Arisaema is a large and diverse genus of the flowering plant family Araceae. The largest concentration of species is in China and Japan, with other species native to other parts of southern Asia as well as eastern and central Africa, Mexico and eastern North America.[1] Asiatic species are often called cobra lilies, while western species are often called jack-in-the-pulpit; both names refer to the distinctive appearance of the flower, which consists of an erect central spadix rising from a spathe.[2][3][4]
| Arisaema | |
|---|---|
| |
| Arisaema triphyllum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Subfamily: | Aroideae |
| Tribe: | Arisaemateae |
| Genus: | Arisaema Mart. |
| |
| Range of the genus Arisaema. | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Classification and relationships
editThe closest relatives of Arisaema appear to be Pinellia and Typhonium (although the latter as defined in 2004 seems to be paraphyletic, having given rise to Arisaema and other genera).[5] One unusual trait shared by all Arisaema species, and not those of other genera, is the sex change or act of Sequential hermaphroditism. Arisaema plants are typically male when small, and female or hermaphroditic when large, with a single plant capable of changing sex based on nutrition[5] and genetics,[6] and perhaps changing sex several times during its long life (20 years or more).[5]
Sections
editA phylogenetic study in 2016 by Ohi-toma et. al recognized 15 sections in the genus.[7]
| Image | Section | Type species |
|---|---|---|
| A. sect. Anomala Gusman & L. Gusman 2003 | Arisaema anomalum | |
| A. sect. Arisaema Li et al. 2010 | Arisaema speciosum | |
| A. sect. Attenuata (Engler) H. Li 2017 | Arisaema laminatum | |
| A. sect. Clavata (Engler) H. Hara 1971 | Arisaema clavatum | |
| A. sect. Decipienta (Engler) H. Li in C. Y. Wu & H. Li 1979 | Arisaema decipiens | |
| A. sect. Dochafa (Schott) H. Hara 1971 | Arisaema flavum | |
| A. sect. Fimbriata (Engl.) H.Li 1979 | Arisaema fimbriatum | |
| A. sect. Flagellarisaema (Nakai) H.Hara 1971 | Arisaema thunbergii | |
| A. sect. Franchetiana (Engl.) H. Hara 1971 | Arisaema franchetianum | |
| A. sect. Nepenthoidea (Engl.) H. Hara 1971 | Arisaema nepenthoides | |
| A. sect. Odorata Murata et al. 2013 | Arisaema odoratum | |
| A. sect. Pistillata (Engler) Nakai 1929 | Arisaema serratum | |
| A. sect. Sinarisaema Nakai 1950 | Arisaema formosanum | |
| A. sect. Tenuipistillata Engl. 1920 | Arisaema jaquemontii | |
| A. sect. Tortuosa (Engler) H. Hara 1971 | Arisaema tortuosum |
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Species
edit- Arisaema abei Seriz - Shikoku Island in Japan
- Arisaema aequinoctiale Nakai & F.Maek - Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku Islands in Japan
- Arisaema agasthyanum Sivad. & C.S.Kumar - southwestern India
- Arisaema album N.E.Br. - Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in eastern India
- Arisaema amurense Maxim. - Russian Far East, China, North Korea
- Arisaema anomalum Hemsl. - Peninsular Malaysia
- Arisaema aprile J.Murata - Izu Peninsula on Honshu Island in Japan
- Arisaema aridum H.Li - Yunnan
- Arisaema asperatum N.E.Br - China, eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
- Arisaema auriculatum Buchet - Sichuan, Hunan, and Yunnan Provinces in China
- Arisaema austroyunnanense H.Li - Yunnan, Vietnam
- Arisaema averyanovii V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce - Vietnam
- Arisaema balansae Engl. - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, southern China
- Arisaema bannaense H.Li - Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, Yunnan
- Arisaema barbatum Buchet - Yunnan, Thailand, Java, Bali
- Arisaema barnesii C.E.C.Fisch - India, Sri Lanka
- Arisaema bockii Engl. - China
- Arisaema bonatianum Engl. - Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema bottae Schott - Yemen
- Arisaema brucei H.Li, R.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
- Arisaema calcareum H.Li - Yunnan
- Arisaema candidissimum W.W.Sm. - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema caudatum Engl. - western India
- Arisaema chuanxiense Z.Y.Zhu, B.Q.Min & S.J.Zhu - Sichuan
