CSS Paged Media Module Level 3

1. Introduction

Paged media (e.g., paper, transparencies, photo album pages, pages displayed on computer screens as printed output simulations) differ from continuous media in that the content of the document is split into one or more discrete static display surfaces. To handle pages, CSS3 Paged Media describes how:

• page breaks are created and avoided;
• the page properties such as size, orientation, margins, border, and padding are specified;
• headers and footers are established within the page margins;
• content such as page counters are placed in the headers and footers; and
• orphans and widows can be controlled.

This module defines a page model that specifies how a document is formatted within a rectangular area, called the page box, that has finite width and height.

Although CSS3 does not specify how user agents transfer page boxes to sheets, it does include certain mechanisms for telling user agents about the intended page sheet size and orientation. In the general case, CSS3 assumes that one page box will be transferred to one surface of similar size.

All properties defined in this specification also accept the inherit keyword as their value, but for readability it has not been listed explicitly.

2. Page Terminology

The following terminology and accompanying diagrams help to describe the page model:

Page sheet

The page sheet is one surface of the physical medium. The illustration to the right shows a representation of the upper-left corner of a page sheet.

Printable and non-printable areas

The non-printable area is the area of a page sheet that a physical device such as a printer is not capable of marking reliably, usually due to the printer’s paper handling mechanism. This value is printer dependent and is usually a small region along each edge of the page sheet. The printable area is the area of page sheet that a printer is capable of marking reliably. The size of the printable area is the size of the page sheet reduced by the size of the non-printable area. A user agent may not know the dimensions of this area for a particular printing device; but when its dimensions are known, user agents may adjust the formatting of the document so that content falls within the printable area. How this adjustment is accomplished is device dependent within the constraints expressed in the sections §7.4 Rendering page boxes that do not fit a page sheet and §3.2 Content outside the page box.

Page Orientation

The page orientation is defined by comparing the length of the edges of a page box. The page box is a rectangle with two perpendicular edges called the long edge and the short edge. The length of the long edge is always greater than or equal to the length of the short edge. When the page box is square, the two edges are of the same length and either can be used as the long edge with the other being the short edge. This specification defines page orientations of portrait and landscape.

Portrait Orientation

A portrait page’s height is greater than or equal to its width. Horizontal elements are parallel to the short edge and vertical elements to the long edge.

Landscape Orientation

A landscape page’s width is greater than or equal to its height. Horizontal elements are parallel to the long edge and vertical elements to the short edge.

Note: Note that CSS3 makes no distinction between landscape and reverse-landscape orientations. However, future versions of CSS may do so. UAs should consider, when formatting for duplexed printing, the binding edge, page progression, and ease of reading when choosing between landscape and reverse-landscape renderings.

Duplex Printing

Duplex printing prints one page box per side of a page sheet and uses both sides of the page sheet. This module provides no ability to specify whether a document is duplex printed, but the concept of left and right pages is based on the assumption that the document is duplex printed, regardless of whether or not it actually is.

Binding Edge

The binding edge is the edge of the page box that is toward the binding if the material is bound. The binding edge often has a larger margin than the opposite edge to provide for the space used by the binding. The binding edge can be any of the four edges. However, page sheets are customarily bound so that the binding edge of page boxes with portrait orientation is vertical. This module provides no method to specify the binding edge. In duplex printing, the binding edge is on opposite sides of the page box for the left and right pages.

Facing Pages

Facing pages are two sequential pages such that when the document is duplex printed they are on separate sheets of paper. Typically, the earlier page will be the back side of one sheet and the later page will be the front side of another. They are usually laid out so that the binding edges of facing pages are vertical and adjacent when the pages are placed in their normal reading orientation.

Left Page

A page that would be on the left if it is part of a pair of facing pages as typically laid out. Page layouts for documents using a left-to-right page progression have the earlier of the facing pages on the left. Rules specific to the left page can be specified using the :left page selector.

Right Page

A page that would be on the right if it is part of a pair of facing pages as typically laid out. Page layouts for documents using a right-to-left page progression have the earlier of the facing pages on the right. Rules specific to the right page can be specified using the :right page selector.

3. The Page Model

In the paged media formatting model, the document is transferred into one or more page boxes. The page box is a specialized CSS box that maps to a rectangular print media surface, such as a page of paper. It is roughly analogous to the viewport.

As with other CSS boxes, a page box consists of margin, border, padding, and content areas. The content and margin areas of a page box have special functions:

In CSS 2.1, both the page box and page area are simple rectangles. Neither is a CSS box with margins, borders, and padding. This CSS box should be distinct from the page box and page area, which would be its margin area and content area, respectively. Naming ideas?

• The content area of a page box is called the page area. The content of the document is flowed into one or more page boxes. The page area acts as a container for all the boxes generated by the root element and its descendants that are laid out within a given page box. The edges of the page area on the first page establish the rectangle that is the initial containing block of the document.
• The margin area of a page box is divided into 16 page-margin boxes. Each page-margin box has its own margin, border, padding and content areas. Page-margin boxes are typically used to display running headers and footers.

The properties of a page box are determined by properties declared within the page context, which is the declaration block of the @page rule. Similarly the properties of a page-margin box are determined by properties declared within its margin context. Declarations in the page context can affect the page box and/or inherit to the page-margin boxes, but they do not apply to or inherit into the document’s root element or other content.

