S 10 (also Abydos-south S10) is the modern name given to a monumental ancient Egyptian tomb complex at Abydos in Egypt. The tomb is most likely royal and dates to the mid-13th Dynasty. Finds from nearby tombs indicate that S10 suffered extensive state-sanctioned stone and grave robbing during the Second Intermediate Period, only a few decades after its construction, as well as during the later Roman and Coptic periods.[1] These finds also show that S10 was used for an actual burial and belonged to a king "Sobekhotep", now believed to be pharaoh Sobekhotep IV (fl. c. 1725 BC). According to the Egyptologist Josef W. Wegner who excavated S10, the tomb might originally have been capped by a pyramid,[2] although Aidan Dodson states that it is still unclear whether S10 was a pyramid or a mastaba.[3]
| S10 | |
|---|---|
| Burial site of Sobekhotep IV(?) | |
 Plan of tomb S10 as drawn by Ayrton, Weigall and Petrie, who thought it was a mastaba | |
  S10 | |
| Coordinates | 26°10′16″N 31°55′27″E / 26.17111°N 31.92417°E |
| Location | Abydos, Egypt |
| Discovered | 1901-02 |
| Excavated by | |
| Layout | Enclosure wall housing Z-shaped subterranean chambers, now exposed, possibly once capped by a pyramid |
Description
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The tomb structure is part of a royal necropolis dating back to the late Middle Kingdom – Second Intermediate Period, which is located close to the ancient town of Wah-Sut, next to the much bigger funerary complex of Senusret III of the 12th Dynasty, at the foot of the so-called Mountain of Anubis, a natural hill in the form of a pyramid.[4][2]
It was first excavated in 1901–02 by Ayrton, Weigall and Petrie, who found it heavily looted and disturbed.
The complex consists of a rectangular brick walled structure, some 40 m × 30 m (131 ft × 98 ft) in size,[2] described by the first excavators as a mastaba, who however gave no evidence supporting this classification.[5] At the north side there is an entrance to a system of underground and limestone paved corridors leading to the burial chamber that was found heavily destroyed. More recent excavations discovered fragments of a canopic jar, demonstrating that the tomb was once used.[6] There is evidence that the tomb was already heavily looted in the Second Intermediate Period. A massive (60-ton) red quartzite sarcophagus quarried at El-Gabal el-Ahmar near the modern Cairo,[7] most likely originally located in this tomb, was found in a later royal tomb in the same necropolis (tomb CS6). Planks from the cedar coffin from tomb S10 were reused by king Senebkay into a canopic box for his own neighboring burial (tomb CS9).[8] The coffin was inscribed on the outside with Coffin Texts spells 777-785. Only few parts of the texts survived, but coffins with these spells are typical for the late Middle Kingdom at Abydos. On the fragments there appears the name of the king Sobekhotep.[9]
Nothing was found of the superstructure, but it is possible that there was a pyramid on top.[10] Several fragments of a funerary stele were also found on site, however the stele was most likely reused in the adjacent intrusive tomb of king Senebkay, and none of the fragments were found in context. On the fragments of the stela appears again the name Sobekhotep.[11]
Attribution
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Since the discovery of the tomb and until 2015, it was unknown who was buried here. Excavations in 2003 and in 2014 made it very likely that the structure was once a royal tomb.[12] At the latter date, during the excavation directed by Josef W. Wegner of the University of Pennsylvania, a fragment of a funerary tomb stela bearing a relief naming a king Sobek[hotep] was found inside the enclosure, on the eastern side of the complex, close to where a small funerary chapel might once have existed.[3] While in early press reports, published just after the discovery, king Sobekhotep I was named as the possible owner of the tomb,[13] further analyses now indicate that this might belong to Sobekhotep IV instead.[8]
Indeed, not only do the fragments of wooden sarcophagus uncovered indicate a late Middle Kingdom date for the construction of S10, but its size means that its owner would have had to reign for long enough to complete it. This only leaves Sobekhotep III, IV, and VI as possibilities, with Sobekhotep IV being the most likely as he enjoyed the longest reign of these three kings. In addition, Sobekhotep IV is the only one of these kings for whom it is known with certainty that he undertook other works in Abydos. As a corollary, the nearby and slightly larger tomb S9 most likely belongs to Sobekhotep IV's predecessor and brother, Neferhotep I.[14]
References
edit- ^ Dodson 2016, p. 57—58.
- ^ a b c Wegner 2015, p. 69.
- ^ a b Dodson 2016, p. 56.
- ^ Ayrton, Weigall & Petrie 1904, pp. 14–15, pls. XXXVI—XXXVII.
- ^ McCormack 2006, p. 24.
- ^ McCormack 2010, p. 76.
- ^ Penn Museum press release 2015.
- ^ a b Wegner 2015, p. 70.
- ^ Wegner & Cahail 2015, pp. 149–156.
- ^ Wegner & Cahail 2015, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Wegner & Cahail 2015, pp. 141–148.
- ^ McCormack 2006, pp. 23–26.
- ^ Times Live 2014.
- ^ Dodson 2016, p. 57.
Sources
edit- Ayrton, Edward R.; Weigall, Arthur; Petrie, Flinders (1904). Abydos: Part III: 1904. Egypt exploration fund. Vol. 25. London. OCLC 474028932.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Dodson, Aidan (2016). The Royal Tombs of Ancient Egypt. Barnsley Pen and Sword Archaeology. ISBN 978-1-47-382159-0.
- McCormack, Dawn (2006). "Borrowed Legacy, Royal Tombs S9 and S10 at South Abydos" (PDF). Expedition. 48 (2).
- McCormack, Dawn (2010). "The Significance of Royal Funerary Architecture for the Study of Thirteenth Dynasty Kingship". In Marée, Marcel (ed.). The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects (OLA 192). Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 192. Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-9-04-292228-0.
- "US diggers identify tomb of Pharoah [sic] Sobekhotep I". Times Live. January 6, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
- "Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh". Penn Museum. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
- Wegner, Josef W. (2015). "A royal necropolis at south Abydos: New Light on Egypt's Second Intermediate Period". Near Eastern Archaeology. 78 (2): 69–70. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.78.2.0068. S2CID 163519900.
- Wegner, J.; Cahail, K. (2015). "Royal Funerary Equipment of a King Sobekhotep at South Abydos: Evidence for the Tombs of Sobekhotep IV and Neferhotep I?". JARCE. 51: 123–164. doi:10.5913/jarce.51.2015.a006.