- Arisaema chumponense Gagnep. - Thailand
- Arisaema ciliatum H.Li - Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema clavatum Buchet - Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan
- Arisaema concinnum Schott - Tibet, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, eastern + northern India
- Arisaema condaoense V.D.Nguyen - Condao Island in Vietnam
- Arisaema consanguineum Schott - southern China, Himalayas, Indochina
- Arisaema constrictum E.Barnes - Sri Lanka
- Arisaema cordatum N.E.Br. - Guangxi, Guangdong, Lantao
- Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. - Tibet, Nepal
- Arisaema cucullatum M.Hotta - Honshu in Japan
- Arisaema dahaiense H.Li - Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema decipiens Schott - southern China, eastern Himalayas, Vietnam
- Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott - Green dragon - Nuevo León + Veracruz in Mexico; much of eastern United States and eastern Canada
- Arisaema echinatum (Wall.) Schott - Tibet, Nepal, Yunnan, eastern Himalayas
- Arisaema echinoides H.Li - Yunnan
- Arisaema ehimense J.Murata & J.Ohno - Shikoku in Japan
- Arisaema elephas Buchet - Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema enneaphyllum Hochst. ex A.Rich. - Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Yemen
- Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott - Nepal
- Arisaema exappendiculatum H.Hara - Nepal, Tibet
- Arisaema fargesii Buchet - Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema filiforme (Reinw.) Blume - Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra
- Arisaema fimbriatum Masters - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Lankawi
- Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott - Ethiopia, Somalia, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Assam, Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan
- Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata - Taiwan
- Arisaema franchetianum Engl. - Tibet, Myanmar, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema fraternum Schott - Assam
- Arisaema galeatum N.E.Br. - Tibet, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
- Arisaema garrettii Gagnep. - Thailand
- Arisaema ghaticum (Sardesai, S.P.Gaikwad & S.R.Yadav) Punekar & Kumaran - Maharashtra
- Arisaema grapsospadix Hayata - Fujian, Taiwan
- Arisaema griffithii Schott - Nepal, Darjiling, Tibet
- Arisaema hainanense C.Y.Wu ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng - Hainan
- Arisaema handelii Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. - Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan
- Arisaema heterocephalum Koidz. - Ryukyu Islands
- Arisaema heterophyllum - Korea, Japan, widespread across much of China
- Arisaema hunanense Hand.-Mazz. - Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan
- Arisaema ilanense J.C.Wang - Taiwan
- Arisaema inclusum (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br. ex B.D.Jacks. - Java, Sumatra, Flores
- Arisaema intermedium Blume - Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, eastern Himalayas
- Arisaema ishizuchiense Murata - Honshu, Shikoku
- Arisaema iyoanum Makino - Honshu, Shikoku
- Arisaema jacquemontii Blume - Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalayas of northern + eastern India
- Arisaema jethompsonii Thiyagaraj & P.Daniel - Tamil Nadu
- Arisaema jingdongense H.Peng & H.Li - Yunnan
- Arisaema kawashimae Seriz - Ryukyu Islands
- Arisaema kerrii Craib - Thailand
- Arisaema kishidae Makino ex Nakai - Honshu
- Arisaema kiushianum Makino - Honshu, Kyushu
- Arisaema kuratae Seriz - Honshu
- Arisaema lackneri Engl. - Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema laminatum Blume - Borneo, Java, Bali, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Palawan
- Arisaema leschenaultii Blume - southern India, Sri Lanka
- Arisaema lichiangense W.W.Sm. - Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema lidaense J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Yunnan
- Arisaema lihenganum J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Guangxi
- Arisaema limbatum Nakai & F.Maek. - Japan
- Arisaema linearifolium Gusman & J.T.Yin - Yunnan
