Semilattice

A set S partially ordered by the binary relation ≤ is a meet-semilattice if

For all elements x and y of S, the greatest lower bound of the set {x, y} exists.

The greatest lower bound of the set {x, y} is called the meet of x and y, denoted x ∧ y.

Replacing "greatest lower bound" with "least upper bound" results in the dual concept of a join-semilattice. The least upper bound of {x, y} is called the join of x and y, denoted x ∨ y. Meet and join are binary operations on S. A simple induction argument shows that the existence of all possible pairwise suprema (infima), as per the definition, implies the existence of all non-empty finite suprema (infima).

A join-semilattice is bounded if it has a least element, the join of the empty set. Dually, a meet-semilattice is bounded if it has a greatest element, the meet of the empty set.

Other properties may be assumed; see the article on completeness in order theory for more discussion on this subject. That article also discusses how we may rephrase the above definition in terms of the existence of suitable Galois connections between related posets — an approach of special interest for category theoretic investigations of the concept.

A meet-semilattice is an algebraic structure ${\displaystyle \langle S,\land \rangle }$  consisting of a set S with a binary operation ∧, called meet, such that for all members x, y, and z of S, the following identities hold:

Associativity

x ∧ (y ∧ z) = (x ∧ y) ∧ z

Commutativity

x ∧ y = y ∧ x

Idempotency

x ∧ x = x

A meet-semilattice ${\displaystyle \langle S,\land \rangle }$  is bounded if S includes an identity element 1 such that x ∧ 1 = x for all x in S.

If the symbol ∨, called join, replaces ∧ in the definition just given, the structure is called a join-semilattice. One can be ambivalent about the particular choice of symbol for the operation, and speak simply of semilattices.

A semilattice is a commutative, idempotent semigroup; i.e., a commutative band. A bounded semilattice is an idempotent commutative monoid.

A partial order is induced on a meet-semilattice by setting x ≤ y whenever x ∧ y = x. For a join-semilattice, the order is induced by setting x ≤ y whenever x ∨ y = y. In a bounded meet-semilattice, the identity 1 is the greatest element of S. Similarly, an identity element in a join semilattice is a least element.

An order theoretic meet-semilattice ⟨S, ≤⟩ gives rise to a binary operation ∧ such that ⟨S, ∧⟩ is an algebraic meet-semilattice. Conversely, the meet-semilattice ⟨S, ∧⟩ gives rise to a binary relation ≤ that partially orders S in the following way: for all elements x and y in S, x ≤ y if and only if x = x ∧ y.

The relation ≤ introduced in this way defines a partial ordering from which the binary operation ∧ may be recovered. Conversely, the order induced by the algebraically defined semilattice ⟨S, ∧⟩ coincides with that induced by ≤.

Hence the two definitions may be used interchangeably, depending on which one is more convenient for a particular purpose. A similar conclusion holds for join-semilattices and the dual ordering ≥.

Semilattices are employed to construct other order structures, or in conjunction with other completeness properties.

• A lattice is both a join- and a meet-semilattice. The interaction of these two semilattices via the absorption law is what truly distinguishes a lattice from a semilattice.
• The compact elements of an algebraic lattice, under the induced partial ordering, form a bounded join-semilattice.
• By induction on the number of elements, any non-empty finite meet semilattice has a least element and any non-empty finite join semilattice has a greatest element. (In neither case will the semilattice necessarily be bounded.)
• A totally ordered set is a distributive lattice, hence in particular a meet-semilattice and join-semilattice: any two distinct elements have a greater and lesser one, which are their meet and join.
  • A well-ordered set is further a bounded join-semilattice, as the set as a whole has a least element, hence it is bounded.
    • The natural numbers ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$ , with their usual order ≤, are a bounded join-semilattice, with least element 0, although they have no greatest element: they are the smallest infinite well-ordered set.
• Any single-rooted tree (with the single root as the least element) of height ${\displaystyle \leq \omega }$  is a (generally unbounded) meet-semilattice. Consider for example the set of finite words over some alphabet, ordered by the prefix order. It has a least element (the empty word), which is an annihilator element of the meet operation, but no greatest (identity) element.
• A Scott domain is a meet-semilattice.
• Membership in any set L can be taken as a model of a semilattice with base set L, because a semilattice captures the essence of set extensionality. Let a ∧ b denote a ∈ L & b ∈ L. Two sets differing only in one or both of the:

