Pancha Rathas (also known as Five Rathas or Pandava Rathas or Ainthinai kovil) is a monument complex at Mahabalipuram, on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, in the Chengalpattu district of the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Pancha Rathas is an example of monolithic Indian rock-cut architecture. The complex was initially thought to have carved during the reign of King Narasimhavarman I (630–668 CE). However, historians such as Nagaswamy attributed all of monuments in Mahabalipuram to Narasimhavarman II (c. 690–725 CE) with the discovery of new inscriptions.[1] The complex is under the auspices of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed by UNESCO in 1984 as Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram.[2]
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 Five Rathas of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), 630–668 AD | |
| Location | Mamallapuram, Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Part of | Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram |
| Includes | |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (vi) |
| Reference | 249-001 |
| Inscription | 1984 (8th Session) |
| Coordinates | 12°36′31.7″N 80°11′22.6″E / 12.608806°N 80.189611°E |
  Location of Pancha Rathas in Tamil Nadu  Pancha Rathas (India) | |
Each of the five monuments in the Pancha Rathas complex resembles a chariot (ratha), and each is carved over a single, long stone or monolith, of granite which slopes in north–south direction with a slight incline.[3][4] Though sometimes mistakenly referred to as temples, the structures were never consecrated because they were never completed following the death of Narasimhavarman I.[3][4][5] The structures are named after the Pancha Pandavas and their common wife Draupadi, of epic Mahabharata fame.[2][4][6] In order of their size, they include the Dharmaraja Ratha, Bhima Ratha, Arjuna Ratha, Nakula Sahadeva Ratha, and Draupadi Ratha.
Etymology
editThe monoliths are named after the Pandavas – Arjuna, Bhima, Yudhishthira ("Dharmaraja"), Nakula and Sahadeva – and Draupadi. These names are considered to be a misrepresentation as the structures have no link to the iconic characters of the Mahabharata epic. They have no religious significance either, as they remained unfinished and unconsecrated; the uncut rock parts at the base and top of the rathas are still visible. The ASI confirmed the unfinished nature of the structures and suggested that they instead be referred to as vimanas. However, the Pandava names have become permanent.[3][7][8][9]
History
editAccording to a plaque displayed at the site by the ASI, the Pallava dynasty had planned the structures as models of chariots in rock based on prototypes of ancient rathas built in wood.[9] The Pancha Rathas were carved during the reign of King Mahendravarman I and his son Narasimhavarman I. Work on these five rathas was discontinued following the death of Narasimha Varman in 668 AD.[5][10] The purpose of their construction is not known as the structures were not completed. Part of the collection within the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, they were classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.[2]
Geography
editThe site is located at Mahabalipuram (previously known as Mammallapuram), on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, in Kancheepuram district. It is approximately 35 miles (56 km) south of Chennai (previously known as Madras), the capital city,[7] while Chengalpattu is about 20 miles (32 km) distant.[11] The structures are part of the nine monolithic rock cut structures seen here.[12]
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Layout plan of the rathas
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Info board, Archaeological Survey of India
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A complete view of Pancha Rathas in Mahabalipuram
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Elephant sculpture amongst the rathas
Architecture
editLayout
editEach of the five rathas is a monolith, carved whole from a rock outcropping of pink granite. They are carved over a common mounted plinth which is north–south oriented with a slight slope. Each has a different layout, such as square, rectangular, or apsidal plans. The largest measures 42 by 35 feet (13 m × 11 m), and the tallest is 40 feet (12 m) high.[13]
Representations
editThe Pancha rathas represent the diversity of Dravidian architecture of the time and it is likely that their original design traces back to wood constructions of temple chariots and were scale models or templates for much bigger temples built subsequently in Tamil Nadu.[6][14] Most of the rathas are stated to be modelled on the Buddhist Viharas and Chaityas.[10][13]
Design
editThe structural design and elevation are with towers or domes with single (ekathala) to triple (trithala) towers, which present a unique exhibition of South Indian Dravidian architecture. The chiseling done by the stone sculptors are occasional along joints between the stones. The walls are arranged and sequentially partitioned. The projections and recesses in these walls give the appearance of a set of shallow pilasters. The niches created in the walls are of rectangular shape and have carved sculptures of gods, demi-gods and the kings. The skirting around the images are of wild aquatic animals with "foliated tails and open jaws."[15] The wall pilasters have curved brackets, and columns on the porch provide support to an overhanging eave; arch windows occasionally carved with images are located above them. The mouldings culminate in parapets. The carvings above the eave overhangs are decorated roof forms in miniature size, which are seen in rows all round each of the structure.[15]
Preservation
editThe rathas have been preserved well on account of the sturdiness of their material, granite, and in spite of constant salty winds from the Bay of Bengal and catastrophic tsunamis in the 13th century AD and in 2004.[2][4][9]
Notable landmarks
editThe architectural elegance of the Dharmaraja Ratha is its pyramidal structure which rises in three steps. It is built with a square layout. Its composition has been accentuated with carvings of Hindu gods Harihara, Brahma, Skanda, Ardhanarishvara and King Narasimhavarman I. One of the distinctive carvings seen on the eastern face of the ratha is of Indra (a demi-god of rain and thunderstorms), seated on his mount Airavata (meaning: "a White Elephant"). There is also an independent monolithic stone sculpture of Nandi, adjoining this ratha in the open space. The next in order is the Arjuna Ratha, which is well decorated with an elegant façade and is akin to the Dharmaraja Ratha. Next in line is the Bhima Ratha built to a rectangular plan and with lion mounted columned (four columns) galleries on both long sides.
The Nakula Sahadeva Ratha is the next in line. It is built to a simple plan with no embellishing carvings in its apses. A stone monolithic sculpture of an elephant is fixed in the open space, next to this ratha. The Draupadi Ratha, which is the last in the line, is a square structure, which resembles a village hut with thatch roof. The fresco inside this shrine is of mother goddess Durga.[12][16]
References
edit- ^ M. T. Saju (17 May 2015). "Rediscovery of ancient transcript says Mamalla monuments were built by Rajasimha | Chennai News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- ^ a b c Five Rathas, Plaque at the site, Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle
- ^ a b c d "Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Mahabalipuram". UCLA Education, South Asia. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ a b "The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]". Online Gallery of the British Library. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ a b Gunther, Michael D. "Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram". art-and-archaeology.com. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ^ Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (12 November 2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. pp. 554–555, 912–. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ^ a b c "World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram: Group of Monuments Mahabalipuram (1984), Tamil Nadu". Archaeological Survey of India by National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Rock Cut Architecture". culturalindia.net. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. pp. 157–. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ a b "A monumental effort". Front Line India's National Magazine from the publishers of The Hindu. 8 November 2003. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ a b Sharma, Dr. K.K.; Jain, Dr. Amit Rai (2019). Cave temples of India. New Delhi: Kitabwale. p. 82. ISBN 978-93-85754-64-7.
- ^ "Pancha Rathas". Art-and-Archaeology.com. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ a b Michell 1977, p. 132.
- ^ Schreitmüller, Karen; Dhamotharan, Mohan & Szerelmy, Beate (2012). Baedeker India. Baedeker. pp. 589–. ISBN 978-3-8297-6622-7.
Bibliography
edit- Michell, George (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1.