Wikipedia

Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

This article is about the ongoing series of conflicts in the Middle East. For other uses, see List of modern conflicts in the Middle East.

The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of conflicts and heightened instability in the Middle East which began with the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023 and the war that followed, leading to a major escalation of the existing tensions between Israel and Iran. This has resulted in several proxy conflicts breaking out across the Middle East involving both sides.

Middle Eastern crisis
Part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Date7 October 2023 – present
(1 year and 1 month)
Location
Middle East
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

 Iran[15]
 Houthi movement[16] Islamic Resistance in Iraq[17]
Muslim Brotherhood[18]

 Israel[note 4]

Allies in the Red Sea crisis

Events by country

Israel and Palestine: Israel–Hamas war

Main article: Israel–Hamas war

On 7 October 2023, Hamas and allied militant groups launched a surprise attack on Israel, capturing a chunk of territory in Israel's Southern District, and killing 815 civilians.[24] In addition, 251 Israelis and foreigners were taken captive into Gaza with the stated aim of forcing Israel to release Palestinian prisoners and detainees.[25][26] Shortly after, Israel officially declared a state of war for the first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[27]

Gaza

Main article: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip

Immediately after Hamas launched its attack, Israel's military began Operation Swords of Iron, beginning with bombing Gaza. This was followed by temporary raids and evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip from 13 October 2023, then a full-scale invasion from 27 October 2023.[28][29] More than 42,000 Gazans have been killed[note 6][41] and 1.9 million have been displaced.[54]

A four-day ceasefire was agreed to by Israel and Hamas, which included a provision in which Hamas would release 50 hostages in exchange for Israel's release of 150 Palestinian security prisoners, with provisions for extension if Hamas released additional hostages.[55][56][57] This ceasefire started on 24 November 2023, and two extensions were thereafter agreed to.[58][59] The mediators in Qatar and in Egypt reported they worked to negotiate a further extension of the truce.[60] The truce expired on 1 December 2023.[61][62][63]

Since then, multiple rounds of negotiations have failed to result in another ceasefire agreement despite the two sides, despite multiple proposals by Egypt, Qatar, and Israel's largest military backer the United States. US President Joe Biden presented a three-phase ceasefire proposal on 31 May 2024.[64] However, disagreements over issues such as the Philadelphi Corridor mean that the proposal has so far been unsuccessful.[65][66]

Israeli ground forces killed Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar on 16 October 2024 during a chance encounter while on a routine patrol.[67]

West Bank

Main article: Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war

Tensions and violence between Israeli military forces and settlers in the West Bank were escalating long before the start of the 2023 war. According to the UN, 2022 was the deadliest year for Palestinians on record,[68] and the year to September 2023 already represented the deadliest year in history for children in the West Bank.[69]

Amnesty International released a report[70] on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of international law.[71][72]

Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20 years. Violence in the West Bank has increased since the war began with more than 607 Palestinians and over 25 Israelis killed.[73][74] At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270 attacks, against 856 for all of 2022.[75] About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.[76] According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, which is funded by the European Union, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.[77]

By 10 October, confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East Jerusalem.[78] On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village of Qusra, killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old child was fatally shot by the IDF in Bani Na'im, while another person was shot dead by the IDF near Bethlehem.[79] On 12 October, two Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and opened fire.[80][81][82]

On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, with clashes reported in Ramallah.[83] A youth was injured by PA forces in Tubas. One Palestinian was killed in confrontations with Israeli forces in Nabi Salih, and 30 others were injured across the West Bank.[84] On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight Israeli raids across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West Bank, Hassan Yousef.[85]

On 31 October, the IDF engaged Hamas around Shuweika.[86]

On 1 November, Issa Amro said the situation in the West Bank had become "very hard", noting "All the checkpoints are closed. Israeli settlers and soldiers are acting violently with the Palestinians."[87] The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs warned Israeli settler violence against Palestinians was on the rise.[88]

On 20 April 14 Palestinians were killed in clashes during an Israeli raid in the West Bank. Palestinian sources identified one of the victims as a militant,[89] while Israel said that 14 gunmen were killed.[90]

In July 2024, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers of land in the occupied West Bank. According to Peace Now, this was the largest single appropriation approved since the 1993 Oslo accords."[91] On 4 July, Israeli authorites approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied West Bank.[92]

