低碳經濟：修订间差异

<noinclude>{{multiple image

| perrow = 2

| total_width = 350

| image1 = Andasol Guadix 4.jpg

| alt1 = 位於[[西班牙]]的[[安達索爾太陽能電站]]，是一座裝置容量150百萬瓦的商業型{{le|拋物槽式太陽能集熱器|parabolic trough}}發電系統。安達索爾電站利用熔融鹽罐儲存[[太陽熱能]]，在日落後仍能持續發電。

| image2 = Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg

| alt2 = 位於[[南非]][[開普敦]]的{{le|達令風力發電廠|Darling Wind Farm}}

| image3 = Kawasaki c751 eunos.jpg

| alt3 = 在[[新加坡]][[友諾士地鐵站]]的一列[[新加坡地鐵]]車輛。

| image4 = 1990- Renewable energy production, by source.svg

| alt4 = 不同能源佔全球發電的比例

| footer = 上述四張圖片，左上開始，順時針方向，1.位於[[西班牙]]的[[安達索爾太陽能電站]]，是一座裝置容量150百萬瓦的商業型{{le|拋物槽式太陽能集熱器|parabolic trough}}發電系統、2.位於[[南非]][[開普敦]]的{{le|達令風力發電廠|Darling Wind Farm}}、3.不同能源佔全球發電的比例及4.在[[新加坡]][[友諾士地鐵站]]的一列電動[[新加坡地鐵]]車輛，顯示出不同的低碳能源在全球發電的佔比裡面正在逐步升高中。<ref name=EmberElectricityProduction_2022>{{cite web |title=Electricity production by source, World |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked |publisher=Our World in Data, crediting Ember |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231002043721/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked |archive-date=2023-10-02 |url-status=live}} OWID credits "Source: Ember's Yearly Electricity Data; Ember's European Electricity Review; Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy".</ref>

}}</noinclude>

'''低碳經濟'''（{{lang-en|low-carbon economy}}，簡稱LCE）是種達到[[溫室氣體]][[淨零排放]]程度的[[經濟]]。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three steps to a low-carbon economy: THE GOAL OF ZERO NET EMISSIONS CAN BE ACHIEVED |url=https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/Three-steps-to-a-low-carbon-economy.pdf}}</ref>人類活動引起的[[溫室氣體排放]]是造成自20世紀中葉以來觀測到的{{le|氣候變化|Climate change}}的主要原因。<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf|title=IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)|publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|access-date=2016-03-22|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123104020/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>轉向低碳經濟有許多行之有效的方法，例如鼓勵{{le|能源轉型|energy transition}}、[[節約能源]]、交通電氣化（如使用[[電動載具]]）以及進行[[碳捕集與封存]]。{{le|零碳城市|zero-carbon city}}即是體現低碳經濟中的一例。

全球從高碳經濟轉變為低碳經濟可為各個國家帶來巨大利益，<ref>Koh, Jae Myong (2018). ''Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects''. London: Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-3-319-71769-2}}.</ref>且還有助於進行[[氣候變化緩解]]。

==定義與專有名詞==

論及低碳經濟概念，以下是一些常用同義字或相近詞彙，每個詞彙都強調概念的不同面向：

[[綠色經濟]]、永續經濟、淨零排放經濟、低排放經濟、氣候友善型經濟及脫碳經濟。

低碳經濟中"碳"一字是所有[[溫室氣體]]的通稱。

[[英國國家統計局]]在2017年發佈的定義是： "低碳經濟的定義是提供商品和服務的經濟活動，活動中的溫室氣體（主要為[[二氧化碳]]）排放量會顯著低於以往的。 "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Low carbon and renewable energy economy, UK - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/finalestimates/2017 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>{{rp|2}}

==基本原理與目標==

{{main|淨零排放}}

[[File:Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png|thumb|世界上既能降低溫室氣體排放，又能維持經濟成長的國家，此現象被稱為{{le|生態環境與經濟成長脫鉤|eco-economic decoupling}}。 ]]

人類活動造成的溫室氣體排放是自20世紀中葉以來觀測到的氣候變化主要原因。長期持續排放溫室氣體將在世界各地造成變化，會對人類和生態系統造成嚴重、普遍和不可逆轉的影響。<ref name="auto" />

各國會尋求成為低碳或脫碳經濟體，以達成氣候變化緩解的目的。要緩解氣候變化，就要走上淨零排放的途徑。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Lin |last2=Msigwa |first2=Goodluck |last3=Yang |first3=Mingyu |last4=Osman |first4=Ahmed I. |last5=Fawzy |first5=Samer |last6=Rooney |first6=David W. |last7=Yap |first7=Pow-Seng |title=Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |date=2022 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=2277–2310 |doi=10.1007/s10311-022-01435-8 |pmid=35431715 |pmc=8992416 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022EnvCL..20.2277C }}</ref>

