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Ernietta

Ernietta is an extinct genus of Ediacaran organisms with an infaunal lifestyle.[2] Fossil preservations and modeling indicate this organism was sessile and “sack”-shaped. It survived partly buried in substrate, with an upturned bell-shaped frill exposed above the sediment-water interface.[3] Ernietta have been recovered from present-day Namibia,[4] and are a part of the Ediacaran biota, a late Proterozoic radiation of multicellular organisms. They are among the earliest complex multicellular organisms and are known from the late Ediacaran (ca. 548 Ma to 541 Ma).[3] Ernietta plateauensis remains the sole species of the genus.[2]

Ernietta
Temporal range: Ediacaran
548–541 Ma
CGI reconstruction of a E. plateauensis colony
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: †Petalonamae
Class: †Erniettomorpha
Genus: †Ernietta
Species:
†E. plateauensis
Binomial name
†Ernietta plateauensis
Pflug, 1966[1]
Synonyms

See text

Biology and paleoecology

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Fossil specimens show individuals to have lived partly buried in the substrate, as well as filled to some degree by substrate material. An exposed frill extended out of the substrate and was thought to have conducted feeding in the water column.[3][5] Modeling based on fossil specimens show that the frill possessed an “upturned bell” shape.[3][6] Water and nutrients circulated within this bell cavity, and the organism is thought to have engaged in suspension feeding.[3][6] It is possible that appendages which carried out feeding were not preserved in fossils.[6][7] Previously, Ernietta were thought to have obtained nutrients by passive absorption, however, this is currently unsupported given the high volume to surface area ratio observed in Ernietta[3][6]. Alternatively Ernietta may have lived from associated symbiotic algae.[8]

Hydrodynamic modeling carried out by Gibson et al. in 2019 assumed that Ernietta inhabited shallow marine environments in aggregations.[3] Nutrient delivery was found to be optimized when individuals were situated in “clumped” formations, with multiple individuals aggregated in groups located upstream or downstream from one another. This formation enhanced both vertical mixing and the direction of nutrient-rich currents to the bodies of downstream individuals. This may thus be one of the earliest examples of commensalism, in which organisms act to mutual benefit.[6]

 
Ernietta plateauensis from the Kliphoek Member of the Dabis Formation. Farm Aar, Namibia.
 
Cross-sectional view of Ernietta plateauensis from the Ediacaran Kliphoek Member of the Dabis Formation. Farm Aar, near Aus, Namibia.

The body of Ernietta is composed of a layer of tubes (with some preservations indicating a double-layer of tubes).[2][3] Perpendicular to these tubes is an equatorial seam.[3][2] The body is asymmetrical along either side of this seam. The presence of this seam and offset symmetry unites the Ernettiomorpha, which includes taxa more similar to Ernietta (for example, Pteridinium, Swartpuntia, and Mietta) than to the rangeomorphs.[2]

Ernietta has been considered a benthic shallow marine fossil comparable with an anemone. However Gregory Retallack, researcher who supports theory that Ediacaran biota like Dickinsonia being lichens, claimed that there is evidence for freshwater environments from its low boron content compared with other Ediacaran fossils.[9] His study also shows that specimens have been found covered with thin layers of wind-drift sand of alluvial levees.[10]

Biogeography

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All occurrences of Ernietta are known from the Nama Group (specifically, the Kuibis and Schwarzrand subgroups) of present-day Namibia.[4] The Nama Group consists of fluvial and shallow marine sediments that span the Ediacaran to the Cambrian (approximately spanning from 570 to 543 Ma). Formations of the Nama Group outcrop across southern Namibia. Most specimens of Ernietta are preserved in sandstones, with a single occurrence in a siltstone.[4] Fossils of the Aar Member of the Nama Group in particular are preserved within beds of cross-stratified sandstones.[5] A significant discovery of this taxon was reported in 2016, at the Farm Aar field site in southern Namibia, which recovered a number of specimens preserved in life position in the water column.[2] This depositional environment of this site has been interpreted as subtidal, with periodic influxes of storm-induced sands.[2]

Other reports of Ernietta exist outside Namibia, including Nevada, USA [11] An occurrence in the Windermere group of British Columbia, Canada has not yet been described.[2]

Taxonomy, history and preservational forms

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Congregation of multiple individuals of E. plateauensis from the Ediacaran Kilhoek Member of the Dabis Formation in Farm Aar, Aus, Namibia.

Ediacaran fossils are difficult to assign to taxonomic classifications based on modern organisms, as they have no living representatives.[2] Ernietta is the type genus for the clade Ernettiomorpha.[12][13] As a whole, the Ediacaran biota have been variously defined as early marine animals,[14] cnidarians,[15] lichens,[8] bacterial colonies,[16] or an intermediate between plants and animals.[17]

The genus Ernietta contains only one species: Ernietta plateauensis. This species is the type species of the Ernettiomorpha and was first described in 1966 by Pflug.[18] In 1972, Pflug described a large number of new fossils which he placed into 13 genera and 29 species, all of which were later synonymized and united in a single species, Ernietta plateauensis.[2][13] These synonymized taxa include:

