Operation Sharp Guard

The operation replaced naval blockades Operation Maritime Guard (of NATO; begun by the U.S. in November 1992) and Sharp Fence (of the WEU).^[5] It put them under a single chain of command and control (the "Adriatic Military Committee", over which the NATO and WEU Councils exerted joint control), to address what their respective Councils viewed as wasteful duplication of effort.^[1][2][6][7] Some maintain that despite the nominal official joint command and control of the operation, in reality it was NATO staff that ran the operation.^[8][9]

The operation's purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,^[10] to enforce economic sanctions and an arms embargo of weapons and military equipment against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and rival factions in Croatia and Bosnia.^[11][12][13] The Yugoslav Wars were being waged, and the participants hoped to limit the fighting by limiting supplies to it.

Fourteen nations contributed ships and patrol aircraft to the operation. At any given time, 22 ships and 8 aircraft were enforcing the blockade, with ships from Standing Naval Force Atlantic and Standing Naval Force Mediterranean establishing a rotating duty.^[14] (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the U.K., and the U.S.),^[11] and eight maritime patrol aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.^{[2][15][16][17][18][19]} Most contributors to the operation supplied one or two ships.^[17] The Turkish Navy, for example, participated with frigates, submarines, and tankers.^[20][21]

The operational area was divided into a series of "sea boxes", each the responsibility of a single warship.^[11] Each boarding team was composed of a "guard team" to board and wrest control of the target ship, and a "search team", to conduct the search.^[11]

The ships were authorized to board, inspect, and seize both ships seeking to break the blockade and their cargo.^[22] The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.^[2] It marked the first time since its founding in 1949 that NATO was involved in combat operations.^[4]

On 11 March 1994, a combined British and Italian intelligence operation led to the capture of the Maltese merchant ship Jadran Express by the Italian frigate Zeffiro, which forced the freighter into the port of Taranto. The ship had departed from Odessa bound to Venice with a cache of 2,000 tons of Soviet-designed weaponry, valued at US$200 million. Manned by a boarding party of Italian marines from the San Marco battalion, the Jadran Express was eventually escorted by Zeffiro to the naval base of La Maddalena, where her cargo was unloaded under heavy security.^[23]

The issue of differing views among nations in the coalition as to the use of force authorized by rules of engagement arose in April 1994.^[24] Faced with the Maltese tanker Lido II making its way towards a Montenegrin port with 45,000 tons of fuel oil, the American cruiser USS Philippine Sea asked the NATO commander (a British Commodore) for guidance, and received authorization to use "disabling fire" to stop the tanker, if necessary.^[24] He received confirmation that he should follow the British commodore's guidance from his own higher authority.^[24] Under U.S. Navy standards, "disabling fire" means firing rounds into the ship's engineering space. The U.S. cruiser was about to pass the order along to the Dutch Kortenaer-class frigate HNLMS Van Kinsbergen. However, the fact that the Dutch definition of "disabling fire" involves launching rounds into the bridge of the target ship, with an increased risk of loss of life, became important.^[24] The ship was boarded by Dutch Marines inserted by helicopter from HNLMS Van Kinsbergen and eventually stopped without firing a shot on the first of May.^[24] Three Yugoslav Navy Končar-class corvettes challenged the NATO operation and one of them tried to ram the British frigate HMS Chatham as it was assisting Van Kinsberger. The corvettes eventually fled following the reaction of the British warship, supported by Italian Tornado aircraft which scrambled from an airbase at Gioia Del Colle. Lido II had to undergo repairs before being diverted to Italy, since the crew had sabotaged the ship's engine room. The leaking was contained by an engineer party from HMS Chatham. Seven Yugoslav stowaways,^[25][26] all of them members of the special forces of the Yugoslav Navy,^[27] were found on board.^[25][26] A similar incident had taken place off Montenegro a year before, on 8 February 1993, when a boarding party from the Italian frigate Espero forcibly seized the Maltese freighter Dimitrakis, which feigned an emergency in order to divert her route to the port of Bar. The merchant was smuggling coal to the Serbs from Romania.^[27]

The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".^[2] The Independent warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."^[2]

NATO naval forces inspected 5800 ships at sea . Of them, 1400 were diverted and inspected in port. No vessels were reported as having broken the embargo, although six were seized while attempting to do so.^[28]

The blockade was conducted in accordance with numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions: UNSCR 713,^[29] UNSCR 757,^[30] UNSCR 787^[31] UNSCR 820,^[32] and UNSCR 943.^[33] Resolution 787 authorized participating states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.^[1] Over the course of the operation, the blockade was redefined in accordance with UNSCR 1021^[34] and UNSCR 1022.^[35]

• Yugoslav Wars
• Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid

• Security Council resolutions
• UN Security Council Official Website, including all resolutions
• NATO Regional HQ Allied Forces Southern Europe Fact Sheet on Operation Sharp Guard
• Update on Operation Sharp Guard, December 1995
• General Framework Agreement
• "Evolution of the Conflict", NATO Handbook, December 18, 2002
• "Operation Sharp Guard: the sea embargo of Serbia and Montenegro", Barberan, J. F., Revista de Aeronáutica y Astronáutica, no. 727, pp. 750–57. October 2003