 2000), Geld, Geld, Geld: Focus legt sich heute mit Focus Money einen Ableger zu (in German), p. 43
  48. ^ "Das Magazin für den Positiv-Denker", Horizont (in German), p. 50, 10 May 2001
  49. ^ "Euphorie bei Focus: Mehr Leser, neues Ressort", Die Welt (in German), p. 33, 1 February 2001
  50. ^ "Tomorrow und Focus Digital fusionieren", Handelsblatt (in German), p. 11, 9 August 2001
  51. ^ "Die Firma", Financial Times Deutschland (in German), p. 36, 10 January 2001
  52. ^ Martin-Werner Buchenau (10 November 2004), "Burda regelt Markwort-Nachfolge", Handelsblatt (in German), p. 18
  53. ^ Cathrin Hegner, Volker Schütz (18 November 2004), "Ich wollte die Nachfolge präjudizieren", Horizont (in German), p. 38
  54. ^ Pierre Schrader (11 November 2004), "Mehr Markwort für Focus", Horizont (in German), p. 14
  55. ^ "Focus mit erweiterter Führung", Focus (in German), p. 161, 15 November 2004
  56. ^ "Focus-Tandem", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), p. 31, 10 November 2004
  57. ^ Miriam Hebben (8 December 2005), "Printmarken hören auf Claudio.de", Horizont (in German), p. 42
  58. ^ "Hausfriedensbruch und Kollegenverrat", Thüringer Allgemeine (in German), 13 May 2006
  59. ^ Eric Gujer (24 May 2006), "Deutsche Journalisten als willige Helfer: Kritik im Geheimbericht zur BND-Affäre an den Medien", Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German), p. 3
  60. ^ Frank Jansen (13 May 2006), "Die Spitzel vom Dienst", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), p. 2
  61. ^ Christian Rath (19 May 2006), "Geheimdienst sucht Leck", Badische Zeitung (in German)
  62. ^ Marie Waldburg (24 January 2008), "15 Jahre Focus", Bunte (in German), p. 104
  63. ^ Hans-Peter Siebenhaar (30 October 2009), "Weimer löst Markwort bei Focus ab", Handelsblatt (in German), p. 15
  64. ^ "Neues Führungs-Duo für Focus", Focus (in German), p. 156, 2 November 2009
  65. ^ Silja Elfers (5 November 2009), "Konservativ, klug und umsichtig", Horizont (in German), p. 10
  66. ^ Joachim Huber (30 October 2009), "Richtungswechsel: Helmut Markwort gibt Focus-Chefredaktion ab, Wolfram Weimer kommt", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), p. 31
  67. ^ Andrea Rungg (30 October 2009), "Burda wechselt Markwort bei Focus aus", Financial Times Deutschland (in German), p. 2
  68. ^ "Schneller Umbau beim Focus", Der Spiegel (in German), p. 103, 2 November 2009
  69. ^ "Abgang nach nur einem Jahr", Welt Kompakt (in German), p. 31, 27 July 2011
  70. ^ Jürgen Scharrer (28 July 2011), "Rückschlag für Focus", Horizont (in German), p. 2
  71. ^ Hans-Peter Kastenhuber (30 July 2011), "Debatten-Focus ist gescheitert", Nürnberger Nachrichten (in German), p. 24
  72. ^ "Wolfram Weimer verlässt Chefredaktion". Spiegel Online (in German). 26 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  73. ^ "Focus: Chefredakteur Weimer gibt auf". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 26 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  74. ^ "Erfolg des Alten", Berliner Zeitung (in German), p. 30, 27 July 2011
  75. ^ Joachim Frank (21 July 2011), "Baur gegen Weimer", Frankfurter Rundschau (in German), p. 36
  76. ^ "Jörg Quoos: Eine Reform für den Focus". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 7 July 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  77. ^ Michael Hanfeld (10 May 2012). "Uli Baur: Es geht um klaren Journalismus". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  78. ^ Birte Bühnen (25 January 2013), "Focus: Jörg Quoos setzt politische Akzente", Kress Report (in German), p. 11
  79. ^ "Fußball: Steuerermittlungen gegen Hoeneß nach Selbstanzeige". Focus Online (in German). 20 April 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  80. ^ Britta Schultejans (3 November 2014), "Wertvoller Kunstschatz mit dunkler Vergangenheit", Aachener Nachrichten (in German)
  81. ^ "Chefredakteurs-Karussell: Jörg Quoos muss beim Focus gehen, Ulrich Reitz kommt". Meedia (in German). 26 August 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  82. ^ "Focus wechselt Chefredakteur aus". Zeit Online (in German). 26 August 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  83. ^ Michael Hanfeld (10 September 2015). "Warum der Focus nach Berlin umzieht". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  84. ^ Uwe Mantel (10 September 2015). "Der Focus zieht zu großen Teilen nach Berlin". DWDL (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  85. ^ "Wieder ein Wechsel beim Focus", Welt Kompakt (in German), p. 10, 22 January 2016
  86. ^ "Super Illu-Chefredakteur leitet bald den Focus", Hamburger Abendblatt (in German), p. 22, 22 January 2016
  87. ^ Imre Grimm (22 January 2016), "Aus für Reitz: Chefwechsel beim Focus", Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung (in German), p. 19
  88. ^ Ulrike Simon (28 January 2016), "Der Nächste, bitte!", Horizont (in German), p. 4
  89. ^ David Hein (30 March 2017). "Focus verlässt München und baut Stellen ab". Horizont (in German). Retrieved 22 May 2017.