====

{{main|氣候變化緩解#各區塊的緩解措施}}

{{see also|{{le|氣候行動|Climate action}}}}

實現低碳經濟涉及減少能源、交通、工業和農業等部門的溫室氣體排放。文獻常談到從高碳經濟轉換為低碳經濟。這種轉變應該以公正方式進行（稱為{{le|公正轉型|Just transition}}）。<ref>M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_TechnicalSummary.pdf Technical Summary]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.</ref>{{rp|75}}

轉向低碳經濟的策略和方法很多，例如鼓勵往[[再生能源]]轉型、追求[[能源效率]]、節約能源、交通電氣化、實施碳捕獲與封存、從事{{le|氣候智慧型農業|Climate-smart agriculture}}。為達到目的，需要採取適當的[[能源政策]]、財政激勵措施（例如開放[[排放權交易]]、徵收[[碳稅]]）、實踐{{le|應對氣候變化的個人行動|ndividual action on climate change}}及{{le|應對氣候變化的企業行動|business action on climate change}}。

===各國所採的行動===

{{main|淨零排放}}

[[File:Wind Turbine with Workers - Boryspil - Ukraine (43478128644).jpg|thumb|位於[[烏克蘭]][[鲍里斯皮尔|波里斯皮爾]]，架設中的[[風力發電機]]。]]

在國際舞台上，進行低碳經濟最突出的早期步驟是於1997年簽署，並於2005年生效的《[[京都議定書]]》，參與的大多數工業化國家均承諾減少碳排放。<ref>{{cite web |title=Low-Carbon Society Research Project |url=http://2050.nies.go.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519003626/http://2050.nies.go.jp/ |archive-date=2015-05-19 |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite speech |title=Towards a low carbon economy |author=Margot Wallström |date=2004-03-11 |location=Brussels |url=http://www.europaworld.org/week168/speechwalstrom12304.htm |access-date=2008-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921222229/http://www.europaworld.org/week168/speechwalstrom12304.htm |archive-date= 2008-09-21}}</ref>

[[經濟合作暨發展組織|經合組織]]（OECD）國家間可相互學習並效法某些國家在特定領域的範例：[[瑞士]]的能源部門（參見{{le|瑞士能源|Energy in Switzerland }}）、英國的工業部門、荷蘭的運輸部門（參見[[荷蘭交通]]）、韓國的農業部門（參見[[韓國農業]]）以及瑞典的建築部門。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Building a prosperous world with fewer emissions |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/building-a-prosperous-world-with-fewer-emissions/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

====

{{see also|氣候變化緩解#共同效益|氣候變化經濟分析}}

[[Image: Nellis AFB Solar panels.jpg|thumb|位於[[美國]][[內華達州]]的{{le|納利斯太陽光電發電廠|Nellis Solar Power Plant}}。]]

向低碳經濟轉型的主要好處是它有助於緩解氣候變化。此外還有其他共同效益：對[[生態系統]]韌性、<ref>{{cite web |title=Boost ecosystem resilience to realize the benefits of low emission development |url=http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-boost-ecosystem-resilience/?loclang=en_gb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816195517/http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-boost-ecosystem-resilience/?loclang=en_gb |archive-date= 2016-08-16 |access-date=2016-07-08 |publisher=[[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]]}}</ref>貿易、就業、健康、{{le|能源安全|Energy security}}和工業競爭力帶來多重好處。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ledsgp.org/2016/06/presenting-co-benefits-of-leds/?loclang=en_gb|title=Presenting the benefits of low emission development strategies|date=2016-06-27 |publisher=[[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]]|access-date=2016-07-08|archive-date=2016-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816172104/http://ledsgp.org/2016/06/presenting-co-benefits-of-leds/?loclang=en_gb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jingtian |last2=Zhou |first2=Yi |last3=Cooke |first3=Fang Lee |title=Low-carbon economy and policy implications: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |date=2022 |volume=29 |issue=43 |pages=65432–65451 |doi=10.1007/s11356-022-20381-0 |pmid=35486269 |bibcode=2022ESPR...2965432W |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35486269/}}</ref>

於綠色轉型期間，在排放強度高的產業中從業者更有可能會失業。向淨零排放經濟轉型，將會導致密佈排放強度高的產業地區喪失更多就業機會。<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 facts about the EU's goal of climate neutrality |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/5-facts-eu-climate-neutrality/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The employment impact of climate change adaptation |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_645572.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assessing the Implications of Climate Change Adaptation on Employment in the EU |url=https://trinomics.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Climate-Change-Adaptation-and-Employment.pdf}}</ref>綠色轉型所帶來的就業機會與再生能源，或改善和翻新[[基礎設施]]相關的活動有關。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en}}</ref>