- Arisaema lingyunense H.Li - Guangxi, Assam, Myanmar
- Arisaema lobatum Engl. - China
- Arisaema longipedunculatum M.Hotta - Japan
- Arisaema longitubum Z.X.Ma. -China
- Arisaema macrospathum Benth. - Mexico (from Oaxaca north to Sinaloa + Nuevo León)
- Arisaema maekawae J.Murata & S.Kakish. - Honshu
- Arisaema mairei H.Lév. - Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema maximowiczii (Engl.) Nakai - Kyushu
- Arisaema maxwellii Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
- Arisaema melanostomum Z.X. Ma, X. Yun Wang & W.Y. Du - China[8]
- Arisaema meleagris Buchet - Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema menglaense Y.H.Ji, H.Li & Z.F.Xu - Guangxi
- Arisaema microspadix Engl. - Java, Timor
- Arisaema mildbraedii Engl. - Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
- Arisaema minamitanii Seriz - Kyushu
- Arisaema minus (Seriz.) J.Murata - Honshu
- Arisaema monophyllum Nakai - Honshu
- Arisaema mooneyanum M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Ethiopia
- Arisaema muratae Gusman & J.T.Yin - Yunnan
- Arisaema muricaudatum Sivad. - Kerala
- Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. - Maharashtra
- Arisaema nagiense Tom.Kobay., K.Sasam. & J.Murata - Honshu
- Arisaema nambae Kitam. - Honshu
- Arisaema negishii Makino - Hachijo + Miyake Islands of Japan
- Arisaema nepenthoides (Wall.) Mart. - Nepal, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
- Arisaema nikoense Nakai - Honshu
- Arisaema nilamburense Sivad. - Kerala
- Arisaema odoratum J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Yunnan
- Arisaema ogatae Koidz. - Kyushu
- Arisaema omkoiense Gusman - Thailand
- Arisaema ornatum Miq. - Sumatra
- Arisaema ovale Nakai - Japan
- Arisaema pachystachyum Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
- Arisaema pallidum Engl. - Sumatra
- Arisaema parisifolia J.Murata - Laos, Vietnam
- Arisaema parvum N.E.Br. ex Hemsl. - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema pattaniense Gagnep. - Thailand
- Arisaema penicillatum N.E.Br. - Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan
- Arisaema petelotii K.Krause - Yunnan, Vietnam
- Arisaema petiolulatum Hook.f. - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Myanmar, Yunnan
- Arisaema pianmaense H.Li - Yunnan
- Arisaema pingbianense H.Li - Yunnan, Vietnam
- Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr. - Philippines, Sulawesi
- Arisaema prazeri Hook.f. - Yunnan, Thailand, Myanmar
- Arisaema propinquum Schott - Himalayas (Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, India)
- Arisaema psittacus E.Barnes - Kerala
- Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash - eastern Canada, eastern United States
- Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott - southeastern United States
- Arisaema quinquelobatum H.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
- Arisaema ramulosum Alderw. - Java, Timor
- Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott - Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Zhejiang
- Arisaema rostratum V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce - Vietnam
- Arisaema roxburghii Kunth - Assam, Indochina
- Arisaema rubrirhizomatum H.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
- Arisaema ruwenzoricum N.E.Br. - Zaire, Uganda, Burundi
- Arisaema sachalinense (Miyabe & Kudô) J.Murata - Sakhalin in Russia, Hokkaido in Japan
- Arisaema saddlepeakense P.S.N.Rao & S.K.Srivast - Andaman Islands
- Arisaema sarracenioides E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. - Kerala
- Arisaema saxatile Buchet - Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema sazensoo (Blume) Makino - Kyushu
- Arisaema schimperianum Schott - Zaire, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda
- Arisaema scortechinii Hook.f - Peninsular Malaysia
- Arisaema seppikoense Kitam. - Honshu
- Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott - Primorye, Korea, Kuril Islands, Japan, northeastern China
- Arisaema setosum A.Sudh.Rao & D.M.Verma - Arunachal Pradesh
- Arisaema siamicum Gagnep. - Thailand, Vietnam
- Arisaema siangense Gusman - Arunachal Pradesh
- Arisaema sikokianum Franch. & Sav. - Shikoku
- Arisaema silvestrii Pamp. - China