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  91. ^ Alexander Krei (30 March 2017). "Focus schließt Büros in München und Düsseldorf". DWDL (in German). Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  92. ^ Gregory Lipinski (11 May 2017). "Leserkampagne Menschen im Focus: Wie Burda dem Wochenmagazin ein neues Image verpasst". Meedia (in German). Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  93. ^ a b c Bettina Kaltenhäuser (2005), Abstimmung am Kiosk (in German), Springer, pp. 93–96, ISBN 3-8244-4617-0
  94. ^ a b "Quartalsauflagen" (in German). Informationsgemeinschaft zur Feststellung der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  95. ^ Rudolf Walter Leonhardt (9 May 1997), "Focus und Spiegel im Vergleich", Die Zeit (in German), retrieved 30 October 2016
  96. ^ "Die aktuelle Woche im Focus", Horizont (in German), p. 38, 21 January 1994
  97. ^ "Spiegel". Turi2 (in German). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  98. ^ Jürgen Scharrer (28 January 2010), "Focus traut sich mehr als gedacht", Horizont (in German), p. 10
  99. ^ "Neues Nachrichtenmagazin heißt Focus", Handelsblatt (in German), p. 26, 6 October 1992
  100. ^ Mathias Bröckers (19 January 1993), "Neues vom Infoismus", Die Tageszeitung (in German), p. 16
  101. ^ Katja Hertin, Joachim Huber (14 January 1998), "Was ist ein nichtlinkes Magazin, Herr Markwort?", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), p. 26
  102. ^ "Justiz ermittelt gegen den Focus", Nürnberger Nachrichten (in German), 13 January 1994
  103. ^ Gerd Rosenkranz (9 October 1996), "Verraten und verkauft", Die Tageszeitung (in German), pp. 16–17
  104. ^ Patricia Werner (28 March 1996), "Da können viele ihr Geld verlieren", Stern (in German)
  105. ^ "Banken: Groß fahrlässig", Der Spiegel (in German), 23 October 1995, retrieved 30 October 2016
  106. ^ "Focus soll für Mody-Aktionäre zahlen", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), 22 February 1996
  107. ^ "Mody Bank: Schwierige Liquidation", Börsen-Zeitung (in German), p. 11, 23 July 1997
  108. ^ "Kein Schadenersatz für Mody-Bank", Die Welt (in German), p. 38, 31 March 1999
  109. ^ "Focus muß nicht für Pleite zahlen", Handelsblatt (in German), p. 4, 31 March 1999
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  113. ^ Lutz M. Hagen; et al. (2014), "Synchronisation von Nachricht und Werbung: Wie das Anzeigenaufkommen von Unternehmen mit ihrer Darstellung in Spiegel und Focus korrelliert", Publizistik: Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung (in German), vol. 59, no. 4, Wiesbaden: Springer, ISSN 0033-4006
  114. ^ "Schwarze Hände auf nackter, blonder Frau: Focus wegen Köln-Cover im Sexismus-Shitstorm". Meedia (in German). 8 January 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  115. ^ Sonja Álvarez (11 January 2016), "Nackte Beleidigung", Der Tagesspiegel (in German), p. 21
  116. ^ Lalon Sander, Anna Böcker (9 January 2016). "Titel der Schande". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  117. ^ "Rassistische Titelbilder: Süddeutsche entschuldigt sich, Focus nicht". Spiegel Online (in German). 10 January 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  118. ^ "Medien-Diskussion geht weiter: Wir bilden ab, was leider passiert ist". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). 11 January 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  119. ^ Renate Bölingen (11 January 2016). "Beschwerden gegen Focus-Titelbild beim Deutschen Presserat". Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  120. ^ "Keine Rüge für den Focus: Presserat weist alle Beschwerden zur Berichterstattung in Köln ab". Meedia (in German). 11 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
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