The Warsaw Accord was an accord signed on 17 March 1922 by Finland, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia. The Finnish Parliament's failure to ratify it prevented it from entering into force.[1][2]
Accord summary
editThe states agreed not to enter any other treaties to disadvantage of other members (Article 2), to communicate the other treaties to each other (Article 3), to resolve their disputes peacefully (Article 6), and to observe neutrality in case of an unprovoked attack on one of the signatories (Article 7).[3]
Of other issues, Article 1 stipulated reciprocal recognition of their treaties with (Soviet) Russia, Article 6 urged for conclusion of administrative and economic treaties, wherever missing, and Article 5 called for the guarantees of the rights of ethnic minorities. Article 8 set the validity term of 5 years, afterwards automatically extendable annually unless denunciated in advance.[3]
History
editPoland under Józef Piłsudski aspired for creating its own sphere of influence in the Baltics, leaving Estonia under the influence of Finland, while getting Latvia and Lithuania under the Polish one.[1] Moreover, Piłsudski envisioned a grand Eastern European federation (Intermarium). However, the bitter dispute of Poland and Lithuania over the Vilnius Region was a major stumbling block.[1] Therefore, Lithuania did not participate in the accord and even actively opposed it.[4] That made an alliance with Poland less attractive to Latvia and Estonia.[5]
Finnish Minister of Foreign Affairs Rudolf Holsti failed to get the accord ratified by the parliament and was served a vote of no confidence. That reflected a growing sentiment that Finland should align with either Germany,[6] or the rest of Scandinavia[1] instead of creating alliances with the Baltic states.
The resulting accord was the extent of Polish success in creating a Baltic bloc.[1][2][5]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Hiden, John; Salmon, Patrick (2014). The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9781317890577.
- ^ a b Kirby, David (2014). The Baltic World 1772-1993: Europe's Northern Periphery in an Age of Change. Routledge. p. 287. ISBN 9781317902188.
- ^ a b "Political Agreement, between Estonia, Finland, Lithuania and Poland, signed at Warsaw, on March 17, 1922" (PDF). League of Nations Treaty Series. Vol. XI. League of Nations. 1922. pp. 168–171.
- ^ Gaigalaitė, Aldona (2017-04-12). "Ministras iš šaunios Zaunių šeimos" (in Lithuanian). Panevėžio miesto savivaldybės viešoji biblioteka. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ a b Leonard, Raymond W. (1999). Secret Soldiers of the Revolution: Soviet Military Intelligence, 1918-1933. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 186. ISBN 9780313309908.
- ^ Hiden, John (2002). The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780521893251.
Further reading
edit- David M. Crowe, The Baltic States And The Great Powers: Foreign Relations, 1938-1940, 2019, ISBN 1000314804, pp. 17-19
External links
edit- Full text of the Warsaw Accord in French, with official English translation, as registered at the League of Nations (League of Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. XI, 1922, pp. 168–171)
- Full text of the Warsaw Accord in English