The containing block of the page box is specified using the size property in the page context. The width and horizontal margins of the page box are then calculated exactly as for a non-replaced block element in normal flow. [CSS21] The height and vertical margins of the page box are calculated analogously (instead of using the block height formulas). In both cases if the values are over-constrained, instead of ignoring any margins, the containing block is resized to coincide with the margin edges of the page box.

3.1. Page Backgrounds and Painting Order

When drawing a page of content, the page layers are painted in the following painting order (bottommost first):

1. page background
2. document canvas
3. page borders
4. document contents
5. page-margin boxes

In the page model, the page background behaves similar to the root background: its background painting area is the bleed area, which covers the entire page box, including its margins (regardless of background-clip). Page backgrounds are anchored within the page box’s padding area by default (and honor background-origin if the UA supports [CSS3BG]). However if background-attachment is fixed then the image is positioned relative to the page box including its margins (i.e. the background positioning area is the page’s margin box).

The document canvas background is drawn as the page box’s background: by default its background painting area covers the page box’s border box, and for UAs that support [CSS3BG], follows the background-clip value specified on the root element. It remains, however, positioned with respect to the root element or page area as usual.

With respect to the page-margin boxes, the document canvas, page borders, and all of the document contents are treated as a single element with a z-index value of 0 that establishes a stacking context [CSS21]: the page-margin boxes never interleave with parts of the document content or between the content and the canvas. They may only paint in front of the document content or behind the document canvas. The page background is always painted underneath everything else.

The z-index property applies to page-margin boxes. Since the position property does not apply to page-margin boxes, z-index always affects page-margin boxes as if they were positioned elements regardless of the position property’s value. Each page-margin boxes always establishes a stacking context.

The default painting order, or CSS2.1 Appendix E "tree order", of page-margin boxes with respect to each other is as follows:

1. @top-left-corner
2. @top-left
3. @top-center
4. @top-right
5. @top-right-corner
6. @right-top
7. @right-middle
8. @right-bottom
9. @bottom-right-corner
10. @bottom-right
11. @bottom-center
12. @bottom-left
13. @bottom-left-corner
14. @left-bottom
15. @left-middle
16. @left-top

Start with @top-left-corner, then go clockwise. This order is arbitrary but can be overridden with z-index. It only has a visible effect when page-margin boxes overlap, which should not happen in most cases.

3.2. Content outside the page box

When formatting content in the page model, some content may end up outside the page box. For example, an element whose white-space property has the value pre can generate a box that is wider than the page box. As another example, when boxes are positioned absolutely or relatively, they may end up in "inconvenient" locations. For example, images may be placed on the edge of the page box or 100,000 meters below the page box.

A specification for the exact formatting of such elements lies outside the scope of this document. However, it is recommended that authors and user agents observe the following general principles concerning content outside the page box:

• Content should be allowed slightly beyond the page box to allow pages to "bleed".
• User agents SHOULD avoid generating a large number of content-empty pages to honor the positioning of elements (e.g., printing 100 blank pages is probably neither the author’s nor the user’s intent). A Content-empty page is a page box whose page area contains no printable content other than backgrounds and/or borders. A page box whose page area contains generated content, or content whose visibility is hidden, or invisible content such as a zero-width space is not a content-empty page. On the other hand, a page containing only a background and/or borders and/or page-margin box content is a content-empty page.

  Note, however, that generating a small number of empty page boxes is sometimes necessary to honor the forced-break values for page-break-before/break-before and page-break-after/break-after. [CSS21] [CSS3-BREAK]

• Authors SHOULD NOT position elements in inconvenient locations just to avoid rendering them. Instead:
  • To suppress box generation entirely, set the display property to none.
  • To make a box invisible, set the visibility property.
• This specification does not define how boxes positioned outside the page box are handled. Possibilities include discarding them or creating page boxes for them at the end of the document.

3.3. Page Progression

CSS distinguishes between left pages and right pages on all documents, whether they are printed duplex or not. Each left page is followed by a right page and vice versa. Left and right pages can be styled differently with the :left and :right pseudo-classes.

Whether the first page of a document is a left page or a right page depends on the page progression of the document. The page progression is the direction in which the printed pages of a document would be sequenced when laid out side-to-side. For example, English and horizontally-set Japanese typically progress from left to right, whereas Arabic and vertically-set Japanese pages typically progress from right to left.

The page progression direction is determined as follows:

• If text is laid out in horizontal lines, the page progression is the same as the inline base direction.
• If text is laid out in vertical lines, the page progression is the same as the block flow direction.

If the UA supports the direction and writing-mode properties from the CSS 3 Writing Modes Module [CSS3-WRITING-MODES], it must determine the page progression is determed by the principal writing mode.

In documents with a left-to-right page progression the first page of the document is a right page, and vice versa. To explicitly force a document to begin printing on a left or right page, authors can specify a break-before value that that propagates a page break to the root. [CSS3-BREAK] The UA must suppress the first (empty) page(s) in this case (and the :first pseudo-class matches the first printed page).

html { break-before: always }

html { break-before: left }

4. Page Selectors and the Page Context

4.1. The @page Rule

Authors can specify various aspects of a page box, such as its dimensions, orientation, and margins, within an @page rule. @page rules are allowed wherever rule-sets are allowed. An @page rule consists of the keyword @page, an optional comma-separated list of page selectors and a block of declarations (said to be in the page context). An @page rule can also contain other at-rules, interleaved between declarations. The current level of this specification only allows margin at-rules inside @page.

@page rules without a selector list apply to every page. Other @page rules apply to pages that match at least one of their selectors. Properties declared within the page context apply to the page box.