  • Ernietta tschanabis Phlug, 1972
E. aarensis Phlug, 1972
  • Erniaster aportus Phlug, 1972
E. patellus Phlug, 1972
  • Erniobaris baroides Phlug, 1972
E. epistuta Phlug, 1972
E. gula Phlug, 1972
E. parietalis Phlug, 1972
  • Erniobeta forensis Phlug, 1972
E. scapulosa Phlug, 1972
  • Erniocarpus sermo Phlug, 1972
  • Erniocentris centriformis Phlug, 1972
  • Erniodiscus clypeus Phlug, 1972
E. rutilus Phlug, 1972
  • Erniofossa prognatha Phlug, 1972
  • Erniograndis paraglossa Phlug, 1972
E. sandalix Phlug, 1972
  • Ernionorma abyssoides Phlug, 1972
E. clausula Phlug, 1972
E. peltis Phlug, 1972
E. rector Phlug, 1972
E. tribunalis Phlug, 1972
  • Erniopelta scruputa Phlug, 1972
  • Erniotaxis segmontrix Phlug, 1972

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Name - Ernietta Pflug 1966". ION - Index to Organism Names. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elliott, David A.; Trusler, Peter W.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Morton, Nicole; Hall, Mike; Hoffmann, Karl H.; Schneider, Gabi I.C. (9 September 2016). "Ernietta from the late Edicaran Nama Group, Namibia". Journal of Paleontology. 90 (6): 1017–1026. Bibcode:2016JPal...90.1017E. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.94. S2CID 132152164.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gibson, Brandt M.; Rahman, Imran A.; Maloney, Katie M.; Racicot, Rachel A.; Mocke, Helke; Laflamme, Marc; Darroch, Simon A. F. (2019-06-01). "Gregarious suspension feeding in a modular Ediacaran organism". Science Advances. 5 (6): eaaw0260. Bibcode:2019SciA....5..260G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw0260. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6584682. PMID 31223655.
  4. ^ a b c Czaplewski, John J. "PBDB Navigator". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  5. ^ a b Ivantsov, Andrey Yu; Narbonne, Guy M.; Trusler, Peter W.; Greentree, Carolyn; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2016). "Elucidating Ernietta: new insights from exceptional specimens in the Ediacaran of Namibia". Lethaia. 49 (4): 540–554. Bibcode:2016Letha..49..540I. doi:10.1111/let.12164. ISSN 1502-3931.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Ediacaran organisms grouped together to access food". Cosmos Magazine. 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  7. ^ June 2019, Mindy Weisberger 20 (20 June 2019). "Sack-Like Creatures Held Seafloor 'Dinner Parties' Half a Billion Years Ago". livescience.com. Retrieved 2020-06-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Retallack, G.J. (2019). "Interflag sandstone laminae, a novel sedimentary structure, with implications for Ediacaran paleoenvironmentss". Sedimentary Geology. 379: 60–76. Bibcode:2019SedG..379...60R. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.11.003.
  9. ^ Retallack, G.J. (2020). "Boron paleosalinity proxy for deeply buried Paleozoic and Ediacaran fossils". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 540 (1): 279–84. Bibcode:2020PPP...54009536R. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109536. PMID 109536.
  10. ^ Retallack, G.J. (2019). "Interflag sandstone laminae, a novel sedimentary structure, with implications for Ediacaran paleoenvironmentss". Sedimentary Geology. 379: 60–76. Bibcode:2019SedG..379...60R. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.11.003.
  11. ^ Smith, E.F.; Nelson, L.L.; Tweedt, S.M.; Zeng, H.; Workman, J.B. (2017). "A cosmopolitan late Ediacaran biotic assemblage: new fossils from Nevada and Namibia support a global biostratigraphic link?". Proceedings of the Royal Society. B284 (4). doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0934. PMC 5524506. PMID 28701565.
  12. ^ Elliott, D. 2015 The taphonomy and evolutionary relationships of the Namibian erniettomorphs, PhD thesis, Monash University - https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/thesis/The_taphonomy_and_evolutionary_relationships_of_the_Namibian_erniettomorphs/4705456
  13. ^ a b Pflug, Hans D. (1972-01-01). "Zur Fauna der Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika III. Erniettomorpha, Bau und Systematik". Palaeontographica Abteilung A (in German): 134–170.
  14. ^ Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (2018-09-21). "Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals". Science. 361 (6408): 1246–1249. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1246B. doi:10.1126/science.aat7228. hdl:1885/230014. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30237355.
  15. ^ Donovan, Stephen K.; Lewis, David N. (2001). "Fossils explained 35". Geology Today. 17 (3): 115–120. Bibcode:2001GeolT..17..115D. doi:10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00285.x. ISSN 1365-2451.
  16. ^ "Microbial origin of some of the Ediacaran fossils". 2014-09-11. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  17. ^ Pflug, Hans D. (1973). "Zur Fauna der Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika. IV. Mikroskopische Anatomie der Petalo-Organismen". Palaeontographica Abteilung A (in German). 40 (1): 166–202.
  18. ^ Pflug, Hans D. (1966-05-01). "Neue Fossilreste aus den Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika". Paläontologische Zeitschrift (in German). 40 (1): 14–25. Bibcode:1966PalZ...40...14P. doi:10.1007/BF02987628. S2CID 129761531.

Further reading

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