On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata Camp.[93][94]

On 14 August, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the occupied West Bank.[95][96]

On 28 August, Israel launched the largest military operation into the northern West Bank in more than 20 years. Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz said that the operation was a "full-fledged war".[97] Israeli forces carried out simultaneous operations in Jenin, Tubas, Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarem. In Jenin, Israeli forces devastated civilian infrastructure with anti-tank munitions and armored bulldozers, set fire to the Jenin farmers' market, and carried out mass arrests of men and boys. Civilians were trapped in their homes and denied access to food, water and medicine. Members of the press were denied access to the city while the operation was ongoing. Eyewitnesses also reported the use of Palestinian detainees as human shields and the use of attack dogs against civilian families. The army blocked access to hospitals and ambulances.[98] On 29 August, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres demanded a halt to the operations.[99] EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the operations "must not constitute the premises of a war extension from Gaza, including full-scale destruction."[100] On 3 September, Israeli media reported that the IDF had classified the West Bank as a "combat zone" and now viewed it as the second most important front in the war.[101][102] Yoav Gallant said that Israel was "mowing the lawn" with its West Bank operations, but that it would eventually need to "pull out the roots".[103] On 6 September, Turkish-American protestor Ayşenur Eygi was killed by an Israeli sniper at a demonstration near Nablus.[104]

Jenin

On 12 October 2023, Israel conducted a raid in Jenin, West Bank, resulting in the reported detention of a Hamas fighter and injuries to other individuals.[105] On 14 October, another raid was launched in the city, leading to the deaths of multiple people.[106][107][108] On 18 October, a 12-year-old girl was shot dead by crossfire from Palestinian Authority security forces.[84]

On 22 October, an airstrike carried out by the Israel Defense Forces targeted the Al-Ansar Mosque, causing extensive damage.[109][110][111] Two people were killed, and three others were injured.[112][113][110] The IDF asserted that Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) had been operating from a compound beneath the mosque.[113][110][112] The Palestinian Foreign Minister, Riyad al-Maliki, characterized the attack as a "dangerous escalation in the use of warplanes" and expressed concern over the adoption of tactics from Gaza.[114]

On 26 October Ayser Mohammad Al-Amer, a senior commander of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was killed during a clash with IDF in the Jenin refugee camp.[115]

On 29 November, 14-year-old Basel Abu Al-Wafa and 8-year-old Adam Al-Ghool were shot dead by Israeli forces during the Jenin incursions. CCTV footage depicting the killings show Basel Abu Al-Wafa being shot at multiple times, sustaining mortal wounds while 8-year old Adam Al-Ghool was killed with a shot to the head.[116][117] A 17-year-old was reportedly shot and killed by IDF forces inside the Khalil Suleiman hospital compound near the Jenin refugee camp, accourding to accounts by the Doctors Without Borders.[118]

A dozen raids were reported on 2 January 2024, with a violent raid in Jenin and violent confrontations in Azzun, resulting in the death of four Palestinians.[119] Raids were reported in Ya'bad on 5 January, with an eleven-year-old wounded.[120] A doctor described a drone strike on 7 January, stating one man "was decapitated. It seemed the missile directly hit him. Others had their limbs severed."[121] All entrances into Jenin were reported blocked on 9 January.[122] The chair of the Jenin high-level committee stated Israel had destroyed streets, electric poles, water lines, and a monument to Shireen Abu Akleh.[123]

On January 30, Israeli forces disguised as medical personnel raided a hospital in Jenin, killing three Palestinian men they alleged as fighters, but whom doctors at the hospital reported as a paralyzed man in a wheelchair along with his brother and a friend of his.[124][125]

Tulkarm

In the Nur Shams camp, a drone deployed by Israel resulted in casualties among a group of Palestinians.[126] The Israeli army reported the death of one officer and injuries to nine soldiers due to the detonation of an explosive device in the Nour Shams camp, with the wounded soldiers transported to the Meir Hospital.[127][128]

On the second day of the raid, 20 October, explosions occurred at dawn and in the morning hours. The Tulkarm Battalion reported that additional armed groups had reached Tulkarm to support their efforts.[129] At 7 am, Israeli forces concluded their 30-hour raid, withdrawing from the city and its two camps.[130] The Palestinian Ministry of Health confirmed 13 casualties, including 5 children, with the deceased and injured transported to Martyr Dr. Thabet Thabet Governmental Hospital.[131]