If an error is encountered during the processing of a declaration block within a page or a margin context, the Rules for handling parsing errors apply; that is, valid declarations within the block are applied.

4.2. Page selectors

A page selector is made of either a page type selector or a page pseudo-class, followed by zero or more additional page pseudo-classes. No whitespace is allowed between components of a selector. The <page-selector> grammar and examples can be found below.

A page selector is said to match a given page if and only if all of its components match the page.

A page type selector is a case-sensitive CSS identifier [CSS21]. It matches pages of the named page type generated by the page property. A page type name of auto (ASCII case-insensitive) does not make the rule invalid, but must never match.

A page pseudo-class is ASCII case-insensitive and has the same syntax as pseudo-classes in regular Selectors. [SELECT] The various page pseudo-classes are defined below.

4.2.1. Spread pseudo-classes: :left, :right

When printing double-sided documents, left and right pages are often formatted differently. This can be expressed by using the :left and :right page pseudo-classes.

All pages are automatically classified by user agents as either left pages or right pages, based on page progression. The :left and :right pseudo-classes only match left or right pages, respectively.

@page :left {
margin-left: 3cm;
margin-right: 4cm;
}

@page :right {
margin-left: 4cm;
margin-right: 3cm;
}

If different declarations have been given for left and right pages, the user agent must honor these declarations even if the user agent does not transfer the page boxes to left and right sheets (i.e., a printer that only prints on one side of the medium must nevertheless produce correctly formatted output).

4.2.2. First-page pseudo-class: :first

The :first pseudo-class matches the first printed page of a document.

@page { margin: 2cm } /* All margins set to 2cm */

@page :first {
margin-top: 10cm /* Top margin on first page 10cm */
}

4.2.3. Blank-page pseudo-class: :blank

The :blank pseudo-class matches content-empty pages that appear as a result of forced page breaks.

h1 { break-before: left }

@page :blank {
  @top-center { content: "This page is intentionally left blank" }
}

A page matched by :blank can also be matched by other page pseudo-classes.

h1 { break-before: left }

@page :blank {
  @top-center { content: none }
}

@page :right {
  @top-center { content: "Preliminary edition" }
  @bottom-center { content: counter(page) }
}

4.3. @page rule grammar

@page rules are parsed according to the following grammar, plus the additional rules noted below:

@page = @page <page-selector-list>? { <declaration-list> }
<page-selector-list> = <page-selector>#
<page-selector> = [ <ident-token>? <pseudo-page>* ]!
<pseudo-page> = ':' [ left | right | first | blank ]

/* Margin rules */
@top-left-corner = @top-left-corner { <declaration-list> };
@top-left = @top-left { <declaration-list> };
@top-center = @top-center { <declaration-list> };
@top-right = @top-right { <declaration-list> };
@top-right-corner = @top-right-corner { <declaration-list> };
@bottom-left-corner = @bottom-left-corner { <declaration-list> };
@bottom-left = @bottom-left { <declaration-list> };
@bottom-center = @bottom-center { <declaration-list> };
@bottom-right = @bottom-right { <declaration-list> };
@bottom-right-corner = @bottom-right-corner { <declaration-list> };
@left-top = @left-top { <declaration-list> };
@left-middle = @left-middle { <declaration-list> };
@left-bottom = @left-bottom { <declaration-list> };
@right-top = @right-top { <declaration-list> };
@right-middle = @right-middle { <declaration-list> };
@right-bottom = @right-bottom { <declaration-list> };

In addition, the following rules apply:

• No whitespace is allowed between the productions in <page-selector> or <pseudo-page> (similar to the rule for <compound-selector>).

• The @page rule can only contain page properties and margin at-rules.

• The margin at-rules can only contain page-margin properties.

@page { ... }
@page :left { ... }
@page :right { ... }
@page LandscapeTable { ... }
@page CompanyLetterHead:first { ... } /*  identifier and pseudo page. */
@page:first { ... }
@page toc, index { ... }
@page :blank:first { ... }

@page {
 @top-left { ... /* document name */ }
 @bottom-center { ... /* page number */}
}
@page :left { @left-middle { ... /* page number in left margin */ }}
@page :right{ @right-middle { ... /* page number in right margins of right pages */}}

@page :left { @bottom-left-corner { ... /* left page numbers */ }}
@page :right { @bottom-right-corner { ... /* right page numbers */ }}
@page :first { @bottom-left-corner { ... /* empty footer on 1st page */ }
@bottom-right-corner { ... /* empty footer */ } }

4.4. Cascading in the page context

Declarations in page and margin contexts cascade just like declarations in style rule for elements.

The specificity of page a selector is computed in a manner analogous to the computations defined in the Selectors module:

• Count the number of page type names (= f)

  Given the syntax of page selectors, f can only ever be 0 or 1.

• Count the number of ':first' or ':blank' pseudo-classes (= g)
• Count the number of ':left' or ':right' pseudo-classes (= h)

Note: Repeated occurrences of the same pseudo-classes are allowed and do increase specificity.

Due to storage limitations, implementations may have limitations on the size of f, g, or h. If so, values higher than the limit must be clamped to that limit, and not overflow.

Specificities are compared by comparing the three components in order (f, g, h): the specificity with a larger f value is more specific; if the two f values are tied, then the two g values are compared, etc. If all the values are tied, the two specificities are equal.