排放強度低的產業發展和增進[[資源效率]]可為提高經濟體和公司競爭力提供許多機會。根據倡議機制{{le|低排放發展策略全球合作夥伴| Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership}}（簡稱LEDS GP，有{{le|世界資源研究所|World resource institute}}及[[聯合國]]等機構涉入）的說法，利用金融投資，轉向低排放技術通常有明確的商業案例，投資回收期大多數可在0.5-5年之間達成。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-gain-competitive-edge/?loclang=en_gb|title=Gain the competitive edge to realize the benefits of low emission development|publisher=[[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]]|access-date=2016-07-08|archive-date=2016-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814041719/http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-gain-competitive-edge/?loclang=en_gb|url-status=live}}</ref>

==能源面==

{{Further|能源政策|{{le|低碳電力|Low carbon electricity}}}}

===低碳電力===

[[File:Low-carbon-share-energy.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|低碳能源在全球[[一次能源]]中的佔比（2018年）。]]

本節摘自低碳電力。

低碳電力（{{lang-en|Low-carbon electricity}}，或以{{lang-en|low-carbon power}}表達）指的是在整個生命週期內溫室氣體排放量遠低於使用[[化石燃料]]所產生的電力。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-low-carbon-fuels-in-the-clean-energy-transitions-of-the-power-sector/executive-summary |title =The Role of Low-Carbon Fuels in the Clean Energy Transitions of the Power Sector | publisher =iea | date = | accessdate = 2024-06-15 }}</ref>能源轉型途中使用低碳電力是實現氣候變化緩解最重要行動之一。<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Global Electricity Review 2021|url=https://ember-climate.org/project/global-electricity-review-2021/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Ember|date=2021-03-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

低碳發電能源包含有[[風能]]、[[太陽能]]、[[核子動力|核能]]和大部分的[[水力發電|水力]]。<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00472.x | volume=16 | title=Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Electricity Generation | journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology | pages=S73–S92 | last1 = Warner | first1 = Ethan S.| year=2012 | s2cid=153286497 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2010_setplan_brochure.pdf|title=The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan SET-Plan Towards a low-carbon future|date=2010|quote=... nuclear plants ... currently provide 1/3 of the EU’s electricity and 2/3 of its low-carbon energy.|page=6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211100220/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2010_setplan_brochure.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-11}}</ref>這個名詞很大程度上將傳統的化石燃料發電廠生產的電力排除在外，但會用於描述目前運行中化石燃料發電系統的特定領域，特別是那些配置有從[[煙道氣]]中將碳捕集與封存的系統。 <ref name="gov.uk">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=Innovation funding opportunities for low-carbon technologies: 2010 to 2015 |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/innovation-funding-for-low-carbon-technologies-opportunities-for-bidders |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>全球於2020年中有近40%的電力來自低碳能源：約10%為核能發電，近10%為風能和太陽能發電，約20%為水力和其他再生能源發電。<ref name=":0" />

====核能發電====

{{Further|{{le|永續能源#核能發電|Sustainable energy § Nuclear power}}}}

截至2021年，擴張運用核能作為實現低碳經濟的方式得到不同程度的支持。<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |date=2021-11-10 |title=Nuclear Is Hot, for the Moment |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/11/nuclear-power-hot-moment/620665/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117051454/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/11/nuclear-power-hot-moment/620665/ |archive-date=2021-11-17 |access-date=2021-11-23 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref>包括[[聯合國歐洲經濟委員會]]、<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-08-11 |title=Global climate objectives fall short without nuclear power in the mix: UNECE |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122181724/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097572 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2021-11-23 |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe}}</ref>[[國際能源署]] (IEA)、<ref name="CEN">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Jeff |date=2019-09-23 |title=Can nuclear power help save us from climate change? |url=https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/nuclear-power-help-save-us/97/i37 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122005421/https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/nuclear-power-help-save-us/97/i37 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2021-11-23 |work=Chemical & Engineering News}}</ref>[[國際原子能總署]]、<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingersoll |first1=Eric |last2=Gogan |first2=Kirsty |author-link2=Kirsty Gogan |date=September 2020 |title=Driving deeper decarbonization with nuclear energy |url=https://www.iaea.org/nuclear-power-and-the-clean-energy-transition/driving-deeper-decarbonization-with-nuclear-energy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125101/https://www.iaea.org/nuclear-power-and-the-clean-energy-transition/driving-deeper-decarbonization-with-nuclear-energy |archive-date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-11-23 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency}}</ref>和美國研究機構{{le|能源影響中心|Energy Impact Center}}（EIC）等組織均認為如果不擴大核能發電規模，就不可能實現全球脫碳 。 <ref name="VB">{{cite news |last=Takahashi |first=Dean |date=2020-02-25 |title=Last Energy raises $3 million to fight climate change with nuclear energy |url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/02/25/last-energy-raises-3-million-to-fight-climate-change-with-nuclear-energy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112122823/https://venturebeat.com/2020/02/25/last-energy-raises-3-million-to-fight-climate-change-with-nuclear-energy/ |archive-date=2021-01-12 |access-date=2021-11-23 |work=VentureBeat}}</ref>IEA和EIC都認為全球到2040年必須實現廣泛的脫碳，以降低氣候變化的不利影響，而必須利用核能發電以發揮作用。EIC建議使用核能產生的電力作為碳捕集技術的燃料，以實現淨負碳排放。<ref name="VB" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Chestney |first=Nina |date=2021-05-18 |title=End new oil, gas and coal funding to reach net zero, says IEA |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/radical-change-needed-reach-net-zero-emissions-iea-2021-05-18/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117161210/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/radical-change-needed-reach-net-zero-emissions-iea-2021-05-18/ |archive-date=2021-11-17 |access-date= 2021-11-23 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

