The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.[1]

Caldwell catalogue
Montage of Caldwell Catalogue objects.
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While the Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation, Moore noted that Messier's list was not compiled for that purpose and excluded many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects,[1] such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was actually compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. Moore also observed that since Messier compiled his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.[1][2] Moore compiled a list of 109 objects to match the commonly accepted number of Messier objects (he excluded M110[3]), and the list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.[3]

Moore used his other surname – Caldwell – to name the list, since the initial of "Moore" is already used for the Messier catalogue.[1][4] Entries in the catalogue are designated with a "C" and the catalogue number (1 to 109).

Unlike objects in the Messier catalogue, which are listed roughly in the order of discovery by Messier and his colleagues,[5] the Caldwell catalogue is ordered by declination, with C1 being the most northerly and C109 being the most southerly,[1] although two objects (NGC 4244 and the Hyades) are listed out of sequence.[1] Other errors in the original list have since been corrected: it incorrectly identified the S Norma Cluster (NGC 6087) as NGC 6067 and incorrectly labelled the Lambda Centauri Cluster (IC 2944) as the Gamma Centauri Cluster.[1]

Reception

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The Caldwell Catalogue has generated controversy in the amateur astronomy community for several reasons.[6]

  • Moore did not discover any of the objects in his catalogue which are often very well known objects and not 'neglected' as claimed by Moore.
  • Its presentation as a catalogue with distinct designations, rather than a list, potentially may cause confusion amongst amateur astronomers as the 'C' Designation is not commonly used.
  • The list was promoted as an extension of the Messier Catalogue, however the objects are often arbitrary with many easily viewable objects omitted while some objects not readily available to visual observers are included.

Caldwell advocates, however, see the catalog as a useful list of some of the brightest and best known non-Messier deep-sky objects. Thus, advocates dismiss any "controversy" as being fabricated by older amateurs simply not able or willing to memorize the new designations despite every telescope database using the Caldwell IDs as the primary designation for over 25 years. NASA/Hubble also lists the 109 objects by their Caldwell number.

Caldwell star chart

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Caldwell Star Chart

Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue

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Type of object Number
of objects
Dark nebulae 1
Galaxies 35
Globular clusters 18
Nebulae 9
Star clusters 25
Star clusters and nebulae 6
Planetary nebulae 13
Supernova remnants 2
Total 109

Caldwell objects

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  Open cluster   Globular cluster   Dark nebula   Diffuse nebula   Planetary nebula   Supernova remnant   Galaxy