Five people were injured during a raid on 3 January 2024, including one person hit by a live bullet, three people beaten by Israeli soldiers, and one person who was rammed by an Israeli jeep.[132] A forty-hour raid on Nur Shams concluded on 4 January, with more than a dozen wounded from soldi

On 3 October, an Israeli airstrike in Tulkarm Camp killed at least 20 people.[133]

Lebanon: Israel–Hezbollah conflict

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present).
Main articles: Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) and 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
See also: Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) and Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri
 
Northern Israel sector of war
  Israel
  Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
  Hezbollah presence in Lebanon
  Lebanese territory under Israeli control
  Syria
  Areas ordered evacuated by Israel

A series of border clashes with Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began shortly after the 7 October attack. Clashes and instability along the border resulted in more than a million people in Lebanon and over 96,000 more in Israel being displaced.[134][135][136] Hezbollah deputy chief Sheikh Naim Qassem said that 'when time comes for any action, we will carry it out' stating that Hezbollah was ready and 'would "contribute" to confrontations against Israel according to its own plan'.[137] Hezbollah has said it will not stop attacking Israel until Israel ceases its attacks and military operations in Gaza.[138][139] In 2024, Israel escalated its assault on Lebanon, carrying out explosive device attacks, assassinations of Hezbollah and Hamas leaders, and expanding its bombing campaign. On 1 October, Israel began a ground invasion of Lebanon. Since the invasion, more than 2,500 people have been killed and 20% of Lebanon's population has been displaced.[136]

Clashes

On 8 October 2023, the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah fired guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli positions in the disputed Shebaa Farms one day into the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, saying this was "in solidarity" with the Palestinians. Israel retaliated by launching drone strikes and artillery shells at Hezbollah positions near Lebanon's boundary with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.[140][141][142] The next day, Israel exchanged a series of airstrikes on southern Lebanon near the towns of Marwahin, Ayta ash Shab[143] and Dhayra in the Bint Jbeil district.[144] This was after numerous Palestinian militants infiltrated the Israeli border.[145] The IDF killed at least two perpetrators (likely Palestinians),[144] while a third returned to Lebanon.[146] Skirmishes have occurred every day since, spilling over to the occupied Golan Heights.[147][148]

On 13 October, while a group of Reuters, AFP and Al Jazeera journalists were transmitting a live video feed of an IDF outpost in Aalma ech Chaab, two tank rounds fired directly hit the group. The first killed Reuters photojournalist Issam Abdallah. The second strike was much more powerful and ignited the Al Jazeera vehicle, a white Toyota, which Al Jazeera journalists Carmen Joukhadar and Elie Brakhya, as well as their AFP colleague Dylan Collins were standing next to.[149] Reuters' photographer Christina Assi was also critically injured.[150][151][152] Lebanon's army has said the IDF fired the missile that killed Abdallah. Another Reuters reporter at the scene said Abdallah was killed by projectiles fired from the direction of Israel.[153] His last post on Instagram, posted a week before he was killed, was a photograph of Shireen Abu Akleh, a Palestinian journalist for Al Jazeera Arabic who had been killed by Israel in 2022.[154][155]

On 12 November 2023, Hezbollah anti-tank missile and mortar attacks killed an employee of the Israel Electric Corporation who was conducting repair work and injured 21 other Israelis, including seven IDF soldiers and six of the fatality's colleagues.[156][157] Hezbollah also claimed to have struck an IDF bulldozer in a separate attack. The IDF said it had launched a drone strike at a militant cell that tried to launch antitank missiles near Metula.[158] Further clashes also killed one Hezbollah member.[159]

On 2 January 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike in the Dahieh neighborhood of Beirut, resulting in the assassination of Saleh al-Arouri, the deputy chairman of the Hamas political bureau, and the death of six other members.[160] Al-Arouri was also responsible for the expansion of Hamas' activities in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including attacks on Israelis.[161][162] The assassination occurred one day before Hezbollah commemorated the 4th anniversary of the assassination of senior Iranian military commander Qasem Soleimani.[163] On 6 January, Hezbollah launched approximately 40 rockets into northern Israel, describing it as an "initial response" to al-Arouri's killing.[164] According to Israel, the rockets targeted a strategic Airbase near Mount Meron, causing significant damage to it.[165]