1. Order in which their members are listed;
2. Multiplicity of one or more members,

are in fact the same set. Commutativity and associativity of ∧ assure (1), idempotence, (2). This semilattice is the free semilattice over L. It is not bounded by L, because a set is not a member of itself.

• Classical extensional mereology defines a join-semilattice, with join read as binary fusion. This semilattice is bounded from above by the world individual.
• Given a set S, the collection of partitions ${\displaystyle \xi }$  of S is a join-semilattice. In fact, the partial order is given by ${\displaystyle \xi \leq \eta }$  if ${\displaystyle \forall Q\in \eta ,\exists P\in \xi }$  such that ${\displaystyle Q\subset P}$  and the join of two partitions is given by ${\displaystyle \xi \vee \eta =\{P\cap Q\mid P\in \xi \ \&\ Q\in \eta \}}$ . This semilattice is bounded, with the least element being the singleton partition ${\displaystyle \{S\}}$ .

The above algebraic definition of a semilattice suggests a notion of morphism between two semilattices. Given two join-semilattices (S, ∨) and (T, ∨), a homomorphism of (join-) semilattices is a function f: S → T such that

f(x ∨ y) = f(x) ∨ f(y).

Hence f is just a homomorphism of the two semigroups associated with each semilattice. If S and T both include a least element 0, then f should also be a monoid homomorphism, i.e. we additionally require that

f(0) = 0.

In the order-theoretic formulation, these conditions just state that a homomorphism of join-semilattices is a function that preserves binary joins and least elements, if such there be. The obvious dual—replacing ∧ with ∨ and 0 with 1—transforms this definition of a join-semilattice homomorphism into its meet-semilattice equivalent.

Note that any semilattice homomorphism is necessarily monotone with respect to the associated ordering relation. For an explanation see the entry preservation of limits.

There is a well-known equivalence between the category ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}$  of join-semilattices with zero with ${\displaystyle (\vee ,0)}$ -homomorphisms and the category ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$  of algebraic lattices with compactness-preserving complete join-homomorphisms, as follows. With a join-semilattice ${\displaystyle S}$  with zero, we associate its ideal lattice ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} \ S}$ . With a ${\displaystyle (\vee ,0)}$ -homomorphism ${\displaystyle f\colon S\to T}$  of ${\displaystyle (\vee ,0)}$ -semilattices, we associate the map ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} \ f\colon \operatorname {Id} \ S\to \operatorname {Id} \ T}$ , that with any ideal ${\displaystyle I}$  of ${\displaystyle S}$  associates the ideal of ${\displaystyle T}$  generated by ${\displaystyle f(I)}$ . This defines a functor ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} \colon {\mathcal {S}}\to {\mathcal {A}}}$ . Conversely, with every algebraic lattice ${\displaystyle A}$  we associate the ${\displaystyle (\vee ,0)}$ -semilattice ${\displaystyle K(A)}$  of all compact elements of ${\displaystyle A}$ , and with every compactness-preserving complete join-homomorphism ${\displaystyle f\colon A\to B}$  between algebraic lattices we associate the restriction ${\displaystyle K(f)\colon K(A)\to K(B)}$ . This defines a functor ${\displaystyle K\colon {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {S}}}$ . The pair ${\displaystyle (\operatorname {Id} ,K)}$  defines a category equivalence between ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}$  and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$ .

