Pipe smoking

A number of Native American cultures have pipe-smoking traditions, which have been part of their cultures since long before the arrival of Europeans. Tobacco is often smoked, generally for ceremonial purposes, though other mixtures of sacred herbs are also common. Various types of ceremonial pipes have been smoked in ceremony to seal covenants and treaties, most notably treaties of peace (hence the misnomer, "peace pipe"). Tobacco was introduced to Europe from the Americas in the sixteenth century and spread around the world rapidly.^[1] In Asia during the nineteenth century, opium (which previously had only been eaten) was added to tobacco and smoked in pipes. Madak (the mixture of opium and tobacco) turned out to be far more addictive than orally-ingested opium, leading to social problems in China which culminated in the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium War (1856–1860).^[1]

According to Alfred Dunhill, Africans have had a long tradition of smoking hemp in gourd pipes, asserting that by 1884 the King of the Baluka tribe of the Congo had established a "riamba" or hemp-smoking cult in place of fetish-worship. Enormous gourd pipes were used.^[2]

In the twentieth century, pipe smoking was adopted as a preferred method of inhaling a variety of psychoactive drugs, and some claim it is a more intense method of ingestion. Smokeable crack cocaine has a reputation for being more addictive than cocaine's insufflated form. Similarly, methamphetamine has gained popularity in a crystalline form which when smoked in a pipe lets the user avoid the painful nasal irritation of snorting. When not applied to a cigarette or joint, the liquid form of PCP is typically smoked in a pipe with tobacco or cannabis.^[3]

Due in no small part to successful campaigning against tobacco use, sales of pipe tobacco in Canada fell nearly 80% in a recent fifteen-year period to 27,319 kilograms in 2016, from 135,010 kilograms in 2001, according to federal data.^[4] By comparison, Canadian cigarette sales fell about 32% in the same period to 28,600,000,000 units.^[5]

Pipes have been fashioned from an assortment of materials including briar, clay, ceramic, corncob, glass, meerschaum, metal, gourd, stone, wood, bog oak and various combinations thereof, most notably, the classic English calabash pipe.

The size of a pipe, particularly the bowl, depends largely on what is intended to be smoked in it. Large western-style tobacco pipes are used for strong-tasting, harsh tobaccos, the smoke from which is usually not inhaled. Smaller pipes such as the midwakh or kiseru are used to inhale milder tobaccos such as dokha and kizami or other substances such as cannabis and opium.

Water pipes bubble smoke through water to cool and wash the smoke. The two basic types are stationary hookahs, with one or more long flexible drawtubes, and portable bongs.

Spoon pipes (glass pipes or glass bowl pipes) have become increasingly common with the rise of cannabis or other narcotics smoking. Spoon pipes are normally made of borosilicate glass to withstand repeated exposure to high temperatures. They consist of a bowl for packing material into, stem for inhaling, and a carburettor (carb) for controlling suction and airflow into the pipe. These pipes utilize a two step process. First, the user inhales while lighting the smoking material and holding down the carb, allowing smoke to fill the stem. Then, the user releases the carb while inhaling to allow air to enter the stem and smoke to be pulled into the user's mouth.

The overall health risks are 10% higher in pipe smokers than in non-smokers.^[6] However, pipe or cigar smokers who are former-cigarette smokers might retain a habit of smoke inhalation.^[6] In such cases, there is a 30% increase in the risk of heart disease and a nearly three times greater risk of developing COPD.^[6] In addition, there is a causal relationship between pipe smoking and mortality due to lung and other cancers, as well as periodontal problems, such as tooth and bone loss.^[6]

However, all tobacco products deliver nicotine to the central nervous system, and there is a confirmed risk of dependence. Many forms of tobacco use are associated with a significantly increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality due to tobacco-related diseases.^[6]

The customs, vocabulary and etiquette that surround pipe smoking culture vary across the world and depend both on the people who are smoking and the substance being smoked.