On 8 January, Israel assassinated Wissam al-Tawil, the deputy commander of Hezbollah's Redwan Force, whom it accused of carrying out the attack on Meron airbase two days earlier.[166]

The IDF said that they killed four militants that infiltrated the Israeli border through Shebaa while an IDF unit was patrolling nearby on 14 January 2024. Five IDF soldiers were wounded.[167] A group calling itself the "Islamic Glory Brigades" later claimed responsibility for the attack and announced that 3 of their members were killed and 2 were able to escape.[168] The same day, two Israeli civilians; a man and his 70-year-old mother, were killed by Hezbollah anti-tank missiles in Kfar Yuval.[169]

The inability of Israelis to return to settlements and homes in the north of the country led to Antony Blinken stating that Israel had effectively "lost sovereignty in the northern quadrant of its country".[170] On 27 July 2024, the Majdal Shams attack occurred, killing 12 children in the Golan Heights area.[171][172] The attack, which Israel and the US said was carried out by Hezbollah, marked an escalation in hostilities and opened discussion about a broader war with Lebanon. Hezbollah denied responsibility for the attack.[173]

Escalation

On 17 September 2024, thousands of handheld pagers used by Hezbollah simultaneously exploded across Lebanon and Syria.[174] At least 12 people were killed and thousands of others including Hezbollah members and civilians were wounded across Lebanon and Syria. Among those reported injured was the Iranian ambassador to Lebanon, Mojtaba Amani.[175][176][177] The attack came just a day after the Biden administration's special envoy Amos Hochstein visited Israel.[178] While the Biden administration publicly urged Israel to reach a negotiated solution with Hezbollah, senior white house officials including Amos Hochstein and Brett McGurk privately assured Israel that the US backed its decision to escalate militarily.[179] On 18 September 2024, a second series of explosions involving Hezbollah communication devices occurred across Lebanon.[180] On 20 September, Israel launched an airstrike in Dahieh, Beirut targeting Hezbollah's operations commander Ibrahim Aqil. At least 45 people were killed[181] including Aqil, senior Hezbollah commander Ahmed Mahmoud Wahabi.[182][183][184] Between 19 and 22 September, Hezbollah launched multiple rocket attacks against Israel causing injuries and damage.[185][186] Hezbollah also said that it targeted Israeli airbases, intelligence bases and a tank.[187] On 23 September, Israel conducted over 1,600 strikes in its deadliest attack on Lebanon since 2006,[188] killing at least 558 people and injuring more than 1,835 others.[189][190][191] Hezbollah launched more than 300 rockets at Israel on the same day.[192][193] On 26 September, an Israeli strike on a building in Younine killed at least 20 people.[194][195]

On 27 September, the IDF struck Hezbollah's central headquarters in Beirut, targeting Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[196] Al-Manar reported that four buildings collapsed in the attack. At least six people including Nasrallah died and at least 100 were injured.[197][198] On 28 September, the IDF struck civil defense centres and a medical clinic in Taybeh and Deir Siriane killing 11 people.[199] On 29 September, an Israeli air strike on a home in Dahr-al-Ain killed at least 11 people.[200][201] The Lebanese National News Agency reported that at least 17 members of a family were killed in an Israeli air strike in Zboud.[202] An Israeli strike in Ain El Delb killed 45 people.[203][204] Another strike in Bekaa killed 12 people.[203]

