Pneumoscrotum
| Pneumoscrotum | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Urology |
Pneumoscrotum is an uncommon ailment that presents as an enlarged scrotal sac. The buildup of gas or air in the scrotum causes the swelling.[1] Pneumoscrotum refers to two specific conditions: scrotal pneumatocele and scrotal emphysema with palpable crepitus.[2] Pneumoscrotum can arise from a variety of sources, including infections and the dispersal of gas or air from far-off organs or areas.[3]
Causes
[edit]Pneumoscrotum is most commonly caused by iatrogenic factors (colonic perforation following endoscopic polypectomy) and traumatic factors (thoracic trauma).[2] Additionally, spontaneous causes of pneumoscrotum include gas-producing bacterial infections, spontaneous pneumothorax, and perforation of hollow abdominal organs.[4]
Mechanism
[edit]There are three possible physiopathological explanations for pneumoscrotum. One is that the infection may be brought on by bacteria that produce gas, which allows air to enter the scrotum directly or diffuse through subcutaneous tissues (such as FG). The existence of an air layer in the abdominal cavity is another possible mechanism. This air could diffuse into the scrotum through various peritoneal defects or the fascial planes. Finally, through direct communication, the sternocostal margin of the diaphragm may permit the diffusion of an air layer to the pelvis and abdominal hollow.[2]
Diagnosis
[edit]CT, X-rays, and magnetic resonance (MR) scans are used to determine the underlying cause to treat the patient.[5] Finding the source of air coming from an abdominal or thoracic source is made much easier with the help of radiological imaging.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Firman, Russ; Heiselman, Darell; Lloyd, Tom; Mardesich, Pat (1993). "Pneumoscrotum". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 22 (8). Elsevier BV: 1353–1356. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80122-2. ISSN 0196-0644. PMID 8333643.
- ^ a b c Grassi, Veronica; Pansadoro, Alberto; Cochetti, Giovanni; Barillaro, Francesco; Cottini, Emanuele; D'Amico, Francesco; Pohja, Solajd; Boni, Andrea; Cirocchi, Roberto; Mancuso, Rosa; Silvi, Elisa; Ioannidou, Katifenia; Egidi, Maria; Poli, Giulia; Mearini, Ettore (2015). "Pneumoscrotum: report of two different cases and review of the literature". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 11. Informa UK Limited: 581–587. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s77326. ISSN 1178-203X. PMC 4399391. PMID 25914539.
- ^ Dagur, Gautam; Lee, Min Y.; Warren, Kelly; Imhof, Reese; Khan, Sardar A. (2016). "Critical Manifestations of Pneumoscrotum". Current Urology. 9 (2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 62–66. doi:10.1159/000442855. ISSN 1661-7649. PMC 4911530. PMID 27390577.
- ^ Klimach, O. E.; Defriend, D. J.; Foster, D. N. (1990). "Pneumoscrotum following endoscopic sphincterotomy". Surgical Endoscopy. 4 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 230–231. doi:10.1007/bf00316800. ISSN 0930-2794. PMID 2291167. S2CID 6709878.
- ^ Barker, C D; Brown, J J (1995). "MR imaging of the retroperitoneum". Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 7 (2): 102–111. doi:10.1097/00002142-199500720-00006. PMID 7772370. S2CID 24090232.
- ^ Joseph, R C; Amendola, M A; Artze, M E; Casillas, J; Jafri, S Z; Dickson, P R; Morillo, G (1996). "Genitourinary tract gas: imaging evaluation". RadioGraphics. 16 (2). Radiological Society of North America (RSNA): 295–308. doi:10.1148/radiographics.16.2.8966288. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 8966288.
Further reading
[edit]- Singh, Sandeep; Thakur, Manika (2008). "Pneumoscrotum after Colonoscopy". Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 22 (4). Hindawi Limited: 411–414. doi:10.1155/2008/510427. ISSN 0835-7900. PMC 2662901. PMID 18414718.
- Trübel, H.; Huth, R.; Krämer, W. (July 27, 1998). "Sudden pneumoscrotum in a ventilated infant". European Journal of Pediatrics. 157 (8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 689–690. doi:10.1007/s004310050912. ISSN 0340-6199. PMID 9727857. S2CID 39290073.