Caldwell number NGC number Common name Image Type Distance
(1000 ly)
Constellation Apparent magnitude
C1 NGC 188 Polarissima Cluster   Open Cluster 4.8 Cepheus 8.1
C2 NGC 40 Bow-Tie Nebula   Planetary Nebula 3.5 Cepheus 11
C3 NGC 4236     Barred Spiral Galaxy 7,000 Draco 9.7
C4 NGC 7023 Iris Nebula   Open Cluster and Nebula 1.4 Cepheus 7
C5 IC 342 Hidden Galaxy[7]   Spiral Galaxy 10,000 Camelopardalis 9
C6 NGC 6543 Cat's Eye Nebula   Planetary Nebula 3 Draco 9
C7 NGC 2403     Spiral Galaxy 14,000 Camelopardalis 8.4
C8 NGC 559     Open Cluster 3.7 Cassiopeia 9.5
C9 Sh2-155 Cave Nebula   Nebula 2.8 Cepheus 7.7
C10 NGC 663     Open Cluster 7.2 Cassiopeia 7.1
C11 NGC 7635 Bubble Nebula   Nebula 7.1 Cassiopeia 10
C12 NGC 6946 Fireworks Galaxy   Spiral Galaxy 18,000 Cepheus 8.9
C13 NGC 457 Owl Cluster, E.T. Cluster   Open Cluster - Cassiopeia 6.4
C14 NGC 869 & NGC 884 Double Cluster, h & χ Persei   Open Cluster 7.3 Perseus 4
C15 NGC 6826 Blinking Planetary   Planetary Nebula 2.2 Cygnus 10
C16 NGC 7243     Open Cluster 2.5 Lacerta 6.4
C17 NGC 147     Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 2,300 Cassiopeia 9.3
C18 NGC 185     Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 2,300 Cassiopeia 9.2
C19 IC 5146 Cocoon Nebula   Open Cluster and Nebula 3.3 Cygnus 7.2
C20 NGC 7000 North America Nebula   Nebula 2.6 Cygnus 4
C21 NGC 4449     Irregular galaxy 10,000 Canes Venatici 9.4
C22 NGC 7662 Blue Snowball   Planetary Nebula 3.2 Andromeda 9
C23 NGC 891 Silver Sliver Galaxy   Spiral Galaxy 31,000 Andromeda 10
C24 NGC 1275 Perseus A   Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy 230,000 Perseus 11.6
C25 NGC 2419     Globular Cluster 275 Lynx 10.4
C26 NGC 4244     Spiral Galaxy 10,000 Canes Venatici 10.2
C27 NGC 6888 Crescent Nebula   Nebula 4.7 Cygnus 7.4
C28 NGC 752     Open Cluster 1.2 Andromeda 5.7
C29 NGC 5005     Spiral Galaxy 69,000 Canes Venatici 9.8
C30 NGC 7331     Spiral Galaxy 47,000 Pegasus 9.5
C31 IC 405 Flaming Star Nebula   Nebula 1.6 Auriga 13
C32 NGC 4631 Whale Galaxy   Barred Spiral Galaxy 22,000 Canes Venatici 9.3
C33 NGC 6992 East Veil Nebula   Supernova Remnant 2.5 Cygnus 7
C34 NGC 6960 West Veil Nebula   Supernova Remnant 2.5 Cygnus 7
C35 NGC 4889 Coma B   Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy 300,000 Coma Berenices 11.4
C36 NGC 4559     Spiral Galaxy 32,000 Coma Berenices 9.9
C37 NGC 6885     Open Cluster 1.95 Vulpecula 6
C38 NGC 4565 Needle Galaxy   Spiral Galaxy 32,000 Coma Berenices 9.6
C39 NGC 2392 Eskimo Nebula, Clown Face Nebula[8]   Planetary Nebula 4 Gemini 10
C40 NGC 3626   Lenticular Galaxy 86,000 Leo 10.9
C41 Mel 25 Hyades   Open Cluster 0.151 Taurus 0.5
C42 NGC 7006     Globular Cluster 135 Delphinus 10.6
C43 NGC 7814     Spiral Galaxy 49,000 Pegasus 10.5
C44 NGC 7479 Superman Galaxy   Barred Spiral Galaxy 106,000 Pegasus 11
C45 NGC 5248     Spiral Galaxy 74,000 Boötes 10.2
C46 NGC 2261 Hubble's Variable Nebula   Nebula 2.5 Monoceros -
C47 NGC 6934     Globular Cluster 57 Delphinus 8.9
C48 NGC 2775     Spiral Galaxy 55,000 Cancer 10.3
C49 NGC 2237 Rosette Nebula   Nebula 4.9 Monoceros 9.0
C50 NGC 2244 Satellite Cluster[9]   Open Cluster 4.9 Monoceros 4.8
C51 IC 1613     Irregular galaxy 2,300 Cetus 9.3
C52 NGC 4697  

 