Invasion

Main article: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon

Israel launched an invasion of southern Lebanon on 1 October 2024.[205][206][207] [208] An Israeli strike on a house in Al-Dawoudiya killed at least 10 people and injured five others.[209] On 2 October, Israeli forces were ambushed by Hezbollah fighters in Odaisseh and forced to retreat while attempting to dismantle militant infrastructure. Six soldiers from the Egoz Unit were killed and several others were injured, including five seriously. Two soldiers of the Golani Brigade were killed. The IDF said that 20 Hezbollah militants were killed during the clash.[210][211] An Israeli air strike destroyed three houses in the Bekaa Valley killing 11 people.[212] On 3 October, an Israeli strike on the municipality building in Bint Jbeil killed 15 people.[213] On 7 October, two Israeli airstrikes in towns south of Beirut killed at least 12 people.[214] Israeli warplanes struck a fire station affiliated with the Islamic Health Authority in Baraachit, killing ten people.[215][216] On 10 October, an Israeli airstrike in central Beirut killed at least 22 people and injured 117 others. Israel said it was targeting Wafic Safa, but Safa reportedly survived.[217][218] On 12 October, four Israeli soldiers were killed and 61 were wounded in a drone strike on an army base near Binyamina.[219] On 14 October, an Israeli airstrike on an apartment building in Aitou in northern Lebanon killed at least 21 people.[220][221][222] On 15 October, the UNHCR said that over 25% of Lebanon was under evacuation orders of Israel.[223] Israeli air strikes in Qana killed 15 people.[224] On 16 October, an Israeli airstrike on the municipal building of Nabatieh killed at least 16 people, including the town's mayor Ahmad Kahil and injured 52 others.[225][226] Israeli forces also detonated explosives throughout the town of Mhaibib, home to the tomb of the prophet Benjamin, destroying nearly all of it. Videos surfaced of soldiers laughing and celebrating as they watched the destruction from a distance.[227][228] On 19 October, a drone struck Benjamin Netanyahu's residence in Caesarea. Netanyahu was not in the residence at the time and no casualties were reported.[229] Hezbollah later claimed responsibility for the attack.[230] On 22 October, an Israeli airstrike on a house in Teffahta killed 19 people.[231] An Israeli airstrike near the Rafik Hariri University Hospital in Beirut killed at least 18 people, and injured at least 60 others.[232][233][234] On 23 October, the IDF said that it killed three Hezbollah sector commanders and 70 other Hezbollah militants.[235] Air attacks on Dahieh resumed in what was called one of the worst nights of bombing in the neighborhood to date. Six buildings, including the offices of Al Mayadeen, were destroyed in seventeen raids.[136] On 24 October, the IAF attacked over 160 targets in Lebanon.[236] On 27 October, the IDF claimed to have killed 70 Hezbollah fighters.[237] On 29 October, nine people were killedIsraeli airstrikevsoutheast of Sidon.[238][239] Another airstrike in Sarafand killed 10 people.[240][241] On 30 October the IAF hit more than 100 targets in Lebanon.[242] Israeli airstrikes in Sohmor killed 11 people.[243] Israeli strikes killed 19 people in two towns in Baalbek District.[244][245] On 1 November, an Israeli airstrike on a home in Amhaz killed at least 12.[246][247]

Yemen: Red Sea crisis

Main articles: Red Sea crisis and 2024 Yemen airstrikes
See also: Operation Prosperity Guardian
 
A map of the Houthi movement attacks on commercial ships during the Israel–Hamas war.

Several strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the Red Sea have been launched by the Iran-backed Houthi militants in Yemen.[248][249][250] On 19 October, the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the Red Sea towards Israel.[251] On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched ballistic missiles and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory"[252] in an event that has been misrepresented in some news sites as a declaration of war by Yemen.[253] On 19 November, tensions increased when the Galaxy Leader, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[254]

On 3 December the Houthis stated that they had attacked two ships, the Unity Explorer and Number 9, allegedly linked to Israel, in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".[255][256] Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country "would will act in order to remove this naval siege".[257]

American-led airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen

On 3 January 2024 the United States and a group of countries issued an ultimatum to the Houthis to stop their activities.[258]

Since 12 January 2024 the United States and the United Kingdom, with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, and the Netherlands, have launched a series of Tomahawk cruise missile and airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea.[259] Houthi attacks on shipping were condemned by the United Nations Security Council the day before the initial strike.[260][261] US President Joe Biden ordered the strikes, and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak convened his cabinet to authorize British participation.[262][263] American officials said the strikes were intended to degrade Houthi capabilities to attack Red Sea cargo ships rather than to target leaders and Iranian trainers; the Houthis said at least five people were killed and six wounded.[264][265]

In the week that followed, seven additional Tomahawk missile strikes on targets in Yemen were conducted by the US Navy.[citation needed]

Syria

 
Map of attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria.

Israeli airstrikes on Syria

There have been numerous attacks claimed by or blamed on Israel since the start of the war in Gaza. In roughly the first year of the war, Israel struck Syria more than 220 times, killing 296 people.[266] On 10 October 2023, Israel exchanged rocket and mortar fire with forces in southern Syria.

