A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Wednesday, February 15, 1961,[1] with a magnitude of 1.036. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring only about 21 hours after perigee (on February 14, 1961, at 11:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]
| Solar eclipse of February 15, 1961 | |
|---|---|
 Totality of eclipse | |
 Map | |
| Type of eclipse | |
| Nature | Total |
| Gamma | 0.883 |
| Magnitude | 1.036 |
| Maximum eclipse | |
| Duration | 165 s (2 min 45 s) |
| Coordinates | 47°24′N 40°00′E / 47.4°N 40°E |
| Max. width of band | 258 km (160 mi) |
| Times (UTC) | |
| Greatest eclipse | 8:19:48 |
| References | |
| Saros | 120 (58 of 71) |
| Catalog # (SE5000) | 9422 |
Totality was visible from France, Monaco, Italy, San Marino, SFR Yugoslavia (parts now belonging to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo, North Macedonia), Albania, Bulgaria including the capital city Sofia, Romania including the capital city Bucharest, and the Soviet Union (parts now belonging to Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan). The maximum eclipse was recorded near Novocherkassk (Russian SFSR). A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Europe, North Africa, Northeast Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Observation
editA team from the University of Texas observed the total eclipse in Pisa, Italy, mostly studying the solar irradiance with a wavelength below 1 centimeter. At that time, coronagraphs had already allowed coronal observation in the visible light band so it could be observed at any time, not just during total solar eclipses, but instruments allowing millimeter-wave band observations were still lacking. Therefore, it was still necessary to make such observations during a total solar eclipse.[3] Arcetri Observatory in Florence, Italy also made observations.[4]
In popular culture
edit
The crucifixion scene in the 1961 film Barabbas was shot during this eclipse.[5]
Eclipse details
editShown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[6]
| Event | Time (UTC) |
|---|---|
| First Penumbral External Contact | 1961 February 15 at 06:09:22.0 UTC |
| First Umbral External Contact | 1961 February 15 at 07:29:58.3 UTC |
| First Central Line | 1961 February 15 at 07:31:35.6 UTC |
| First Umbral Internal Contact | 1961 February 15 at 07:33:15.5 UTC |
| Ecliptic Conjunction | 1961 February 15 at 08:10:53.4 UTC |
| Greatest Duration | 1961 February 15 at 08:18:50.8 UTC |
| Greatest Eclipse | 1961 February 15 at 08:19:48.3 UTC |
| Equatorial Conjunction | 1961 February 15 at 08:43:06.4 UTC |
| Last Umbral Internal Contact | 1961 February 15 at 09:06:05.1 UTC |
| Last Central Line | 1961 February 15 at 09:07:44.1 UTC |
| Last Umbral External Contact | 1961 February 15 at 09:09:20.5 UTC |
| Last Penumbral External Contact | 1961 February 15 at 10:30:05.6 UTC |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Eclipse Magnitude | 1.03604 |
| Eclipse Obscuration | 1.07339 |
| Gamma | 0.88302 |
| Sun Right Ascension | 21h54m38.6s |
| Sun Declination | -12°42'31.9" |
| Sun Semi-Diameter | 16'11.4" |
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 08.9" |
| Moon Right Ascension | 21h53m44.3s |
| Moon Declination | -11°50'22.7" |
| Moon Semi-Diameter | 16'38.8" |
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 1°01'05.5" |
| ΔT | 33.6 s |
Eclipse season
editThis eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.
| February 15 Descending node (new moon) |
March 2 Ascending node (full moon) |
|---|---|
| Total solar eclipse Solar Saros 120 |
Partial lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 132 |
Related eclipses
editEclipses in 1961
edit- A total solar eclipse on February 15.
- A partial lunar eclipse on March 2.
- An annular solar eclipse on August 11.
- A partial lunar eclipse on August 26.
Metonic
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of April 30, 1957
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of December 4, 1964
Tzolkinex
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of January 5, 1954
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 28, 1968
Half-Saros
edit- Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of February 11, 1952
- Followed by: Lunar eclipse of February 21, 1970
Tritos
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of March 18, 1950
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 16, 1972
Solar Saros 120
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of February 4, 1943
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of February 26, 1979
Inex
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of March 7, 1932
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 26, 1990
Triad
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of April 16, 1874
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of December 16, 2047
Solar eclipses of 1961–1964
editThis eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[7]
The partial solar eclipses on June 10, 1964 and December 4, 1964 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.
| Solar eclipse series sets from 1961 to 1964 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descending node | Ascending node | |||||
| Saros | Map | Gamma | Saros | Map | Gamma | |
| 120 |
February 15, 1961 Total |
0.883 | 125 | August 11, 1961 Annular |
−0.8859 | |
| 130 | February 5, 1962 Total |
0.2107 | 135 | July 31, 1962 Annular |
−0.113 | |
| 140 | January 25, 1963 Annular |
−0.4898 | 145 | July 20, 1963 Total |
0.6571 | |
| 150 | January 14, 1964 Partial |
−1.2354 | 155 | July 9, 1964 Partial |
1.3623 | |
Saros 120
editThis eclipse is a part of Saros series 120, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 71 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on May 27, 933 AD. It contains annular eclipses from August 11, 1059 through April 26, 1492; hybrid eclipses from May 8, 1510 through June 8, 1564; and total eclipses from June 20, 1582 through March 30, 2033. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on July 7, 2195. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.