@page { } /* specificity = (0,0,0) */
@page :left { } /* specificity = (0,0,1) */
@page :first { } /* specificity = (0,1,0) */
@page :blank:left { } /* specificity = (0,1,1) */
@page artsy { } /* specificity = (1,0,0) */
@page artsy:left { } /* specificity = (1,0,1) */
@page artsy:first { } /* specificity = (1,1,0) */

@page :left {
  margin-left: 4cm;
}

@page {
  margin-left: 3cm;
}

@page :first {
  color: green;

  @top-left {
    content: "foo";
    color: blue;
  }
  @top-right {
    content: "bar";
  }
}

@page { color: red;
  @top-center {
    content: "Page " counter(page);
  }
}

@page { margin: 25mm;}
@page { font-size: 14pt;}

5. Page-Margin Boxes

Page-margin boxes are boxes within the page margin that, like pseudo-elements, can contain generated content.

Page-margin boxes can be used to create page headers and footers, which are portions of the page set aside for supplementary information such as the page number or document title.

Page-margin boxes are positioned with respect to the page area and are independent of page orientation, for example the top page-margin boxes are above the page area in both portrait and landscape orientation. The various page-margin boxes are defined and illustrated in the diagram below:

Table 1 Page-Margin Box Definitions

Box	Description	Placement
top-left-corner	a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the top and left margins of the page box
top-left	a variable-width box filling the top page margin between the top-left-corner and top-center page-margin boxes
top-center	a variable-width box centered horizontally between the page’s left and right border edges and filling the page top margin between the top-left and top-right page-margin boxes
top-right	a variable-width box filling the top page margin between the top-center and top-right-corner page-margin boxes
top-right-corner	a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the top and right margins of the page box
left-top	a variable-height box filling the left page margin between the top-left-corner and left-middle page-margin boxes
left-middle	a variable-height box centered vertically between the page’s top and bottom border edges and filling the left page margin between the left-top and left-bottom page-margin boxes
left-bottom	a variable-height box filling the left page margin between the left-middle and bottom-left-corner page-margin boxes
right-top	a variable-height box filling the right page margin between the top-right-corner and right-middle page-margin boxes
right-middle	a variable-height box centered vertically between the page’s top and bottom border edges and filling the right page margin between the right-top and right-bottom page-margin boxes
right-bottom	a variable-height box filling the right page margin between the right-middle and bottom-right-corner page-margin boxes
bottom-left-corner	a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the bottom and left margins of the page box
bottom-left	a variable-width box filling the bottom page margin between the bottom-left-corner and bottom-center page-margin boxes
bottom-center	a variable-width box centered horizontally between the page’s left and right border edges and filling the bottom page margin between the bottom-left and bottom-right page-margin boxes
bottom-right	a variable-width box filling the bottom page margin between the bottom-center and bottom-right-corner page-margin boxes
bottom-right-corner	a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the bottom and right margins of the page box

5.1. At-rules for page-margin boxes

Page-margin boxes are created by margin at-rules inside the page context. Authors should put these rules after any declarations in the page context as legacy clients may not handle declarations after margin at-rules correctly.

A margin at-rule is an at-rule that identifies the page-margin box (e.g. @top-left) and a block of descriptors (said to be in the margin context).

@page {
  size: 8.5in 11in;
  margin: 10%;

  @top-left {
    content: "Hamlet";
  }
  @top-right {
    content: "Page " counter(page);
  }
}

5.2. Populating page-margin boxes

As with the :before and :after pseudo-elements, a specified content: normal on a page-margin box computes to none. A page-margin box is generated if and only if the computed value of its content property is not none. Otherwise, no box is generated, as for elements with display: none.

The display property does not apply to page-margin boxes.

@page {
  @top-left-corner { content: " "; border: solid green; }
  @top-right-corner { content: url(foo.png); border: solid green; }
  @bottom-right-corner { content: counter(page); border: solid green; }
  @bottom-left-corner { content: normal; border: solid green; }
}

5.3. Computing Page-margin Box Dimensions

The width and height of each page-margin box is determined by the rules below. These rules define the equivalent of CSS2.1 Sections 10.3 and 10.6 for page-margin boxes.

The rules for applying min-height, max-height, min-width, and max-width [CSS21] do apply to page-margin boxes and may imply a recalculation of the width, height, and/or margins if the dimensions resulting from the specified width or height violate their constraints. If the UA does not support the min-height or min-width properties then it must behave as if min-height and min-width were always zero.

5.3.1. Page-Margin Box Layout Terminology

In addition to the box model definitions in CSS2.1 [CSS21], and the sizing terms in CSS Intrinsic Sizing [CSS3-SIZING], the following terms are defined for use in the subsequent page-margin box calculations:

available width

The sum of the page’s left border width, left padding, page area width, right padding, and right border width. In other words, it is the distance between the page box’s left right border edges. This quantity is used when calculating dimensions of the top and bottom page-margin boxes.

available height

The sum of the page’s top border width, top padding, page area height, bottom padding, and bottom border width. In other words, it is the distance between the page box’s top bottom border edges. This quantity is used when calculating dimensions of the left and right page-margin boxes.

outer width

The width of the outer edge, as defined in [CSS-BOX-3].

min-content width

Whichever of min-content block size or min-content inline size is the physical width.

max-content width

Whichever of max-content block size or max-content inline size is the physical width.

outer min width

Like the outer width, except the min-content width is used when the computed width is auto.

outer max width

Like the outer width, except the max-content width is used when the computed width is auto.