Surprisingly, there is a notion of "distributivity" applicable to semilattices, even though distributivity conventionally requires the interaction of two binary operations. This notion requires but a single operation, and generalizes the distributivity condition for lattices. A join-semilattice is distributive if for all a, b, and x with x ≤ a ∨ b there exist a' ≤ a and b' ≤ b such that x = a' ∨ b' . Distributive meet-semilattices are defined dually. These definitions are justified by the fact that any distributive join-semilattice in which binary meets exist is a distributive lattice. See the entry distributivity (order theory).

A join-semilattice is distributive if and only if the lattice of its ideals (under inclusion) is distributive.

Nowadays, the term "complete semilattice" has no generally accepted meaning, and various mutually inconsistent definitions exist. If completeness is taken to require the existence of all infinite joins, or all infinite meets, whichever the case may be, as well as finite ones, this immediately leads to partial orders that are in fact complete lattices. For why the existence of all possible infinite joins entails the existence of all possible infinite meets (and vice versa), see the entry completeness (order theory).

Nevertheless, the literature on occasion still takes complete join- or meet-semilattices to be complete lattices. In this case, "completeness" denotes a restriction on the scope of the homomorphisms. Specifically, a complete join-semilattice requires that the homomorphisms preserve all joins, but contrary to the situation we find for completeness properties, this does not require that homomorphisms preserve all meets. On the other hand, we can conclude that every such mapping is the lower adjoint of some Galois connection. The corresponding (unique) upper adjoint will then be a homomorphism of complete meet-semilattices. This gives rise to a number of useful categorical dualities between the categories of all complete semilattices with morphisms preserving all meets or joins, respectively.

Another usage of "complete meet-semilattice" refers to a bounded complete cpo. A complete meet-semilattice in this sense is arguably the "most complete" meet-semilattice that is not necessarily a complete lattice. Indeed, a complete meet-semilattice has all non-empty meets (which is equivalent to being bounded complete) and all directed joins. If such a structure has also a greatest element (the meet of the empty set), it is also a complete lattice. Thus a complete semilattice turns out to be "a complete lattice possibly lacking a top". This definition is of interest specifically in domain theory, where bounded complete algebraic cpos are studied as Scott domains. Hence Scott domains have been called algebraic semilattices.

Cardinality-restricted notions of completeness for semilattices have been rarely considered in the literature.^[1]

This section presupposes some knowledge of category theory. In various situations, free semilattices exist. For example, the forgetful functor from the category of join-semilattices (and their homomorphisms) to the category of sets (and functions) admits a left adjoint. Therefore, the free join-semilattice F(S) over a set S is constructed by taking the collection of all non-empty finite subsets of S, ordered by subset inclusion. Clearly, S can be embedded into F(S) by a mapping e that takes any element s in S to the singleton set {s}. Then any function f from a S to a join-semilattice T (more formally, to the underlying set of T) induces a unique homomorphism f' between the join-semilattices F(S) and T, such that f = f' ○ e. Explicitly, f' is given by ${\textstyle f'(A)=\bigvee \{f(s)|s\in A\}.}$  Now the obvious uniqueness of f' suffices to obtain the required adjunction—the morphism-part of the functor F can be derived from general considerations (see adjoint functors). The case of free meet-semilattices is dual, using the opposite subset inclusion as an ordering. For join-semilattices with bottom, we just add the empty set to the above collection of subsets.

In addition, semilattices often serve as generators for free objects within other categories. Notably, both the forgetful functors from the category of frames and frame-homomorphisms, and from the category of distributive lattices and lattice-homomorphisms, have a left adjoint.

• Directed set – Mathematical ordering with upper bounds − generalization of join semilattice
• List of order topics
• Semiring – Algebraic ring that need not have additive negative elements

• Davey, B. A.; Priestley, H. A. (2002). Introduction to Lattices and Order (second ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78451-4.
• Vickers, Steven (1989). Topology via Logic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36062-5.

It is often the case that standard treatments of lattice theory define a semilattice, if that, and then say no more. See the references in the entries order theory and lattice theory. Moreover, there is no literature on semilattices of comparable magnitude to that on semigroups.

• Jipsen's algebra structures page: Semilattices.