From 12 to 22 October 2023, Israel launched at least three attacks on airports in Syria, including Damascus International Airport and Aleppo International Airport, ahead of a visit to Syria by Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian.[267][268][269] Two workers from the Syrian meteorology service based at Damascus International Airport were killed.[270]

On 24 October, Israeli airstrikes in Daraa Governorate reportedly resulted in the death of eight Syrian soldiers and injuries to seven others, as per Syria's state-run news agency SANA. The IDF acknowledged the airstrikes, stating they were a response to two rockets fired from Syria into Northern Israel.[271]

Since 2024, Israel has continued to launch airstrikes at targets in Syria, including in Damascus[272] and Aleppo.[273] On 20 January 2024, Brigadier General Sadegh Omidzadeh, an intelligence officer with the IRGC Quds Force in Syria, along with four other IRGC officers, were reportedly killed in an Israeli airstrike in Damascus.[274][275] According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, an Israeli missile strike targeted a four-story building in the Mezzeh district. The attack resulted in the death of thirteen individuals,[276] including five Iranians, and the complete destruction of the building where leaders aligned with Iran were having a meeting.[277]

Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Syria

Main article: Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus

On 1 April 2024, senior Quds Force commander of the IRGC, Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, was killed by an suspected Israeli airstrike that targeted the consulate annex building adjacent to the Iranian embassy in the Syrian capital Damascus.[278][279][280] Between five and seven people were killed in the airstrike according to Iranian ambassador, Hossein Akbari. The strike caused "massive destruction" to the consulate building as well as damage to neighboring buildings, according to Syrian state media.[280] Zahedi is the most senior IRGC officer who has been killed since the assassination of Qasem Soleimani by the U.S. in January 2020.[281]

On 13 July 2024, one soldier was killed and three other people were injured in Israeli strikes in and around Damascus.[282] On 27 September 2024, Israeli forces struck the Lebanon-Syria border, killing five Syrian soldiers.[283] On 30 September, several people including a state television presenter were killed in an Israeli strike on Damascus.[284][285] On 4 October, two Israeli soldiers were killed and 24 were wounded in a drone attack by the Islamic Resistance in Iraq on an Israeli base in the Golan Heights.[286] However, the group denied responsibility for the attack.[287] On 8 October an Israeli airstrike on Damascus killed 13 people.[266] On 14 October, two Israeli tanks crossed into Syria, positioning themselves south of Quneitra.[288] On 20 October, a guided missile attack on a car killed two people near the Golden Mazzeh hotel in Damascus.[289] On 31 October, SANA reported that Israeli strikes hit a number of residential buildings in Al-Qusayr, damaging its industrial zone and killing 10 people, including civilians.[290][291] The IDF said that it struck Hezbollah command centers and weapon depots.

Iraq and Jordan

Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on US military bases

Main article: Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war

Starting on 17 October 2023 and in response to United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq initiated a coordinated series of more than 130 attacks on U.S. military bases and assets in Syria and Iraq.[292][293] These attacks resulted in injuries to dozens of U.S. service members and on 28 January 2024 killed three. In response, the U.S. has launched multiple counterattacks, resulting in the death of over 30 militants including a senior commander of the Nujaba Movement, Mushtaq Talib al-Saidi.[294]

Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on Israel

Since November 2023, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq has claimed responsibility for drone and missile attacks against targets within Israel in retaliation for Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. The group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds." Strikes were recorded in Eilat, the Dead Sea coastline,[295][296] the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights,[297] the Karish rig,[298] Haifa Bay,[299] Ashdod,[300] Kiryat Shmona[301] and in Tel Aviv.[302][303] and in Elifelet.[304]

In late January, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq announced it had entered its second phase of operations which included blockading the Mediterranean maritime routes to Israeli ports and disabling the ports.[300] Since then, the group has launched joint military operations on Israel with the Houthis targeting ships in Haifa port.[305][306]

On 3 October 2024 the Islamic Resistance in Iraq launched a drone strike on an IDF base in the Golan Heights, which killed two IDF soldiers and injured 24 others.[307] By late October, the Iraqi resistance had launched drones on an average of around five times a day. In one 24-hour period in October, the ISI launched eight drones at Israel.[308]

Iranian missile strikes in Iraqi Kurdistan

Main article: 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

On 15 January 2024, Iran carried out a series of aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad and several strongholds of terrorist groups in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibility.[309] The city of Erbil, which is the capital of Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan Region, was the target of 11 of the 15 total missiles that were fired. The remaining four missiles were directed at Syria's Idlib Governorate, targeting areas held by the Syrian opposition.[310][311] In Erbil itself, the Iranian attack killed four civilians and injured 17 others.[312] Iran's claims of having targeted the Israeli presence in Kurdistan and terrorist groups in Syria were rejected by the Iraqi government and the autonomous Kurdish government, both of which condemned the attack.[313]

Iran

Main article: 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

Iranian drone and missile strikes in Israel

This section is an excerpt from April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel.[edit]
Not to be confused with October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel.