The containing block for a page-margin box depends on its location:

For a corner page-margin box, it is the rectangle defined by the intersection of the two page margins meeting at that corner.

For all other page-margin boxes, the containing block is the rectangle formed by the encapsulating page margin minus the containing blocks of the adjacent corners' page-margin boxes. This means that the size of this containing block is given in one dimension by the used page margin and in the other dimension by the available width (for top and bottom page-margin boxes) or available height (for left and right page-margin boxes).

5.3.2. Page-Margin Box Variable Dimension Computation Rules

The following rules apply to @top-left, @top-center and @top-right page-margin boxes, which are referred to as A, B, and C, respectively, in this section.

5.3.2.1. Margins

If the margin-left or margin-right property of any of the three boxes computes to auto, the used value is zero.

5.3.2.2. Resolving auto widths

The following algorithm determines the used width of each box. For this purpose, boxes that are not generated are assumed to have a width and an outer width of zero.

Note: The high-level goals are (in order of priority) to center the middle box (B) if it is generated, to minimize overflow and overlap, and to distribute space proportionally to the amount of content.

If the middle box (B) is not generated, distribute the available width to A and C as follows:

• If only one box has 'width: auto', its used width is resolved so that the sum of the outer widths equals available width.
• If A and C both have 'width: auto', distribute the space to each box as follows:
  1. If the sum of the outer max-content widths is less than the available width, call that difference the flex space. Calculate each box’s flex factor as proportional to its outer max-content width, and set its used outer width to: max-content width + flex space × flex factor ÷ ∑flex factors
  2. Otherwise if the sum of the outer min-content widths is less than the available width, call that difference the flex space calculate each box’s flex factor as proportional to its max-content width minus min-content width, and set its used outer width to: min-content width + flex space × flex factor ÷ ∑flex factors
  3. Otherwise, calculate its outer size as in the previous case, but set each box’s flex factor as proportional to its outer min-content width.
  In each case, both flex factors are assumed to be 1 if their sum is equal to zero.

If the middle box (B) is generated, determine the auto widths of A, B, and C as follows:

1. First, resolve any auto width of the middle box (B): Assume there are two boxes, B and AC, where each of AC’s dimensions is double the maximum of A and C. (This preserves B’s centering.) Distribute the space to these two boxes (B and the imaginary AC) as described for A and C above.
2. Then, resolve any auto widths of the side boxes (A and C) by setting that box’s outer width to (available width − used outer widths of B) ÷ 2

5.3.2.3. Handling min-width and max-width

The min-width and max-width properties [CSS21] apply to page-margin boxes in the variable dimension like on normal elements, except that the three boxes on the same side are considered together.

More precisely:

1. The tentative used widths are calculated (without min-width and max-width) following the rules under §5.3.2.2 Resolving auto widths.
2. If the tentative used width of any of the three boxes is greater than max-width, the rules above are applied again, but this time using the computed value of max-width as the computed value for width.
3. If the resulting width of any of the three boxes is smaller than min-width, the rules above are applied again, but this time using the value of min-width as the computed value for width.

5.3.2.4. Positioning

Once the dimensions of the boxes are determined, they are positioned as follows:

• The left outer edge of A is flush with the left edge of the containing block
• The outer area of B is centered in the containing block.
• The right outer edge of C is flush with the right edge of the containing block.

5.3.2.5. Boxes on other sides

The used values for @bottom-left, @bottom-center and @bottom-right page-margin boxes are established by the same rules as for @top-left, @top-center, and @top-right, respectively.

The used values for @left-top, @left-middle and @left-bottom boxes are established by the same rules, with "width" replaced by "height", "left" by "top", "right" by "bottom" and "center" by "middle".

The used values for @right-top, @right-middle and @right-bottom page-margin boxes are established by the same rules as for @left-top, @left-middle and @left-bottom, respectively.

5.3.3. Page-Margin Box Fixed Dimension Computation Rules

The rules below are used to calculate the used values of each @top-left-corner, @top-left, @top-center, @top-right, and @top-right-corner page-margin box’s height, margin-top, and margin-bottom properties:

1. The following constraint must hold among the used values of the margin box’s properties:

   margin-top + border-top-width + padding-top + height + padding-bottom + border-bottom-width + margin-bottom = top page margin

2. If border-top-width + padding-top + height (if it is not auto) + padding-bottom + border-bottom-width, plus margin-top and/or margin-bottom if not auto, is larger than the height of the top page margin, then any auto values for margin-top or margin-bottom are, for the following rules, treated as zero.
3. If at this point all of height, margin-top, and margin-bottom have a computed value other than auto, the values are said to be "over-constrained". In this case, the specified value of margin-top is treated as auto.
4. If there is now exactly one value specified as auto, its used value follows from the equality.
5. If height is set to auto, any other auto values become 0 and height follows from the resulting equality
6. If both margin-top and margin-bottom are auto, their used values are equal. This vertically centers the page-margin box content within the top page margin.

The same rules apply to the bottom page-margin boxes (bottom-left-corner, bottom-left, bottom-center, bottom-right, and bottom-right-corner), except that in the overconstrained case, the margin-bottom is ignored rather than the margin-top.

Analogous rules govern the properties for the left and right page-margin boxes with respect to width (top-left-corner, left-top, left-middle, left-bottom, and bottom-left-corner; top-right-corner, right-top, right-middle, right-bottom, bottom-right-corner), with "top" replaced by "left", "bottom" replaced by "right", and "height" replaced by "width". In the overconstrained case for left (right) page-margin boxes, the specified value of margin-left (margin-right) is ignored.