{{Green economics sidebar}}

===能源轉型===

{{excerpt|能源轉型|Paragraph=1-3|File=No}}

===實現低碳經濟的影響===

於2019年由[[加州大學]]發表名為（能源轉型後的地緣政治收益與損失：評估地緣政治在氣候變化緩解後變動的新穎指標（Geopolitical Gains and Losses after Energy Transition: A Novel Index for Assessing the Geopolitical Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation））（簡稱GeGaLo index）的文章中評估，如果世界完全轉向再生能源，全球156個國家的地緣政治地位可能會發生變化。預計前化石燃料出口國將會喪失影響力，而前化石燃料進口國和再生能源資源豐富的國家的地位預計將會受到強化。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Bazilian |first2=Morgan |last3=Ilimbek Uulu |first3=Talgat |last4=Vakulchuk |first4=Roman |last5=Westphal |first5=Kirsten |date=2019 |title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition |journal=Energy Strategy Reviews |language=en |volume=26 |pages=100406 |doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019EneSR..2600406O |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/2634876}}</ref>

== 參見 ==

{{Portal|Global warming|Economics|Renewable energy|Energy}}

*[[碳足跡]]

*{{le|生態與經濟發展脫鉤|Eco-economic decoupling}}

* {{le|排放強度|Emission intensity}}

*{{le|逐步淘汰化石燃料|Fossil fuel phase-out}}

*{{le|公正過渡|Just transition}}

*{{le|全生命週期溫室氣體排放|Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources}}

*[[排放權交易]]

*{{le|綠色產業政策|Green industrial policy}}

*{{le|低碳飲食|Low-carbon diet}}

*{{le|低碳燃料標準|Low-carbon fuel standard}}

*{{le|低碳電力|Low-carbon electricity}}

==參考文獻==

{{Reflist|2}}

===資料來源===

{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}

* {{cite report|author=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|year=2007 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f27528ad-012a-4d4b-992c-382c2d1d7478/renewable_factsheet.pdf |title=Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA fact sheet|pages=1–34|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012052513/http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-12|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |year=2014 |title=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor-first1=O. |editor-last1=Edenhofer |editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Pichs-Madruga |editor-first3=Y. |editor-last3=Sokona |editor-first4=E. |editor-last4=Farahani |editor-first5=S. |editor-last5=Kadner |display-editors=4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05821-7 |oclc=892580682 |archive-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126121016/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |url-status=live}}

*{{Cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |year=2018 |title=Global Warming of 1.5&nbsp;°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |display-editors=4 |editor-first1=V. |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first2=P. |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first3=H.-O. |editor-last3=Pörtner |editor-first4=D. |editor-last4=Roberts |editor-first5=J. |editor-last5=Skea |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120190924/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-20 |url-status=live|isbn=<!-- not issued? -->}}

* {{Cite book|title=Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet |edition=Third |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2020|isbn=978-0-08-102886-5 |editor-last=Letcher|editor-first=Trevor M.}}

* {{Cite book|last=MacKay|first=David J. C.|author-link=David J. C. MacKay|title=Sustainable energy – without the hot air|date=2008|publisher=UIT Cambridge|isbn=978-0-9544529-3-3 |oclc=262888377 |url=https://www.withouthotair.com/ |archive-date= 2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004812/http://www.withouthotair.com/|url-status=live}}

{{refend}}

{{模板:Commons category}}

{{模板:全球暖化}}

{{Renewable energy by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Low-Carbon Economy}}

[[分類:低碳經濟| ]]

[[分類:能源經濟學]]

[[分類:可持續技術]]

[[分類:替代能源經濟]]

[[分類:可再生能源經濟]]

[[Category:Economics and climate change]]