On 13 April 2024, the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), a branch of the Iranian Armed Forces, in collaboration with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, and the Ansar Allah (Houthis), launched retaliatory attacks against Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights[note 7] with loitering munitions, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles. The attack was codenamed by Iran as Operation True Promise (Persian: وعده صادق, romanized: va'de-ye sādeq). Iran said it was retaliation for the Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus on 1 April, which killed two Iranian generals. The strike was seen as a spillover of the Israel–Hamas war and marked Iran's first direct attack on Israel since the start of their proxy conflict.

Several countries in the Middle East[note 8] closed their airspace a few hours before Iran launched a standoff attack against Israel around midnight on 13 April. Iran's attack sent around 170 drones, over 30 cruise missiles, and more than 120 ballistic missiles toward Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.[note 7] The Israel Defense Forces used Arrow 3 and David's Sling systems to shoot down many of the incoming weapons. American, British, French, and Jordanian air forces also shot some down. France, which intervened at Jordan's request, deployed warships to provide radar coverage. Jordan said it had intercepted objects flying into its airspace to protect its citizens.

Israeli strikes on Iran

This section is an excerpt from April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran.[edit]
Not to be confused with October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran.

On 19 April 2024 at 5:23 a.m. IRST, the Israeli Air Force launched airstrikes targeting an air defense facility within Iran. The limited airstrikes targeted an air defense radar site at an airbase near Isfahan, in central Iran. Israeli missiles appear to have hit their target directly. Satellite images suggest that a surface-to-air missile battery was damaged or destroyed. There was no extensive damage to the base itself. The attack was launched in response to the Iranian drone and missile strikes in Israel, which itself was an Iranian retaliation for the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus.

Iranian media and social media reported minor explosions near Isfahan, where Iran has nuclear facilities, a drone manufacturing facility, and a major airbase. Iranian state media said that Israeli drones flying over the region were shot down by the Iranian Air Defense Force. Three Iranian officials confirmed to The New York Times that Israel was involved. US officials confirmed that at least three missiles from Israeli aircraft had struck Iran. No strikes were reported on Iran's nuclear sites.

According to a senior US official speaking to ABC News, Israeli aircraft, operating beyond Iran's borders, launched three missiles targeting an air defense radar site guarding the Natanz nuclear facility. The official further stated that the assessment indicated the successful destruction of the targeted site. He also said that the objective of the strike was to communicate Israel's capabilities to Iran without escalating tensions further. An Iranian official told Reuters that the explosions were from Israeli drones being shot down, and claimed that there had been no missile attack on Iran.

Casualties

West Bank

In the West Bank, related violence during the conflict killed 243 Palestinians and wounded at least 2,472.[314] Several thousand Gazan workers were in Israel at the time when the conflict started. As of 16 October some of them were detained at a "holding facility" in the West Bank while others sought refuge in the Palestinian communities of the West Bank.[315] The Minister of Labor for the Palestinian Authority estimated 4,500 workers are unaccounted for while Israeli media outlet N12 reported 4,000 Gazans were in Israeli holding facilities. The Palestinian Prisoners Society said that Israeli forces had arrested over 1,450 West Bank Palestinians since 7 October.[316] On 29 October, thirty Israeli human rights organizations addressed settler violence in the West Bank, asking the international community to "act urgently" to end it.[317] On 30 October, the German government called on Israel to protect Palestinians in the West Bank.[318] On 31 October, EU chief diplomat Josep Borrell "firmly condemned" settler attacks in the West Bank.[319] Linda Thomas-Greenfield stated the United States was "deeply concerned," and condemned the killings of Palestinians in the West Bank.[320]

Lebanon

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that 76,000 Lebanese were displaced from their homes. As of 8 January 2024, the Ministry of Public Health of Lebanon reported 570 people wounded.[321]