5.4. Page-margin box examples

The following is a collection of examples of page-margin box usage.

@page {
  @top-left { content: "Header in Left Cell (top-left)" }
}

@page {
  @top-center { content: "Header in Center Cell (top-center)" }
}

@page {
  @top-right { content: "Header in Right Cell (top-right)" }
}

@page {
  @top-left { content: "Left Cell (top-left)" }
  @top-center { content: "Header in Center Cell (top-center)" }
}

@page {
  @top-center { content: "Header in Center Cell (top-center)" }
  @top-right { content: "Right Cell (top-right)" }
}

@page {
  @top-left { content: "Header in top-left with approx. twice as many words as right cell." }
  @top-right { content: "Right cell (top-right)" }
}

6. Page Properties

Appendix A defines the normative list of CSS 2.1 [CSS21] properties that apply to page boxes. If a conforming user agent supports any of these properties on block boxes, then it must also support that property in the page context. This specification additionally defines the size property that only applies in the page context.

Properties that apply to the page-margin boxes can also be set within the page context: if inheritable or explicitly inherited (with the inherit keyword in the margin context), they will inherit to the page-margin boxes.

The same appendix defines the normative list of CSS 2.1 [CSS21] properties that apply to page-margin boxes. If a conforming user agent supports any of these properties on block boxes, then it must also support that property in the margin context.

Other properties defined by [CSS21] do not apply in these contexts. Behavior for properties not included in CSS 2.1 is undefined.

Note: The intent of leaving other properties undefined is to allow the gradual addition of appropriate CSS3 properties as they emerge, without having to update this specification with each addition.

As with elements in the document, both the page context and the margin context have a computed value for every property, even if that property does not apply to the page or page-margin box.

The normal rules for CSS properties apply with the following exceptions:

• page-margin boxes inherit from the page context. The page context inherits from the root element. However, since the previous revision of CSS Paged Media Level 3 did not specify this point, an implementation that sets inherited properties in the page context to their initial values (as for the root element) is also conformant to CSS Paged Media Level 3. Note that this exception will be removed in Level 4.
• Values in units of em and ex are interpreted relative to the font associated with their context. When used on the font-size property in the margin context, they are relative to the font of the page context. When used on the font-size property in the page context, they are relative to the font-size of the root element. However, since a previous revision of CSS Paged Media Level 3 was ambiguous on this point, an implementation that treats em and ex on font-size as relative to the initial value is also conformant to CSS Paged Media Level 3. Note that this exception will be removed in Level 4.
• Percentage values on the margin and padding properties are relative to the dimensions of the containing block. For right and left values, percentages are relative to the width of the containing block; for top and bottom values, percentages are relative to the height of the containing block.
• The used values of width and height have special computation rules for page boxes and page-margin boxes; see Page Size and Computing Page-Margin Box Dimensions.
• The page background is positioned and painted as described above.
• The rules for counter scoping are modified as described below.
• As on the '::before' and '::after' pseudo-elements, the normal value of the content property computes to none on page-margin boxes.
• On page-margin boxes, the vertical-align property behaves as specified for table cells. It always performs alignment in the vertical dimension, regardless of writing mode.

User agents should establish a default page margin via the user agent stylesheet that includes any non-printable area. Authors should assume that the default page area will not include unprintable regions.

6.1. Page-based counters

Counters can be defined and controlled within an @page rule, and used as content in page-margin boxes. This is useful for maintaining a page count.

A counter-increment within either a page or margin context causes the counter to increment with the generation of each page box.

If a counter is reset or incremented within the page context, it is in scope for all page-margin boxes and obscures all counters of the same name within the document.

If a counter is reset or incremented within a margin context, it is in scope for that page-margin box and obscures any counters of the same name in both the page context and the document.

If a counter that has not been reset or incremented within the margin context or the page context is used by counter() or counters() in the margin context, then the resultant value is exactly as if the page-margin box were an element within the document at the start of the page, inside the deepest element in the normal flow that spans the page break. Use of the counter in this way does not affect the calculation of the counter’s value.

A counter named page is automatically created and incremented by 1 on every page of the document, unless the counter-increment property in the page context explicitly specifies a different increment for the page counter. The implied page counter is a real counter, and can be directly affected using the counter-increment and counter-reset properties when named explicitly in those properties. It can also be used in the 'counter()' and 'counters()' function forms.

@page {
  margin: 10%;

  @top-center {
    font-family: sans-serif;
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: 2em;
    content: counter(page);
  }
}

@page {
  counter-increment: page 2;
}

Additionally, a counter named pages is automatically created by the UA. Its value is always the total number of pages in the document. (In continuous media this is always 1.) The value of pages cannot be manipulated: while counter-reset and counter-increment statements that set it are valid, they have no effect.

In all other respects, page-associated counters behave as described in [CSS21], Nested Counters and Scope and Counters.

6.2. Page-margin boxes and default values

Properties used within page or margin contexts take their initial values from their respective property definitions; however, user agents must behave as though the values in the following table were established by rules in the UA default style sheet.

body {counter-reset: chapter;}
div.chapter {counter-increment: chapter;}
@page {
  margin: 10%;
  @top-center { content: "Chapter" counter(chapter) }
}

7. Page Size

People around the world use many different paper sizes. It is a goal of this specification that web content should be adaptable to a range of different sizes without having to write a specific style sheet for each paper size.

