The frog is a part of a horse hoof, located on the underside, which should touch the ground if the horse is standing on soft footing. The frog is triangular in shape, and extends midway from the heels toward the toe, covering around 25% of the bottom of the hoof.[1][page needed]
The frog is a V-shaped structure that extends forward across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has a central groove (sulcus) that extends up between the bulbs.
The color of the frog varies between horses and can have no pigment making it cream colored, or with pigment fully or partially giving darker color. Its rubbery consistency suggests a role as a shock absorber and grip tool on hard, smooth ground. The frog also acts like a pump to move the blood back to the heart, a great distance from the relatively thin leg to the main organ of the circulatory system. [citation needed]
In the stabled horse, the frog does not wear but degrades, due to bacterial and fungal activity, to an irregular, soft, slashed surface. In the free-roaming horse, it hardens into a callus consistency with a near-smooth surface. [citation needed] For good health, the horse requires dry areas to stand. If exposed to constant wet or damp environments, the frog will develop a fungal infection called thrush.
The frog is anatomically analogous to the human fingertip.[2]
Digit remnants
editA 2018 study on horse foot morphology has suggested that the frog is actually composed of remnants of digits II and IV. This indicates that horses are not truly monodactyl and posits a more complex formation of the horse foot than simple side toe reduction.[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ King, Christine; Mansmann, Richard (1997). Equine Lameness. Equine Research. ISBN 9780935842128.
- ^ Dyce, K.M.; Sack, W.O.; Wensing, C.J.G. (2010). "Chapter 10. The common integument". Textbook of veterinary anatomy (4th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-6607-1.
- ^ Solounias, Nikos; Danowitz, Melinda; Stachtiaris, Elizabeth; Khurana, Abhilasha; Araim, Marwan; Sayegh, Marc; Natale, Jessica (2018). "The evolution and anatomy of the horse manus with an emphasis on digit reduction". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (1): 171782. doi:10.1098/rsos.171782. PMC 5792948. PMID 29410871.