The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 11 at 6 minutes, 24 seconds on September 11, 1113, and the longest duration of totality was produced by member 60 at 2 minutes, 50 seconds on March 9, 1997. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[8]
| Series members 50–71 occur between 1801 and 2195: | ||
|---|---|---|
| 50 | 51 | 52 |
| November 19, 1816 |
November 30, 1834 |
December 11, 1852 |
| 53 | 54 | 55 |
| December 22, 1870 |
January 1, 1889 |
January 14, 1907 |
| 56 | 57 | 58 |
| January 24, 1925 |
February 4, 1943 |
February 15, 1961 |
| 59 | 60 | 61 |
| February 26, 1979 |
March 9, 1997 |
March 20, 2015 |
| 62 | 63 | 64 |
| March 30, 2033 |
April 11, 2051 |
April 21, 2069 |
| 65 | 66 | 67 |
| May 2, 2087 |
May 14, 2105 |
May 25, 2123 |
| 68 | 69 | 70 |
| June 4, 2141 |
June 16, 2159 |
June 26, 2177 |
| 71 | ||
| July 7, 2195 | ||
Metonic series
editThe metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.
| 21 eclipse events between July 11, 1953 and July 11, 2029 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 10–11 | April 29–30 | February 15–16 | December 4 | September 21–23 |
| 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 |
| July 11, 1953 |
April 30, 1957 |
February 15, 1961 |
December 4, 1964 |
September 22, 1968 |
| 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 |
| July 10, 1972 |
April 29, 1976 |
February 16, 1980 |
December 4, 1983 |
September 23, 1987 |
| 136 | 138 | 140 | 142 | 144 |
| July 11, 1991 |
April 29, 1995 |
February 16, 1999 |
December 4, 2002 |
September 22, 2006 |
| 146 | 148 | 150 | 152 | 154 |
| July 11, 2010 |
April 29, 2014 |
February 15, 2018 |
December 4, 2021 |
September 21, 2025 |
| 156 | ||||
| July 11, 2029 | ||||
Tritos series
editThis eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 25, 1819 (Saros 107) |
February 23, 1830 (Saros 108) |
January 22, 1841 (Saros 109) |
November 21, 1862 (Saros 111) | |
| August 20, 1895 (Saros 114) |
July 21, 1906 (Saros 115) |
June 19, 1917 (Saros 116) | ||
| May 19, 1928 (Saros 117) |
April 19, 1939 (Saros 118) |
March 18, 1950 (Saros 119) |
February 15, 1961 (Saros 120) |
January 16, 1972 (Saros 121) |
| December 15, 1982 (Saros 122) |
November 13, 1993 (Saros 123) |
October 14, 2004 (Saros 124) |
September 13, 2015 (Saros 125) |
August 12, 2026 (Saros 126) |
| July 13, 2037 (Saros 127) |
June 11, 2048 (Saros 128) |
May 11, 2059 (Saros 129) |
April 11, 2070 (Saros 130) |
March 10, 2081 (Saros 131) |
| February 7, 2092 (Saros 132) |
January 8, 2103 (Saros 133) |
December 8, 2113 (Saros 134) |
November 6, 2124 (Saros 135) |
October 7, 2135 (Saros 136) |
| September 6, 2146 (Saros 137) |
August 5, 2157 (Saros 138) |
July 5, 2168 (Saros 139) |
June 5, 2179 (Saros 140) |
May 4, 2190 (Saros 141) |
Inex series
editThis eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||
|---|---|---|
| May 27, 1816 (Saros 115) |
May 6, 1845 (Saros 116) |
April 16, 1874 (Saros 117) |
| March 29, 1903 (Saros 118) |
March 7, 1932 (Saros 119) |
February 15, 1961 (Saros 120) |
| January 26, 1990 (Saros 121) |
January 6, 2019 (Saros 122) |
December 16, 2047 (Saros 123) |
| November 26, 2076 (Saros 124) |
November 6, 2105 (Saros 125) |
October 17, 2134 (Saros 126) |
| September 28, 2163 (Saros 127) |
September 6, 2192 (Saros 128) |
|
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "February 15, 1961 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ C. W. Tolbert & A. W. Straiton. "Observations of 4.3-MM Radiation during the Solar Eclipse of February 15, 1961". The Astrophysical Journal. 135: 822–826. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019.
- ^ "How Italy Saw The Eclipse (1961)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017.
- ^ Elley, Derek (2013). The Epic Film: Myth and History. Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 9781317928874.
- ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1961 Feb 15". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 120". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
References
edit- Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
- Solar eclipse of February 15, 1961 in Russia Archived December 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