However, in some situations it is important that a certain page size achieves a certain style. One way to achieve this goal is to utilize the size property, which indicates that the document should preferentially be displayed on a surface of a certain size; another method is to use Media Queries [MEDIAQ] which allow different style sheets to be applied to different page sizes.

7.1. Page size: the size property

This property specifies the target size and orientation of the page box’s containing block. In the general case, where one page box is rendered onto one page sheet, the size property also indicates the size of the destination page sheet.

The size of a page box can either be "absolute" (fixed size) or "scalable" (i.e., fitting available sheet sizes). The first three values in the table below can be used to create scalable page boxes. Other values define a fixed-size page box, and thereby indicate the preferred output media size. When possible, output should be rendered on the media size indicated. If the specified size is not available, the rules for transposing a page box to a different size apply.

If a size property declaration is qualified by a width, height, device-width, device-height, aspect-ratio, device-aspect-ratio or orientation media query [MEDIAQ] (or other conditional on the size of the paper), then the declaration must be ignored. Media queries do not honor size: they assume the paper size that would be chosen if no @page rules were specified.

@page {
  size: 4in 6in;
}

@media (max-width: 6in) {
  @page {
    size: letter;
  }
}

auto

The page box will be set to a size and orientation chosen by the UA. In the usual case, the page box size and orientation is chosen to match the target media sheet.

landscape

Specifies that the page’s content be printed in landscape orientation. The longer sides of the page box are horizontal. If a <page-size> is not specified, the size of the page sheet is chosen by the UA.

portrait

Specifies that the page’s content be printed in portrait orientation. The shorter sides of the page box are horizontal. If a <page-size> is not specified, the size of the page sheet is chosen by the UA.

<length>

The page box will be set to the given absolute dimension(s). If only one length value is specified, it sets both the width and height of the page box (i.e., the box is a square). If two length values are specified, the first establishes the page box width, and the second the page box height. Values in units of em and ex refer to the page context’s font. Negative lengths are illegal.

<page-size>

A page size can be specified using one of the following media names. This is the equivalent of specifying size using length values. The definition of the the media names comes from Media Standardized Names [PWGMSN].

A5

Equivalent to the size of ISO A5 media: 148mm wide and 210 mm high.

A4

Equivalent to the size of ISO A4 media: 210 mm wide and 297 mm high.

A3

Equivalent to the size of ISO A3 media: 297mm wide and 420mm high.

B5

Equivalent to the size of ISO B5 media: 176mm wide by 250mm high.

B4

Equivalent to the size of ISO B4 media: 250mm wide by 353mm high.

JIS-B5

Equivalent to the size of JIS B5 media: 182mm wide by 257mm high.

JIS-B4

Equivalent to the size of JIS B4 media: 257mm wide by 364mm high.

letter

Equivalent to the size of North American letter media: 8.5 inches wide and 11 inches high

legal

Equivalent to the size of North American legal: 8.5 inches wide by 14 inches high.

ledger

Equivalent to the size of North American ledger: 11 inches wide by 17 inches high.

The <page-size> names can be used in conjunction with landscape or portrait to indicate both size and orientation.

@page {
size: A4 landscape;
}

@page {
size: auto;/* auto is the initial value */
margin: 10%;
}

@page {
size: 8.5in 11in;/* width height */
}

7.1.1. Media Queries

This section is informative.

By using Media Queries [MEDIAQ], one style sheet can express different stylistic preferences for different page sizes. Consider this example:

/* style sheet for "A4" printing */
@media print and (width: 21cm) and (height: 29.7cm) {
  @page {
     margin: 3cm;
  }
 }

/* style sheet for "letter" printing */
@media print and (width: 8.5in) and (height: 11in) {
  @page {
  margin: 1in;
  }
}

In the example above, "A4" sheets are given a "3cm" page margin, and "letter" sheets are given a "1in" page margin.

7.2. Crop and Registration Marks: the marks property

This property adds crop and/or registration marks to the document. These are printed outside the page box to facilitate the trimming and alignment of sheets of paper. Values have the following meanings:

none

Specifies that neither crop marks nor registration marks should be printed: the area outside the bleed area will be completely blank.

crop

Specifies that crop marks should be printed. These are typically short lines outside the page box that are effectively extensions of the page box’s four edges, thereby indicating the precise location of those edges without placing any ink near or within the page box itself.

cross

Specifies that registration marks should be printed. These are typically cross-shaped marks outside each edge of the page box used to align sheets of paper during the printing process.

Note that crop marks and registration marks are only visible if the page box is smaller than the printable area.

@page { marks: crop cross }

7.3. Bleed Area: the bleed property

This property specifies the extent of the bleed area outside the page box; in other words the extent beyond the page box at which the page rendering is clipped. Values have the following meanings:

auto

Computes to 6pt if marks has crop and to zero otherwise.

<length>

Specifies by how far outward, in each direction, the bleed area extends past the page box. Values may be negative, but there may be implementation-specific limits.

7.4. Rendering page boxes that do not fit a page sheet

If a page box does not match the target page sheet dimensions, the user agent should do one of the following (in order of preference):

1. Render the page box at the indicated size on a larger page sheet.
2. Rotate the page box 90° if this will make the page box fit the page sheet.
3. Scale the page box to fit the page sheet. (The aspect ratio of the page box should be preserved.)
4. Graphically "slice" the page box onto multiple page sheets.
5. Clip overflowed content (least preferred).

The user agent may wish to consult the user before performing these operations.