An Israeli strike on 13 October killed Reuters videographer Issam Abdallah and injured six other journalists from Reuters, Agence France-Presse and Al Jazeera.[322] A February 2024 report by the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon concluded that an Israeli tank killed Abadallah when it fired at "clearly identifiable journalists", and that this broke international law.[323] The report "assessed that there was no exchange of fire across the Blue Line at the time of the incident", with no records of any exchange of fire across the border for the 40 minutes before the tank firing.[323] The Israel Defense Forces responded to the United Nations report by claiming that Hezbollah attacked them, so tank fire was used to retaliate.[323]

At least 200 militants were killed. 157 Hezbollah members, including at least 10 in Syria, 16 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad members, one Amal Movement member and one SSNP member. One Lebanese army soldier was killed and three others were injured.[citation needed]

Israel

1,139 people were killed in Israel during the 7 October attack.[324] At least 65,000 civilians were displaced in a mass evacuation from northern Israel. Three Israeli civilians were killed. On 5 November, two Israeli civilians were killed. One was killed when anti-tank missiles hit the Yiftah kibbutz and another in Kiryat Shmona.[325] On 23 November, in Hezbollah's deadliest attack since the start of the clashes, Hezbollah anti-tank missile and mortar attacks killed an employee of the Israel Electric Corporation who was conducting repair work and injured 21 other Israelis, including seven IDF soldiers and six of the fatality's colleagues.[156][157]

In total, 12 IDF soldiers, including deputy commander Alim Abdallah, and 6 civilians were killed in strikes from Lebanon into northern Israel.[326]

Red Sea and Yemen

U.S.-lead airstrikes in Yemen killed 10 and wounded 2 Houthi rebels on 31 December 2023.[327] Five more were killed and 6 wounded in attacks on 12 January 2024.[328]

Two American Navy Seals were declared dead after being missing during an operation to seize Iranian weapons supplying Houthis in Yemen.[329]

Diplomatic impact

In 2023 before the conflict, Israel and Saudi Arabia were reported to be working on normalizing relations.[330] These talks have since ceased.[331][332]

See also

  • Great Eastern Crisis – Series of uprisings against Ottoman rule in the Balkan Peninsula in the 1870s

Notes

  1. ^ a b Activity outside the Gaza Strip is unconfirmed for PRC and PFLP-GC.
  2. ^ Lions' Den are only active in the West Bank.
  3. ^ In the Gaza Strip, smaller Palestinian groups fighting in the war include: Palestinian Freedom Movement (Al-Ansar Brigades),[4][5] Jaysh al-Ummah,[verification needed][better source needed][7] and various minor al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades splinter groups (several of which possibly rejoined the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades just before the war).[5] Furthermore, a number of Palestinian militant groups in the West Bank have involved themselves in the conflict, including: Lions' Den,[8] and various al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades sub-groups such as Hornets' Nest,[9] Jenin Battalion,[10] Qalqilya Battalion, etc.[10]
  4. ^ See List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war for more details
  5. ^ a b Saudi Arabia and Egypt have not joined the coalition against the Houthis, but they have shot down Houthi missiles over their own territory.
  6. ^ Per the Gaza Health Ministry[30] the number of deaths recorded is 42,519.[31][32]
    The number of dead identified is 34,344, including:[33][34]

    Indirect deaths likely to be multiple times higher[41]

    • The number of natural deaths has gone up by a factor of more than 6 (was 3.85/1000).[42][43]
    • At least 37 deaths confirmed due to malnutrition only and deaths were also confirmed due to dehydration,[44][45] but the true figure is likely to be far higher.[46][47]

    Per Hamas

    • ≤ 20% Hamas fighters (late April 2024)[48]

    Per Israel:

    • 33,000+ Palestinians killed (August 2024)[49]
      • 16,000 civilians (May 2024)[50]
      • 17,000+ militants (September 2024)[51]

    Per US intelligence:

    • 9,000–12,000 militants (as of 6 June 2024)[52][53]
  7. ^ a b Internationally recognized as Syrian territory, occupied and claimed by Israel, recognized as Israeli by the United States
  8. ^ Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, and Israel
  1. ^ Per United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: 493 (May 2024)[33]
    Per Gaza government media office: 885[35]
  2. ^ Per the UN[36][37]

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