- Arisaema sinii K.Krause - China
- Arisaema sizemoreae Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
- Arisaema smitinandii S.Y.Hu - Thailand
- Arisaema somalense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Somalia
- Arisaema souliei Buchet - Sichuan, Chongqing
- Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. - Cobra lily - Tibet, Nepal, Assam, Bhutan
- Arisaema stewardsonii Britton - eastern Canada, eastern United States
- Arisaema sukotaiense Gagnep. - Yunnan, Thailand
- Arisaema taiwanense J.Murata - Taiwan
- Arisaema tengtsungense H.Li - Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema ternatipartitum Makino - Japan
- Arisaema thunbergii Blume - Japan, Korea, Taiwan
- Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott - Whipcord cobra lily - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Himalayas, Nepal, Assam, Pakistan, Tibet, Yunnan, Myanmar
- Arisaema tosaense Makino - Japan
- Arisaema translucens C.E.C.Fisch - Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu in India
- Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher - Jack-in-the-pulpit - eastern Canada, eastern United States
- Arisaema tsangpoense J.T.Yin & Gusman - Tibet
- Arisaema tuberculatum C.E.C.Fisch. - Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu in India
- Arisaema ulugurense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania
- Arisaema umbrinum Ridl. - Borneo
- Arisaema undulatifolium Nakai - Honshu + Shikoku in Japan
- Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott - Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalayas of India + Pakistan
- Arisaema vexillatum H.Hara & H.Ohashi - Tibet, Nepal
- Arisaema victoriae V.D.Nguyen - Yunnan, Guangxi, Vietnam
- Arisaema wangmoense M.T.An, H.H.Zhang & Q.Lin - Guizhou
- Arisaema wardii C.Marquand & Airy Shaw - Qinghai, Shanxi, Yunnan, Tibet
- Arisaema wattii J. D. Hook. - Assam, Myanmar, Tibet, Yunnan
- Arisaema wilsonii Engl. - Tibet, Bhutan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema wrayi Hemsl. - Thailand, Sabah, Malaysia
- Arisaema xuanweiense H.Li - Yunnan
- Arisaema yamatense (Nakai) Nakai - Yamatense cobra lily - Honshu
- Arisaema yunnanense Buchet - Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Arisaema zhui H.Li - Yunnan
References
edit- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Flora China Vol. 23 Page 43, 天南星属 tian nan xing shu, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
- ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
- ^ a b c Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004), "A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa", American Journal of Botany, 91 (6): 881–8, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.881, PMID 21653444
- ^ Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany, 90 (12): 1729–35, doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729, PMID 21653349
- ^ Ohi-Toma, Tetsuo; Wu, Sugong; Murata, Hiroko; Murata, Jin (2016-06-30). "An updated genus-wide phylogenetic analysis of Arisaema (Araceae) with reference to sections". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 100–114. doi:10.1111/boj.12459. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ^ Wang, Xiao-Yun; Du, Wen-Yan; Ma, Zheng-Xu (2019-03-12). "A new species and a new combination of the genus Arisaema (Araceae) from China". Phytotaxa. 395 (4): 265–276. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.395.4.2. ISSN 1179-3163. S2CID 91843915.
Bibliography
edit- Gusman, Guy; Gusman, Liliane (2006). The genus Arisaema: A monograph for botanists and nature lovers (2nd ed.). Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. pp. 1–474. ISBN 0881928399.
External links
editWikimedia Commons has media related to Arisaema.
- Arisaema information and links
- Arisaema links and information
- Arisaema pictures
- Jack in the Pulpit information
- Arisaema Home Page - Japanese Arisaema pictures
- Spaulding, Daniel D.; Barger, T. Wayne; Horne, Howard E.; Finzel, Brian J. (29 October 2019). "Flora of Northern Alabama, part 4: Basal Monocots" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2019–47: 39–49. ISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 7 February 2023.