The hypolimnion or under lake is the dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake.[1] The word "hypolimnion" is derived from Ancient Greek: λιμνίον, romanized: limníon, lit. 'lake'.[2] It is the layer that lies below the thermocline.
.svg)
I. The Epilimnion
II. The Metalimnion
III. The Hypolimnion
The scales are used to associate each section of the stratification to their corresponding depths and temperatures. The arrow is used to show the movement of wind over the surface of the water which initiates the turnover in the epilimnion and the hypolimnion.
Typically the hypolimnion is the coldest layer of a lake in summer, and the warmest layer during winter.[1] In deep, temperate lakes, the bottom-most waters of the hypolimnion are typically close to 4 °C throughout the year. The hypolimnion may be much warmer in lakes at warmer latitudes. Being at depth, it is isolated from surface wind-mixing during summer,[3] and usually receives insufficient irradiance (light) for photosynthesis to occur.
Oxygen dynamics
editThe deepest portions of the hypolimnion often have lower oxygen concentrations than the surface waters (i.e., epilimnion).[4] While oxygen can typically exchange between surface waters and the atmosphere (i.e., in the absence of ice cover), bottom waters are comparatively isolated from atmospheric replenishment of oxygen. In particular, during periods of thermal stratification, gas exchange between the epilimnion and hypolimnion is limited by the density difference between these two layers. Consequently, decomposition of organic matter in the water column and sediments can cause oxygen concentrations to decline to the point of hypoxia (low oxygen) or anoxia (no oxygen).[5] In dimictic, eutrophic lakes, the hypolimnion is often anoxic throughout a majority of the stratified period.[6] However, hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations are replenished in the fall and early winter in many temperate lakes, as lake turnover allows mixing of oxic surface waters and anoxic bottom waters.[7]
Notably, anoxic conditions in temperate lakes have the potential to create a positive feedback, whereby anoxia during a given year begets increasingly severe and frequent occurrences of anoxia in future years.[8] Anoxia can lead to release of nutrients from sediment, which contribute to increased phytoplankton growth. Increased phytoplankton growth subsequently increases decomposition, perpetuating hypolimnetic oxygen declines. This positive feedback effect has been termed the Anoxia Begets Anoxia feedback.[8]
Hypolimnetic aeration
editIn eutrophic lakes where the hypolimnion is anoxic, hypolimnetic aeration may be used to add oxygen to the hypolimnion.[1] Adding oxygen to the system through aeration can be costly because it requires significant amounts of energy.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Dodds, Walter K. (Walter Kennedy), 1958- (2010). Freshwater ecology : concepts and environmental applications of limnology. Whiles, Matt R. (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-374724-2. OCLC 784140625.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Sadchikov, A. P.; Ostroumov, S. A. (October 2019). "Epilimnion, Metalimnion, and Hypolimnion of a Mesotrophic Aquatic Ecosystem: Functional Role of the Vertical Structure of the Reservoir Ecosystem in Terms of Hydrochemical and Biological Parameters". Russian Journal of General Chemistry. 89 (13): 2860–2864. doi:10.1134/S107036321913019X. ISSN 1070-3632. S2CID 211138964.
- ^ Weinke, Anthony D.; Biddanda, Bopaiah A. (2019-12-01). "Influence of episodic wind events on thermal stratification and bottom water hypoxia in a Great Lakes estuary". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 45 (6): 1103–1112. Bibcode:2019JGLR...45.1103W. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.025. ISSN 0380-1330. S2CID 209571196.
- ^ Sadchikov, A. P.; Ostroumov, S. A. (October 2019). "Epilimnion, Metalimnion, and Hypolimnion of a Mesotrophic Aquatic Ecosystem: Functional Role of the Vertical Structure of the Reservoir Ecosystem in Terms of Hydrochemical and Biological Parameters". Russian Journal of General Chemistry. 89 (13): 2860–2864. doi:10.1134/S107036321913019X. ISSN 1070-3632. S2CID 211138964.
- ^ Weinke, Anthony D.; Biddanda, Bopaiah A. (2019-12-01). "Influence of episodic wind events on thermal stratification and bottom water hypoxia in a Great Lakes estuary". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 45 (6): 1103–1112. Bibcode:2019JGLR...45.1103W. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.025. ISSN 0380-1330. S2CID 209571196.
- ^ Su, Xiaoxuan; He, Qiang; Mao, Yufeng; Chen, Yi; Hu, Zhi (2019-01-01). "Dissolved oxygen stratification changes nitrogen speciation and transformation in a stratified lake". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (3): 2898–2907. Bibcode:2019ESPR...26.2898S. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3716-1. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 30499088. S2CID 54168543.
- ^ Sánchez-España, Javier; Mata, M. Pilar; Vegas, Juana; Morellón, Mario; Rodríguez, Juan Antonio; Salazar, Ángel; Yusta, Iñaki; Chaos, Aida; Pérez-Martínez, Carmen; Navas, Ana (2017-12-01). "Anthropogenic and climatic factors enhancing hypolimnetic anoxia in a temperate mountain lake". Journal of Hydrology. 555: 832–850. Bibcode:2017JHyd..555..832S. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.049. ISSN 0022-1694.
- ^ a b Lewis, Abigail S. L.; Lau, Maximilian P.; Jane, Stephen F.; Rose, Kevin C.; Be'eri-Shlevin, Yaron; Burnet, Sarah H.; Clayer, François; Feuchtmayr, Heidrun; Grossart, Hans-Peter; Howard, Dexter W.; Mariash, Heather; DelgadoMartin, Jordi; North, Rebecca L.; Oleksy, Isabella; Pilla, Rachel M.; Smagula, Amy P.; Sommaruga, Ruben; Steiner, Sara E.; Verburg, Piet; Wain, Danielle; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Carey, Cayelan C. (January 2024). "Anoxia begets anoxia: A positive feedback to the deoxygenation of temperate lakes". Global Change Biology. 30 (1): e17046. doi:10.1111/gcb.17046. hdl:10919/118062. PMID 38273535.
External links
edit- Water on the Web Archived 2004-05-10 at the Wayback Machine