7.5. Positioning the page box on the sheet

When the page box is smaller than the page sheet, the user agent should either:

• center the page box on the sheet since this will align double-sided pages and avoid accidental loss of information that is printed near the edge of the sheet; or
• position the page box in the upper left corner of the page sheet (or another corner, based on the direction and writing-mode properties of the page box) as this may minimize media consumption.

The user agent may wish to consult the user in this regard.

8. Page Breaks

The CSS Fragmentation Module [CSS3-BREAK] module defines how and where CSS boxes can be fragmented, including across page breaks. It defines a few properties that indicate where the user agent may or must break pages, and on what page (left or right) the subsequent content resumes. Each page break ends layout in the current page box and causes remaining pieces of the document tree to be laid out in a new page box.

8.1. Using named pages: page

The page property is used to specify a particular type of page (called a named page) on which an element must be displayed. If necessary, a forced page break is introduced and a new page generated of the specified type.

Note: This page can be styled by using the same type name in a page selector.

Page type names are case-sensitive identifiers. However the auto value, being a CSS keyword, is ASCII case-insensitive.

The page property does not inherit. However, if the page value on an element is auto, then its used value is the value specified on its nearest ancestor with a non-auto value. When specified on the root element, the used value for auto is the empty string.

Because a previous version of this specification indicated that the page property is inherited, an implementation that inherits the page property and treats auto as always naming the empty string remains conformant to CSS Paged Media Level 3. Note that this exception will be removed in Level 4. Therefore authors should not explicitly specify the auto value on a descendant of an element with a non-auto value, as the resulting behavior will be unpredictable.

The page property works as follows:

1. First, any auto values are resolved against non-auto ancestors (as specified above).
2. Next, a start page value and end page value is determined for each box as the value (if any) propagated from its first or last child box (respectively), else the used value on the box itself. A child propagates its own start or end page value if and only if the page property applies to it.

   Note: A first or last child box is not always generated by a first or last child element. For example, an element could only have a previous sibling with 'display: none' which does not generate any box.

3. The first printed page’s type is the start page value of the root.
4. If for any two boxes meeting at a class A break point, the end page value of the box preceding the break and start page value of the box succeeding the break do not match, then a page break is forced between the two boxes, and content after the break resumes on a page box of the named type.

Note: Essentially, the two page values compared are those from the deepest boxes meeting at the class A break point, ignoring any subtrees rooted by boxes to which the page property does not apply.

See [CSS3-BREAK] for additional details on page breaks.

@page narrow { size: 9cm 18cm }
@page rotated { size: landscape }
div { page: narrow }
table { page: rotated }

<div>
<table>...</table>
<table>...</table>
<p>This text is rendered on a 'narrow' page</p>
</div>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="ja">
  <style>
    html   {
      writing-mode: vertical-rl;
      line-height: 1.6;
    }
    .main  {
      page: main;
      columns: 2;
      column-gap: 1rem;
    }
    .index {
      page: index;
      columns: 3;
      column-gap: 1rem;
    }
    @page {
      margin: auto;  /* center kihon hanmen on page */
      width:  40rem; /* 1.6 × 25 lines        */
    }
    @page main  { height: 61rem; } /* 2 × 30 chars + 1 × gap */
    @page index { height: 62rem; } /* 3 × 20 chars + 2 × gap */
  </style>
  <section class="main"> ... </section>
  <section class="index"> ... </section>
</html>

9. Image Properties

Note: This section has been moved to [CSS3-IMAGES].

Appendix A: Applicable CSS2.1 Properties

CSS 2.1 Properties that apply within the page context

This list defines the page properties. They are further described in §6 Page Properties.

CSS 2.1 properties that apply within the margin contexts

This list defines the page-margin properties. They are further described in §6 Page Properties.

Appendix B: Transfer Possibilities

Often, but not always, the page box has a one-to-one correspondence to the physical surface onto which the document is ultimately rendered. The CSS3 page model specifies formatting within the page box, but it is the user agent’s responsibility to transfer the page box to the sheet. Some user agent transfer possibilities that are not addressed by CSS3 include:

• Transferring one page box to one sheet (e.g. single-sided printing);
• Transferring two page boxes to the front and back surfaces of the same sheet (e.g. double-sided printing);
• Transferring N (small) page boxes to one sheet (called "N-up");
• Transferring one (large) page box to N x M sheets (called "tiling");
• Creating signatures. A signature is a group of pages printed on a sheet, which, when folded and trimmed like a book, appear in their proper sequence;
• Printing one document to multiple output trays;
• Generating files containing print instructions.

Privacy and Security Considerations

This specification introduces no new privacy or security considerations.

Changes

Changes since the 14 March 2013 Working Draft are:

• Imported the marks and bleed properties from [CSS3GCPM].
• Added auto as the initial value of bleed and allowed it to apply even when marks is none.
• Added JIS-B4 and JIS-B5.

Acknowledgements

The CSS Working Group would like to give very special thanks to this module’s former editors: Robert Stevahn (Hewlett-Packard), Håkon Wium Lie (Opera Software), Jim Bigelow (Hewlett-Packard), Jacob Refstrup (Hewlett-Packard), and Melinda Grant (Hewlett-Packard).

We would also like to acknowledge our expert contributors Michael Day (YesLogic), Shinyu Murakami (Antenna House), Peter Linss (Hewlett-Packard), and the other members of the CSS Working Group and www-style community who have provided review and comment on CSS Paged Media Level 3.