Elliptical galaxy 76,000 Virgo 9.3
C53 NGC 3115 Spindle Galaxy   Lenticular Galaxy 22,000 Sextans 9.2
C54 NGC 2506     Open Cluster 10 Monoceros 7.6
C55 NGC 7009 Saturn Nebula   Planetary Nebula 1.4 Aquarius 8
C56 NGC 246 Skull Nebula[10]   Planetary Nebula 1.6 Cetus 8
C57 NGC 6822 Barnard's Galaxy   Barred irregular galaxy 2,300 Sagittarius 9
C58 NGC 2360 Caroline's Cluster   Open Cluster 3.7 Canis Major 7.2
C59 NGC 3242 Ghost of Jupiter   Planetary Nebula 1.4 Hydra 9
C60 NGC 4038 Antennae Galaxies   Interacting galaxy 83,000 Corvus 10.7
C61 NGC 4039 Antennae Galaxies   Interacting galaxy 83,000 Corvus 13
C62 NGC 247     Spiral Galaxy 6,800 Cetus 8.9
C63 NGC 7293 Helix Nebula   Planetary Nebula 0.522 Aquarius 7.3
C64 NGC 2362 Tau Canis Majoris Cluster   Open Cluster and Nebula 5.1 Canis Major 4.1
C65 NGC 253 Sculptor Galaxy   Spiral Galaxy 9,800 Sculptor 7.1
C66 NGC 5694     Globular Cluster 113 Hydra 10.2
C67 NGC 1097     Barred Spiral Galaxy 47,000 Fornax 9.3
C68 NGC 6729 R CrA Nebula   Nebula 0.424 Corona Australis -
C69 NGC 6302 Bug Nebula   Planetary Nebula 5.2 Scorpius 13
C70 NGC 300 Sculptor Pinwheel Galaxy   Spiral Galaxy 3,900 Sculptor 9
C71 NGC 2477     Open Cluster 3.7 Puppis 5.8
C72 NGC 55 String of Pearls Galaxy   Barred Spiral Galaxy 4,200 Sculptor 8
C73 NGC 1851     Globular Cluster 39.4 Columba 7.3
C74 NGC 3132 Eight Burst Nebula   Planetary Nebula 2 Vela 8
C75 NGC 6124     Open Cluster 1.5 Scorpius 5.8
C76 NGC 6231     Open Cluster and Nebula 6 Scorpius 2.6
C77 NGC 5128 Centaurus A   Elliptical or Lenticular Galaxy 16,000 Centaurus 7
C78 NGC 6541     Globular Cluster 22.3 Corona Australis 6.6
C79 NGC 3201     Globular Cluster 17 Vela 6.8
C80 NGC 5139 Omega Centauri   Globular Cluster 17.3 Centaurus 3.7
C81 NGC 6352     Globular Cluster 18.6 Ara 8.2
C82 NGC 6193     Open Cluster 4.3 Ara 5.2
C83 NGC 4945     Barred Spiral Galaxy 17,000 Centaurus 9
C84 NGC 5286     Globular Cluster 36 Centaurus 7.6
C85 IC 2391 Omicron Velorum Cluster   Open Cluster 0.5 Vela 2.5
C86 NGC 6397     Globular Cluster 7.5 Ara 5.7
C87 NGC 1261     Globular Cluster 55.5 Horologium 8.4
C88 NGC 5823     Open Cluster 3.4 Circinus 7.9
C89 NGC 6087[note 1] S Normae Cluster   Open Cluster 3.3 Norma 5.4
C90 NGC 2867     Planetary Nebula 5.5 Carina 10
C91 NGC 3532 Wishing Well Cluster   Open Cluster 1.6 Carina 3
C92 NGC 3372 Eta Carinae Nebula   Nebula 7.5 Carina 3
C93 NGC 6752 Great Peacock Globular[11]   Globular Cluster 13 Pavo 5.4
C94 NGC 4755 Jewel Box   Open Cluster 4.9 Crux 4.2
C95 NGC 6025     Open Cluster 2.5 Triangulum Australe 5.1
C96 NGC 2516 Southern Beehive Cluster   Open Cluster 1.3 Carina 3.8
C97 NGC 3766 Pearl Cluster   Open Cluster 5.8 Centaurus 5.3
C98 NGC 4609     Open Cluster 4.2 Crux 6.9
C99 - Coalsack Nebula   Dark Nebula 0.61 Crux -
C100 IC 2944 Lambda Centauri Nebula   Open Cluster and Nebula 6 Centaurus 4.5
C101 NGC 6744     Spiral Galaxy 34,000 Pavo 9
C102 IC 2602 Theta Car Cluster   Open Cluster 0.492 Carina 1.9
C103 NGC 2070 Tarantula Nebula   Open Cluster and Nebula 170 Dorado 8.2
C104 NGC 362     Globular Cluster 27.7 Tucana 6.6
C105 NGC 4833     Globular Cluster 19.6 Musca 7.4
C106 NGC 104 47 Tucanae   Globular Cluster 14.7 Tucana 4
C107 NGC 6101     Globular Cluster 49.9 Apus 9.3
C108 NGC 4372     Globular Cluster 18.9 Musca 7.8
C109 NGC 3195     Planetary Nebula 5.4 Chamaeleon 11.6
Caldwell number NGC number Common name Image Object type Distance to object in thousands of light years Constellation Apparent magnitude
  1. ^ C89 was mistakenly written as NGC 6067 in the original, but its description is that of NGC 6087.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82796-6.
  2. ^ "Caldwell Club Introduction". Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  3. ^ a b Moore, Patrick (December 1995). "Beyond Messier: The Caldwell Catalogue". Sky & Telescope. 90 (6): 38. Bibcode:1995S&T....90...38M. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  4. ^ Mobberley, Martin (2009). The Caldwell Objects and How to Observe Them. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-0325-9.
  5. ^ Jones, Kenneth Glyn (1991). "Introduction". Messier's Nebulae & Star Clusters. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–8. ISBN 0-521-37079-5.
  6. ^ Ling, Alister (2012) [1995]. "An Interesting View of the Caldwell Catalog" (PDF). Night Sky. The Binocular and Telescope Shop. Retrieved 7 Dec 2023.
  7. ^ "Hubble's Hidden Galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  8. ^ Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181
  9. ^ "The Rosette Nebula In Hubble Palette". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  10. ^ "The Night Sky", Astronomy Now, Oct 2008.
  11. ^ Chadwick, S; Cooper, I (11 December 2012). Imaging the Southern Sky. New York: Springer. p. 242. ISBN 978-1461447498.
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