For example, in many places in Europe and North America, tobacco pipe smoking has sometimes been seen as genteel or dignified and has given rise to a variety of customized accessories and even apparel such as the smoking jacket, and the former Pipe Smoker of the Year award in the UK, as well as the term kapnismology ("the study of smoke").^[7]

A number of people and fictional characters are strongly associated with the hobby of pipe smoking.

• Sparky Anderson, American baseball manager.^[8]
• Vicente Battista [es], Argentine writer.^[9]
• Enzo Bearzot, manager of the 1982 FIFA World Cup Champion Italy national football team.^[10]
• Rómulo Betancourt (1908–1981), President of Venezuela.^[9]
• Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, American blues musician. An avid pipe smoker, the Texas-blues guitarist often sold his own proprietary blend of pipe tobacco as well as autographed pipes at his concerts and shows.^[11]
• Abelardo Castillo, Argentine writer.^[9]
• Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer.^[9]
• Edward VIII, short-reigned (20 January-11 December 1936) King of the United Kingdom.^[12]
• William Faulkner, American author, known to be an enthusiastic proponent of pipe smoking.^[13]
• Manuel Felguérez, Mexican artist.^[9]
• Gerald R. Ford (1913–2006), 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977.^[14]
• Che Guevara (1928–1967), Argentinian revolutionary, who was known to enjoy a pipe from time to time, in addition to his usual cigar.^[9]
• Herbert Hoover (1874–1964), 31st President of the United States (1928–33).^[15]
• John N. Mitchell (1913–1988), 67th Attorney General of the United States (1969–1972) under President Richard Nixon.^[16]
• Charles Stewart Mott, GM executive, philanthropist, Flint Mayor.^[17]
• Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet.^[9]
• Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015), Chancellor of West Germany (1974-82).^[16]
• Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), Premier of the USSR. He was frequently shown with a pipe: "Photos of him appeared daily in the Soviet press, now in genial pipe-smoking profile, now walking with his comrades..."^[18]
• Mark Twain (1835–1910), American author, a.k.a. Samuel Clemens, writer of Huckleberry Finn favored Missouri Meershaum corncob pipes. He was notoriously partial to a special blend of "Cuban leaf" pipe tobacco, remarking once that "If I cannot smoke in heaven, then I shall not go."^[19]
• Harold Wilson (1916–1995), UK Prime Minister (1964–70, 1974–76).^[16]

• Bacicci, a sailor whose silhouette is featured on U.C. Sampdoria's club crest.^[20]
• Roger, Pongo's owner in 101 Dalmatians.^[21]
• Sherlock Holmes, British literary character. He is explicitly described as a pipe smoker.^[22]
• Kapitein Rob, Dutch comics character.^[23]

More examples can be found in the Pipe Smoker of the Year list.

• Click on image for larger view
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  Gerrit Dou: self-portrait with long-stemmed clay pipe (1645).
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  Man smoking kiseru. Cover illustration of the novel Komon gawa ("Elegant chats on fabric design") by Santō Kyōden, 1790.
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  Georgian composer, Meliton Balanchivadze smoking pipe.
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  Tiger smoking a bamboo pipe, Korean folk painting from Joseon period.
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  Arab man smoking pipe, late 1800s.

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  Various styles of Native American ceremonial pipes.
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  Lord Wilson.
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  Model, 1894
  by Francesc Galofré i Oller [ca].
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  Portrait of a fisherman, 1890
  by Dionisio Baixeras i Veraguer
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  Portrait of a Muslim, 1880
  by Simó Gómez.
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  Aarre Merikanto, a Finnish composer, smoking pipe in 1950s.

• Kiseru
• Midwakh
• Tobacco pipe

• Bong
• Cannabis pipe
• Chalice
• Chillum
• One hitter
• Sebsi

• Opium pipe

• Pipes: Logos & Markings: Pipe brands by pictures.
• Pipe Smoking: A history of pipe smoking and its modern-day practice.